Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Siyasi İstikrarsızlığın İnsani Güvenlik Üzerindeki Etkileri: Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’nde Çocuk Asker Meselesinin Analizi

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 211 - 232, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1148466

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti'nde siyasi istikrarsızlığın insani güvensizlik üzerindeki etkisini çocuk asker özelinde analiz etmektir. Silahlı çatışmalara zorla veya gönüllü, doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak dâhil edilen 18 yaşından küçük erkek veya kız çocuklarına çocuk asker denir. Günümüzde sayıları yüz binleri aşan çocuk askerler kötü muamelelere maruz kalmakta, ihmal ve suiistimal edilmekte, temel haklarından mahrum bırakılmaktadırlar. Silahlı çatışmalara çocukların katılımı yeni olmasa da günümüzde çocuk askerlik yaygın bir olgudur ve özellikle siyasi istikrarsızlığın yaygın olduğu gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaygındır. Bu ülkelerden biri de Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’dir. Reformların gecikmesi, iktidar ve muhalefet arasında yaşanan hükümet krizi ve 1994 Ruanda İç Savaşı’nın sonucunda ülke büyük bir siyasi istikrarsızlığa sürüklenmiştir. Bu çalışma, Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’ndeki çocuk askerlik olgusunu bir insani güvenlik sorunu olarak ele almakta ve çocukların asker olarak kullanılmasının en önemli kaynağının ülkedeki siyasi istikrarsızlık olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’nde süregelen siyasi istikrarsızlık nedeniyle, ulusal önlem ve çabaların yanı sıra mevcut uluslararası hukukun çocuk asker sorununu çözmek için yeterli olmadığı ileri sürülmektedir.

References

  • AÇAUM, Afrika Çalışmaları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Ankara Üniversitesi. (Ocak 2009), Afrika Gündemi. Sayı: 1. https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/406/1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y BBC, Democratic Republic of Congo profile – Timeline. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13286306 (E.T. 22.07.2022).
  • Burgess, P. and Gräns, J. (2012). Human Security. C. A. Snyder (Ed.), Contemporary security and strategy içinde (89-105). Third edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • BVES – Bureau pour le Volontariat au Service de l’Enfance et de la Santé in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC). http://www.bves-rdc.org/DefaultEn.htm
  • Cape Town Principles and Best Practices on the Prevention of Recruitment of Children into the Armed Forces and on Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa. (1997). https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/248311#record-files-collapse-header (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), (2022). The World Factbook, Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/#introduction (E. T. 19.07.2022).
  • Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, (2006). https://www.presidence.cd/uploads/files/Constitution%20de%20la%203me%20Republique.%2018%20Fev%202006.pdf
  • Constitution de la Transition, (2003). http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2003/numeros/jos.05.04.2003.pdf
  • DCAF Backgrounder - Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), (2006). Child Soldiers. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/26084/14_bg_child_soldiers.pdf (E. T. 21.05.2022).
  • Guy, K. M. (2009). The political and cultural background for using child soldiers. Torture, 19(2), s. 132-136. https://irct.org/assets/uploads/1018_8185_2009-2_132-136.pdf
  • Haynes, J.; Hough, P.; Malik, S. P. ve Pettiford, L. (2011). World politics: International relations and globalisation in the 21st century. London: SAGE Publications.
  • İnat, K. ve Gieler, W. (2007). Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (Zaire): “Birinci Afrika Dünya Savaşı”, K. İnat, B. Duran ve M. Ataman (Ed.), içinde Dünya Çatışma Bölgeleri (419-432). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Loi n° 09/001 du 10 janvier 2009 portant protection de l'enfant. http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2009/L.09.001.10.01.09.html (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Loi No 04/023 du 12 novembre 2004 portant organisation générale de la défense et des forces armées, http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Ministeres/defense/loi.04.023.12.11.2004.pdf
  • Lubanga Case, The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC-01/04-01/06. https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/lubanga (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Machel, G. (1996). Impact of Armed Conflict on Children. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/51/306 Mounet, J. (February, 10 2017). 6 questions about the issue of child soldiers in DRC, UNICEF. https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/6-questions-about-issue-child-soldiers-drc (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. (October 2009). The Six Grave Violations Against Children During Armed Conflict: The Legal Foundation, Updated November 2013. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/publications/WorkingPaper-1_SixGraveViolationsLegalFoundation.pdf (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Rend Hand Day, t.y. https://www.redhandday.org/en/
  • Rosen, David M. (2012). Child Soldiers: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
  • Steinl, L. (2017). Child Soldiers as Agents of War and Peace: A Restorative Transitional Justice Approach to Accountability for Crimes under International Law. Berlin: Springer.
  • The Paris Principles: Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/publications/ParisPrinciples_EN.pdf (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • The Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative, October 2018, Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Report: Children & Security. https://dallaireinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/DRC-October-2018-Report.pdf
  • UN Security Council Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict. A/76/871-S/2022/493. (June, 23 2022). https://www.un.org/unispal/document/children-and-armed-conflict-report-of-the-secretary-general-a-76-871-s-2022-493-excerpts/ (accessed 22.07.2022).
  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (1994). The Human Development Report, Oxford University Press: New York - Oxford. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • UNICEF, 12 February 2018. Thousands of children continue to be used as child soldiers. https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/en/press-releases/thousands-children-continue-be-used-child-soldiers
  • Waruzi, B. (2010). Using mobile phones for monitoring human rights violations in the DRC. Sokari Ekine (ED.), içinde SMS Uprising: Mobile Activism in Africa (138-142). Cape Town/South Africa: Pambazuka Press.
  • World Health Organization (8 June 2020). Child maltreatment. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 211 - 232, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1148466

Abstract

References

  • AÇAUM, Afrika Çalışmaları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Ankara Üniversitesi. (Ocak 2009), Afrika Gündemi. Sayı: 1. https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/20.500.12575/406/1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y BBC, Democratic Republic of Congo profile – Timeline. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13286306 (E.T. 22.07.2022).
  • Burgess, P. and Gräns, J. (2012). Human Security. C. A. Snyder (Ed.), Contemporary security and strategy içinde (89-105). Third edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • BVES – Bureau pour le Volontariat au Service de l’Enfance et de la Santé in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC). http://www.bves-rdc.org/DefaultEn.htm
  • Cape Town Principles and Best Practices on the Prevention of Recruitment of Children into the Armed Forces and on Demobilization and Social Reintegration of Child Soldiers in Africa. (1997). https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/248311#record-files-collapse-header (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), (2022). The World Factbook, Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/#introduction (E. T. 19.07.2022).
  • Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo, (2006). https://www.presidence.cd/uploads/files/Constitution%20de%20la%203me%20Republique.%2018%20Fev%202006.pdf
  • Constitution de la Transition, (2003). http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2003/numeros/jos.05.04.2003.pdf
  • DCAF Backgrounder - Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF), (2006). Child Soldiers. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/26084/14_bg_child_soldiers.pdf (E. T. 21.05.2022).
  • Guy, K. M. (2009). The political and cultural background for using child soldiers. Torture, 19(2), s. 132-136. https://irct.org/assets/uploads/1018_8185_2009-2_132-136.pdf
  • Haynes, J.; Hough, P.; Malik, S. P. ve Pettiford, L. (2011). World politics: International relations and globalisation in the 21st century. London: SAGE Publications.
  • İnat, K. ve Gieler, W. (2007). Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (Zaire): “Birinci Afrika Dünya Savaşı”, K. İnat, B. Duran ve M. Ataman (Ed.), içinde Dünya Çatışma Bölgeleri (419-432). Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Loi n° 09/001 du 10 janvier 2009 portant protection de l'enfant. http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/JO/2009/L.09.001.10.01.09.html (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Loi No 04/023 du 12 novembre 2004 portant organisation générale de la défense et des forces armées, http://www.leganet.cd/Legislation/Droit%20Public/Ministeres/defense/loi.04.023.12.11.2004.pdf
  • Lubanga Case, The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC-01/04-01/06. https://www.icc-cpi.int/drc/lubanga (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Machel, G. (1996). Impact of Armed Conflict on Children. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/51/306 Mounet, J. (February, 10 2017). 6 questions about the issue of child soldiers in DRC, UNICEF. https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/6-questions-about-issue-child-soldiers-drc (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. (October 2009). The Six Grave Violations Against Children During Armed Conflict: The Legal Foundation, Updated November 2013. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/publications/WorkingPaper-1_SixGraveViolationsLegalFoundation.pdf (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • Rend Hand Day, t.y. https://www.redhandday.org/en/
  • Rosen, David M. (2012). Child Soldiers: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
  • Steinl, L. (2017). Child Soldiers as Agents of War and Peace: A Restorative Transitional Justice Approach to Accountability for Crimes under International Law. Berlin: Springer.
  • The Paris Principles: Principles and Guidelines on Children Associated with Armed Forces or Armed Groups. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/publications/ParisPrinciples_EN.pdf (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • The Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative, October 2018, Democratic Republic of the Congo Country Report: Children & Security. https://dallaireinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/DRC-October-2018-Report.pdf
  • UN Security Council Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict. A/76/871-S/2022/493. (June, 23 2022). https://www.un.org/unispal/document/children-and-armed-conflict-report-of-the-secretary-general-a-76-871-s-2022-493-excerpts/ (accessed 22.07.2022).
  • UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (1994). The Human Development Report, Oxford University Press: New York - Oxford. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf (E. T. 22.07.2022).
  • UNICEF, 12 February 2018. Thousands of children continue to be used as child soldiers. https://www.unicef.org/drcongo/en/press-releases/thousands-children-continue-be-used-child-soldiers
  • Waruzi, B. (2010). Using mobile phones for monitoring human rights violations in the DRC. Sokari Ekine (ED.), içinde SMS Uprising: Mobile Activism in Africa (138-142). Cape Town/South Africa: Pambazuka Press.
  • World Health Organization (8 June 2020). Child maltreatment. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Pelin Aliyev 0000-0003-2466-2132

Publication Date December 29, 2022
Submission Date July 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aliyev, P. (2022). Siyasi İstikrarsızlığın İnsani Güvenlik Üzerindeki Etkileri: Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti’nde Çocuk Asker Meselesinin Analizi. Güvenlik Çalışmaları Dergisi, 24(2), 211-232. https://doi.org/10.54627/gcd.1148466