Pamuk Bitkisinde Verticillium dahliae’ye Karşı Algılama ve Savunma Sistemleri

Year 2017, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 28 - 46, 31.08.2017

Mine Türktaş , Aysel Özgül Koral

Abstract

Pamuk bitkisi en önemli lif
bitkilerinden biri olmakla birlikte yüksek ekonomik
öneme sahiptir. Pamuk bitkisinin yetiştirilmesinde birçok hastalık ve çevre
koşullarına bağlı olarak ürün geliştirilmesinde ve kalitesinde azalmalar
gözlenebilmektedir. Bu hastalıklardan en yıkıcı olanı Verticillium dahliae patojeninin neden
olduğu Verticillium solgunluk hastalığıdır. Bitkiler, patojene karşı savunm
yapabilmek için tanımlama-algılama mekanizmalarına sahiptirler. Tanımlamayı
takiben hem algılamanın gerçekleştiği hücrede lokal olarak hem de bitkinin
diğer kısımlarına gönderilmek üzere çeşitli sinyal mekanizmaları aktif
edilmektedir. Uyarılan bu mekanizmalar ile de çeşitli transkripsiyon faktörleri
aktifleştirilerek bitkide dayanıklılık sağlayacak gen ürünlerinin oluşması
sağlanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla pamukta, Verticullum solgunluk hastalığı ile
mücadele için V. dahliae patojeni ve
pamuk bitkisinin etkileşim mekanizmasının tam olarak anlaşılması gerekmektedir.
Bugüne kadar Verticillium solgunluk hastalığına karşı etkili bir mücadele
yöntemi henüz tespit edilememiştir. Bu
makalede, bitkilerde patojenlere karşı savunma mekanizmalarına yönelik
araştırmalar derlenerek, bu minvalde pamuk ve Vercillium dahliae patojeninin
etkileşimi ve pamuk bitkisinde gözlenen savunma mekanizmalarının anlaşılmasına
katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Bitki patojen etkileşimi, pamuk, Verticillium solgunluk hastalığı

References

• 1. Adams DJ: Fungal cell wall chitinases and glucanases. Microbiology 2004, 150:2029 – 2035.
• 2. Ade, J., Innes, RW. 2007. Resistance to Bacterial Pathogens in Plants. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, John Wiley &Sons, Ltd., doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0020091.
• 3. Agorio A, Vera P (2007) ARGONAUTE4 is required for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 19: 3778–3790.
• 4. Ayabe S, Akashi T (2006). Cytochrome P450s in flavonoid metabolism. Phytochem Rev 5 271–282
• 5. Bantignies B.,Seguin J., Muzac I., Dedaldechamp F., Gulic P., and Ibrahim R., ‘Direct evidence for ribonücleotic activity of a PR-10-like protein from white lupin roots’ Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 42, no. 6, pp 871-881,2000.
• 6. Bejarano-Alca´zar, J., Blanco-Lo´ pez, M.A., Melero-Vara, J.M., Jime`nez-Dı´az, R.M., 1996. Etiology, importance, and distribution of Verticillium wilt of cotton in southern Spain. Plant Dis 80, 1233–1238.
• 7. Bol, J. F., Lindhorst, H. J. M. and Cornelissen, B.J.C. Plant pathogenesis related proteins. İn Gloud H (ed), Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1990, 28, 113.
• 8. Bolwell, G.P. ‘Role of Active Oxygen Species and NO in Plant Defense Responses, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 2 (1999), pp. 287-294.
• 9. Brubaker, C. L., Bourland, F. M., Wendel, J. E. 1999. The origin and domestication of cotton. (C.W. SMITH, J.T. COTHREN editors) Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, Page: 3-31.
• 10. Bruce, R. J. and West, C. A., Plant Physiology, 1989, 91,889.
• 11. Carder, J.H., Hignett, R.C. and Swinburne, T.R. (1987) Relationship between the virulence of hop isolates of Verticillium albo-atrum and their in vitro secretion of cell-wall degrading enzymes. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. 31, 441–452.
• 12. Chi JN, Han YC, Wang XF, Wu LZ, Zhang GY, Ma ZY: Overexpression of the Gossypium barbadense actin-depolymerizing factor 1 gene mediates biological changes in transgenic tobacco. Plant Mol Biol Rep 2013, 2013. doi:10.1007/s11105-013-0557-4.
• 13. Collinge D.B., Kragh K.M., Mikkelsen J.D., Nielsen K.K., Rasmussen U., Vad K., Plant chitinases, Plant J., 1993, 3, 31-40
• 14. Cooper, R.M. and Wood, R.K.S. (1980) Cell wall degrading enzymes of vascular wilt fungi. III. Possible involvement of endo-pectin lyase inVerticillium wilt of tomato. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 16, 285–300.
• 15. Cu, YX,, Bell, AA., Joost, O., Magill, CW. 2000. Expression of Potential Defense Response Genes in Cotton. Physiological And Molecular Plant Pathology 56, 25–31.
• 16. Çelik, İ., Soysal, M., İnan, Ö., Çetinkaya, M. 2010. Antalya Bölgesinde Pamuk Solgunluk Hastalığı (Verticillium dahliae) Surveyi, Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Derim Dergisi, 27(1):18-3218.
• 17. Despres, C., De Long, C. Glaze, S., Liu, E. ve Fobert, P.R. The Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 Protein Enhances the Binding Activity of a Subgroup of the TGA Family of bZIP Transcription Factors, Plant Cell, 12 (2000), pp. 279-290.
• 18. Derviş, S., Biçici, M., 2005. Distrubition of Verticillium Wilt in Cotton Areas of Southern Turkey. Plant Pathology Journal 4(2) 126–129.
• 19. Di CX, Li M, Long F, Bai MQ, Liu YJ, Zheng XL, Xu SJ, Xiang Y, Sun ZL, An LZ (2009) Molecular cloning, functional analysis and localization of a novel gene encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein in Chorispora bungeana. Planta 231:169–178
• 20. Dixon RA, Achnine L, Kota P, Liu CJ, Reddy MS, Wang L. 2002. The phenylpropanoid pathway and plant defence—a genomics perspective. Molecular Plant Pathology 3, 371–390.
• 21. Dobinson, K.F., Grant, S.J. and Kang, S. (2004) Cloning and targeted disruption, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation, of a trypsin protease gene from the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. Curr. Genet. 45, 104–110.
• 22. Dodds, P. N., Rathjen, J. P. 2010. Plant İmmunity: Towards An İnte-Grated View of Plant-Pathogen İnter-Actions. Nat. Rev. Genet. 11, 539–548.
• 23. Ecker, J.R. ‘The Ethylene Signal Transduction Pathway in Plants’, Science, 268 (1995), pp. 667-675.
• 24. Ellendorff U, Fradin EF, de Jonge R, Thomma BPHJ (2009) RNA silencing is required for Arabidopsis defence against Verticillium wilt disease. J Exp Bot 60:591–602
• 25. Ellis, J., Dodds, P. ve Pryor, T. ‘Structure, Function and Evolution of Plant Disease Resistance Genes, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 3 (2002), pp. 278-284.
• 26. Esentepe, M., 1979. Adana ve Antalya İllerinde Pamuklarda Görülen Solgunluk Hastalığının Etmeni, Yayılışı, Kesafeti ve Zarar Derecesi ile Ekolojisi Üzerine Araştırmalar. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı Zir. Müc. ve Karantina Gen. Müd. Araştırma Eserleri Serisi, No 32–45.
• 27. Farooq Hussain Munis M., Tu Lili Deng , Fenglin, Tan Jiafu, Xu Li, Xu Shicheng, Long Lu, Zhang Xianlong,2010. A thaumatin-like protein gene involved in cotton fiber secondary cell Wall development enhances resistance against Verticillium dahliae and other stresses in transgenic tobacco, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 393 (2010) 38–44
• 28. Flor, H.H. ‘The Complementary Genetic Systems in Flax and Flax Rust, Adv. Genet, 8 (1956), pp. 29-54.
• 29. Fradin, EF., Zhang, Z., Juarez Ayala, JC., Castroverde, CDM., Nazar, RN., Robb, J., Liu, CM., Thomma BPHJ. 2009. Genetic Dissection of Verticillium wilt Resistance Mediated by Tomato Ve. Plant Physiol 150:320–333.
• 30. Gao X., Terry Wheeler T., Li Z, Kenerley C. M., He P. ve Shan L. (2011). Silencing GhNDR1 and GhMKK2 compromised cotton resistance to Verticillium wilt. Plant J.2011,66: 293-305.
• 31. Gayoso, C., Pomar, F., Novo-Uzal, E., Merino, F., Martinez de Ilarduya, O. 2010. The Ve-Mediated Resistance Response of The Tomato to Verticillium Dahliae İnvolves H 2 O 2 , Peroxidase and Lignins And Drives PAL Gene Expression. BMC Plant Biology 10, 232–251.
• 32. Gençer, O., 2010. Lif Bitkileri Dersi, Ders Notları, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Adana (yayınlanmamış).
• 33. Glazebrook J. (2001) Genes controling expression of defense resposes in Arabidopsis-2001 status. Curr. Opin. Plant biol. 4, 301-308
• 34. Grant MR, Jones JD (2009) Hormone (dis)harmony moulds plant health and disease. Science 324: 750–752
• 35. Greenberg JT, Guo A, Klessing DF, Ausubel FM.1994. Programmed cell death in plants:a pathogen-triggered response activated coordinately with multiple defense functions. Cell 1994,77:551-563.
• 36. Grisson R, Grezes-Besset B, Schneider M, Lucante N, Olsen L, Leguay JJ, Toppan A (1996). Field tolerance to fungal pathogens of Brassica napus constitutively expressing a chimeric chitinase gene. Nat Biotechnol. 14: 643-646.
• 37. Hammond-Kosack KE, Jones JDG: Resistance gene-dependent plant defense responses. Plant Cell 1996, 8:1773-1791.
• 38. Heath, M.C. Nimchuk, Z.L., ve Xu, H. ‘Plant Nuclear Migrations as Indicators of Critical Interactions Between Resistant or Succeptible Cowpea Epidermal Cells and Invasion Hyphae of Rust Fungus, New Phytol., 35(1997), pp. 689-700.
• 39. He Xiaohong, Sun Quan, Jiang Huaizhong, Zhu Xiaoyan, Mo Jianchuan, Long Lu, Xiang Liuxin, Xie Yongfang, Shi Yuzhen, Yuan Youlu and Cai Yingfan, 2014. Identification of novel microRNAs in the Verticillium wilt-resistant upland cotton variety KV-1 by high-throughput sequencing. He et al. SpringerPlus 2014, 3: 564
• 40. Hoffman, T. et al. (1999) Isolation of ethylene-insensitive soybean mutants that are altered in pathogen susceptibility and gene-for-gene disease resistance. Plant Physiol. 119, 935–949
• 41. Howel, C. R. 1976. The use of enzyme-deficient mutants of Verticillium dahliae to assess the importance of pectolytic enzymes in symptom expression of Verticillium wilt of cotton. Physiol. Plant. Pathol., 9: 279-283.
• 42. Hu, G., DeHart, A. K., Li, Y., Ustach, C., Handley, V., Navarre, R., Hwang, C. F., Aegerter, B. J., Williamson, V. M. and Baker, B. 2005. EDS1 in Tomato Is Required for Resistance Mediated by TIR- Class R Genes And The Receptor-Like R Gene Ve.Plant J., 42, 376-391.
• 43. ISAAC.I., 1967. Speciation in Verticillium Annual Review of Phytopathology s.201-222.
• 44. Jones, JDG., Dangl, JL. 2006. The Plant Immun System Nature 444,(7117): 323- 329.
• 45. Jerzy P, Whitham S (2001). Gene silencing and DNA methylation processes. Plant Biol. 4: 123-129.
• 46. Jones, D.A., Jones, J.D.G., 1997. The Role Of Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins in Plant Defenses. Advances in Botanical Research İncorporating Advances in Plant Pathology 24, 120–127.
• 47. Karam B Singh, Rhonda C Foley, Luis Oñate-Sánchez. Transcription factors in plant defense and stress responses. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. Volume 5, Issue 5, 1 October 2002, Pages 430–436
• 48. Kawchuk, L., Hachey, J., Lynch, DR., Klcsar, F., Van Rooijen, G., Waterer, DR., Robertson, A., Kokko, E., Byers, R., Howard, RJ., Fischer, R., Prüfer, D. 2001. Tomato Ve Disease Resistance Genes Encode Cell Surface-Like Receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 6511–6515.
• 49. Kuc, J. and Rush, J., Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1985, 236, 455.
• 50. Kurosaki F, Tashiro N, Nishi A (1987). Secretion of chitinase from cultured cells treated with fungal mycelium walls. Mol Plant Pathol. 31: 211-216.
• 51. Kunkel, B.N., and Brooks, D.M. (2002). Cross talk between signaling pathways in pathogen defense. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5, 325–331.
• 52. Lale Yıldız Aktaş ve Avni Güven, 2005. Bitki Savunma Sistemlerinde Hormonal Sinyal Moleküller ve Çapraz-İletişimleri. Çankaya Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Journal of Arts and Sciences Sayı: 3 / Mayıs 2005
• 53. Le Wang, Shu-Ming Wu, Yue Zhu, Qiang Fan, Zhen-Nan Zhangb, Guang Hu, Qing-Zhong Peng, Jia-He Wu, 2017. Functional characterization of a novel jasmonate ZIM-domain interactor (NINJA) from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Volume 112, March 2017, Pages 152–160
• 54. Lorenzo, O. et al. (2003) ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR1 integrates signals from ethylene and jasmonate pathways in plant defense. Plant Cell 15, 165–178
• 55. Lu C, Kulkarni K, Souret FF, MuthuValliappan R, Tej SS, et al. (2006). MicroRNAs and other small RNAs enriched in the Arabidopsis RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-2 mutant. Genome Res 16: 1276–1288.
• 56. Ludwig, R.A. (1952) Studies on the physiology of hadromycotic wilting in the tomato plant. Macdonald Coll. Techn Bull . 20, 1– 40
• 57. Mauch, F. and Staehelin, L. A., Plant Cell, 1989, 1,447.
• 58. McHale, L., Tan, X. P., Koehl, P., Michelmore, R. W. 2006. Plant NBS-LRR Proteins: Adaptable Guards. Genome Biol.7, 212.
• 59. Meister G. and Tuschl T., “Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA,” Nature, vol. 431, no. 7006, pp. 343– 349, 2004.
• 60. Munis MFH, Tu LL, Deng FL, Tan JF, Xu L, Xu S, Long L, Zhang XL: A thaumatin-like protein gene involved in cotton fiber secondary cell wall development enhances resistance against Verticillium dahliae and other stresses in transgenic tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010, 393:38 – 44.
• 61. Nana Liu, Xueyan Zhang, Yun Sun, Ping Wang, Xiancai Li, Yakun Pei, Fuguang Li and Yuxia Hou, 2017. Molecular evidence for the involvement of a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein, GhPGIP1, in enhanced resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts in cotton. Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 39840 (2017)
• 62. Naoumkina MA, Zhao Q, Gallego-Giraldo L, Dai X, Zhao PX, Dixon RA: Genome-wide analysis of phenylpropanoid defence pathways. Mol Plant Pathol 2010, 11:829 – 846.
• 63. Narendra Tuteja and Mahajan, 2007. Calcium Signaling Network in Plants. Plant Signal Behav. 2007 Mar-Apr; 2(2): 79–85.
• 64. Neuenschwander, U., Lawton, K., and Ryals, J. (1996). Systemic acquired resistance. In Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 1, G. Stacey and N.T. Keen, eds (New York: Chapman and Hall), pp. 81-106.
• 65. Nielsen K. K., Bojsen K., Roepstorff P., Mikkelsen J.D., A hydroxyproline-containing class IV chitinase of sugar beet is glycosylated with xylose, Plant Mol. Biol., 1994, 25, 241-257
• 66. Norman-Setterblad, C. et al. (2000) Interacting signal pathways control defense gene expression in Arabidopsis in response to cell wall- degrading enzymes from Erwinia carotovora. Mol. Plant–Microbe Interact. 13, 430–438
• 67. Pedley, K. F. and Martin, G. B. 2004. Identification of MAPKs and Their Possible MAPK Kinase Activators Involved in The Pto-Mediated Defense Response of Tomato. J. Biol. Chem.,279, 49229-49235.
• 68. Pegg, G.F. (1976). The occurrence of 1,3-p-glucanase in healthy and Verticillium albo-atrum-infected susceptible and resistant tomato plants. J. Exp. Bot. 27, 1093-1 1 01.
• 69. Penninckx IAMA, Eggermont K, Terras FRG, Thomma GPHJ, De Samblanx GW, Buchala A, Metraux J, Manners JM, Broekaert WF: Pathogen-induced systemic activation of a plant defensin gene in Arabidopsis follows a salicylic acid-independent pathway. Plant Cell 1996, 8:2309-2323.
• 70. Penninckx IA, Thomma BP, Buchala A, Metraux JP, Broekaert WF: Concomitant activation of jasmonate and ethylene response pathways is required for induction of a plant defensin gene in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1998, 10: 2103-2113.
• 71. Petitot A. S., Blein J. P., Pugin A., and Suty L.,1997. “Cloning of two plant cDNAs encoding a β -type proteasome subunit and a transformer-2-like SR-related protein: early induction of the corresponding genes in tobacco cells treated with cryptogein,”Plant Molecular Biology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 261–269, 1997.
• 72. Phillips JR, Dalmay T, Bartels D (2007). The role of small RNAs in abiotic stress. FEBS Lett 581: 3592–3597.
• 73. Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM, Van Pelt JA, Knoester M, Laan R, Gerrits H, Weisbeek PJ, Van Loon LC (1998) A novel signaling pathway controlling induced systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10: 1571–1586
• 74. Plett Jonathan M., McDonnell Lisa and Regan Sharon, 2009. Plant encoded 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity implicated in different aspects of plant development Plant Signaling & Behavior 4:12, 1186-1189
• 75 Piron F., Nicolaı M., Minoıa S. et al., “An induced mutation in tomato eIF4E leads to immunity to two potyviruses,” PloS one, vol. 5, no. 6, article e11313, 2010.
• 76. Pomar F, Novo M, Bernal MA, Merino F, Barcelo AR: Changes in stem lignins (monomer composition and crosslinking) and peroxidase are related with the maintenance of leaf photosynthetic integrity during Verticillium wilt in Capsicum annuum. New Phytol 2004, 163:111 – 123.
• 77. Qu ZL, Zhong NQ, Wang HY, Chen AP, Jian GL, Xia GX (2006). Ectopic expression of the cotton non-symbiotic hemoglobin gene GhHb1 triggers defense responses and increases disease tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Physiol. 47(8): 1058-1068
• 78. Rajasekaran, K., Cary, J.W., Jaynes, J.M. and Cleveland, T.E. (2005) Disease resistance conferred by the expression of a gene encoding a synthetic peptide in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. Plant Biotechn J. 3, 545–554.
• 79. Reusche M1, Thole K, Janz D, Truskina J, Rindfleisch S, Drübert C, Polle A, Lipka V, Teichmann T. Verticillium infection triggers VASCULAR-RELATED NAC DOMAIN7-dependent de novo xylem formation and enhances drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2012 Sep;24(9):3823-37.
• 80. Reymond, P. and Farmer, E.E. (1998) Jasmonate and salicylate as global signals for defense gene expression. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1: 404–411.
• 81. Robison, M.M., Shah S, Tamot B, Pauls KP, Moffatt BA, Glick BR., 2001. Reduced symptoms of Verticillium wilt in transgenic tomato expressing a bacterial ACC deaminase. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2, 135–14
• 82. Rojo, E. Solanao, R. 2003. Interactions Between Signaling Compounds Involved in Plant Defense. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 22 82
• 83. Ryals JA, Neuenschwander UH, Willits MG, Molina A, Steiner H, Hunt MD: Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 1996, 8:1809-1819.
• 84. Sağır, A., Tatlı F. ve Gürkan B. 1992. Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesinde Pamuk Ekim Alanlarında Görülen Hastalıklar Üzerine Çalışmalar. GAP Bölgesi Bitki Koruma Sorunları ve Çözüm Önerileri Sempozyumu. Şanlıurfa. 257-269.
• 85. Sarsu F., Yücer A. 2011. İmprovements in Cotton Production Tecniques in Turkey. Agricultural Research and Policies-Ankara –Turkey.
• 86. Schlumbaum A, Mauch F, Vögeli U, Booler T (1986) Plant chitinases are potent inhibitors of fungal growth. Nature 324:365–367
• 87. Schnathorst, W.C., Mathe, D.E.. 1966. Host Range and Differentiation of A Severe Form of Verticillium albo-atrum in Cotton. Phytopathology, 56: 1155-1161.
• 88. Sela-Buurlage, M. B., Ponstein, A. S., Bres-Vloemans, S. A., Melchers, L. S., Van Den Elzen, P. J. M. and Cornelissen, B. J. C., Plant Physiology, 1993, 101,857.
• 89. Shanmugam, V. 2005. Role of Extracytoplasmic Leucine Rich Repeat Proteins in Plant Defence Mechanisms. Microbiol Res 160: 83–94.
• 90. Smit, F., Dubery, LA. 1997. Cell Wall Reinforcement in Cotton Hypocotyls in Response to a Verticillium dahliae Elicitor. Phytochemistry 44, 811–815
• 91. Smıth, W. C. 1999. Production statistics. In: W. C. Smith, J. T. Cothren, eds Cotton: Origin, History, Technology and Production. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp 435-449.
• 92. Somssich, I.E ve Hahlbrock, K. ‘Pathogen Defense in Plants- A Paradigm of Biological Complexity, Trends Plant Sci., 3 (1998), pp. 86-90.
• 93. Stephen T. Chisholm, Gitta Coaker, Brad Day, and Brian J. Staskawicz, 2006. Host-Microbe Interactions: Shaping the Evolution of the Plant Immune Response. Cell 124, 803–814, February 24, 2006 ª2006 Elsevier Inc. 803.
• 94. Sticher, L., Mauch-Mani, B. ve Metraux, J.P. ‘Systemic Acquired Resistance, Annu Rev Phytopathol.,35 (1997), pp. 235-270.
• 95. Tiryaki, İ. and Tunaz, H. 2004. Systemic acquired rsistance: Characterization of genes associated with plant defence response. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology. 3: 9-14.
• 96. Tohidfar Masoud, Rassouli Hassan, Haghnazari Ali, Ghareyazie1 Behzad, Najafi Javad, 2009. Evaluation of stability of chitinase gene in transgenic offspring of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). IRANIAN JOURNAL of BIOTECHNOLOGY, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 2009
• 97. Tsuda, K., Sato, M., Stoddard, T., Glazebrook, J. & Katagiri, F. Network properties of robust immunity in plants. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000772 (2009).A network approach to plant immunity shows complex interactions between defence hormone signalling pathways acting in both PTI and ETI.
• 98. Tzeng, D.D. and DeVay, J.E. (1985) Physiological responses of Gossypium hirsutum L. to infection by defoliating and non-defoliating pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 26, 57–72
• 99. Van Loon L. C., Van Strien E.A., 1999. Thw famlies of pathogenesis- related proteins, their activities and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins. Physiol. mol. Pathol, 55:85_97.
• 100. Van Loon LC, Geraats BPJ, Linthorst HJM (2006). Ethylene as a modulator of disease resistance in plants. Trends Plant Sci 11: 184–191
• 101. Vazquez F, Blevins T, Ailhas J, Boller T, Meins Jr F (2008) Evolution of Arabidopsis MIR genes generates novel microRNA classes. Nucleic Acids Res 36: 6429–6438.
• 102. Veronese, P. et al. (2003) Identification of a locus controlling Verticillium disease symptom response in Arabidopsis thaliana.Plant J. 35, 574–587
• 103. Wang, M.C. and Keen, N.T. (1970) Purification and characterization of endopolygalacturonase from Verticillium albo-atrum. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 141, 749–757.
• 104. Wang Jian –Ying , Cai Y., Gou J._Y., Mao J-Y, Xu Y-H, jiang W-H,and Chen X-Y, 2004, VdNEP, an Elicitor from Verticillium dahliae, Induces Cotton Plant Wilting APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Aug. 2004, p. 4989–4995
• 105. Watkins, G.M. 1981. Compendium Of Cotton Diseases. Published by The American Phytopathological Society, 41-44.
• 106. Weifeng Guo, Li Jin, Yuhuan Miao, Xin He, Qin Hu, Kai Guo, Longfu Zhu, Xianlong Zhang, 2016. An ethylene response-related factor, GbERF1-like, from Gossypium barbadense improves resistance to Verticillium dahliae via activating lignin synthesis. Plant Molecular Biology, June 2016, Volume 91, Issue 3, pp 305–318
• 107. Woloshen Virginia, Huang Shuai, and Li Xin, 2011. RNA-Binding Proteins in Plant Immunity. Journal of Pathogens Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 278697, 11 pages
• 108. Xiang-Jun Zhou, S. Lu, Yan-Hua Xu, Jia-Wei Wang, Xiao-Ya Chen, 2002. A cotton cDNA (GaPR-10) encoding a pathogenesis-related 10 protein with in vitro ribonuclease activity. Plant Science 162 (2002) 629/636
• 109. Xu YH, Wang JW, Wang S, Wang JY, Chen XY: Characterization of GaWRKY1, a cotton transcription factor that regulates the sesquiterpene synthase gene (+)-delta-cadinene synthase-A. Plant Physiol 2004, 135:507 – 515.
• 110. Xu L, Zhu LF, Tu LL, Liu LL, Yuan DJ, Jin L, Long L, Zhang XL: Lignin metabolism has a central role in the resistance of cotton to the wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae as revealed by RNA-Seq-dependent transcriptional analysis and histochemistry. J Exp Bot 2011, 62:5607 – 5621.
• 111. Yang L, Jue D, Li W, Zhang R, Chen M, et al. (2013) Identification of MiRNA from Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) by Small RNA Deep Sequencing and Their Response to Verticillium dahliae Infection. PLoS ONE 8(8): e72840. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0072840
• 112. Zhang Yan, Wang Xing Fen, Ding Ze Guo, Ma Qing, Zhang Gui Rong, Zhang Shu Ling, Li Zhi Kun, Wu Li Qiang, Zhang Gui Yin and Ma Zhi Ying, 2013. Transcriptome profiling of Gossypium barbadense inoculated with Verticillium dahliae provides a resource for cotton improvement. Zhang et al. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:637
• 113. Zhang YY, Punja ZK (1994). Induction and characterization of chitinase isoforms in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) effect of elicitors, wounding and pathogen inoculation. Plant Sci. 99: 141-150.
• 114. Zipfel C., Robatzek S., Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity: veni, vidi…? Plant Physiol. 154 (2010) 551–554.