Yeni Nesil Cep Telefonu Frekansları ve Biyolojik Etkileri

Year 2021, , 309 - 312, 20.09.2021

Yusuf Küçükbağrıaçık , Elçin Özgür Büyükatalay

https://doi.org/10.54005/geneltip.996923

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Her geçen gün artan miktarda etrafımızı saran kablosuz teknolojilerin sağlık ve biyolojik etkileri ile ilgili henüz kesin bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Radyo Frekans (RF) ve mikrodalga (MW) alanları kapsayan 3 kHz - 300 GHz frekans bandında yer alan elektromanyetik alanlar ile çalışan bu teknolojiler 40 yıla yakın süredir varlığını sürdürmektedir. Günümüzde kullanılan teknolojilerde Birinci nesil (G) teknolojilerine kıyasla daha yüksek frekans ve enerji kullandığı görülmektedir. Yeni nesil 5G ve 6G teknolojilerinde daha yüksek frekanslı ve enerjili milimetre dalgalar (MMW) ve terahertz frekanslı dalgalar kullanılacaktır. Bu teknolojilerin gelişimiyle artan bilgi paylaşım hızından yararlanan bazı gruplar, son günlerin en önemli sağlık problemi olan Korona virüs (COVID-19) pandemisinin yayılmasında cep telefonu ve baz istasyonu radyasyonu maruziyetini sorumlu tutmuştur. Bu derlemede önceki nesiller ve yeni nesil cep telefonu teknolojilerinin sağlık etkilerine ilişkin bilimsel yayınlar incelemiştir.

Keywords

Radyo frekansı, 5G, Cep telefonu, COVID-19, Olumsuz Sağlık Etkisi

New Generation Mobile Phone Frequencies and Biological Effects

Abstract

There is no definitive information about the health and biological effects of wireless technologies that surround us with an increasing amount every day. These technologies, which work with electromagnetic fields in the 3 kHz - 300 GHz frequency band covering Radio Frequency (RF) and microwave (MW) fields, have been in existence for nearly 40 years. It is seen that the technologies used today use higher frequency and energy compared to the first generation (G) technologies. In the new generation 5G and 6G technologies, higher frequency and energy millimeter waves (MMW) and terahertz frequency waves will be used. Benefiting from the increasing speed of information sharing with the development of these technologies, some groups have blamed mobilephone and base station radiation exposure in the spread of the Corona virüs (COVID-19) pandemic, the most important health problem of recent days. In this review, scientific publications on the health effects of previous generations and new generation mobile phone technologies were examined.

Keywords

Radiofrequency, 5G, Mobile Phone, COVID-19, Adverse Health Effect

References

• Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Health Phys 1998;74(4):494-522.
• Li D. 5G and intelligence medicine-how the next generation of wireless technology will reconstruct healthcare? Precision clinical medicine. 2019;2(4):205-208.
• Exposure to high frequency electromagnetic fields, biological effects and health consequences (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Germany: ICNIRP; International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection; 2009a.
• Morgan LL, Miller AB, Sasco A, Davis DL. Mobile phone radiation causes brain tumors and should be classified as a probable human carcinogen (2A) (Review). International Journal of Oncology 2015;46(5):1865-1871.
• Sahin D, Ozgur E, Guler G, et al. The 2100MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G-mobile phone and the DNA oxidative damage in brain. Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 2016;75:94-98.
• Esmekaya MA, Aytekin E, Ozgur E, et al. Mutagenic and morphologic impacts of 1.8GHz radiofrequency radiation on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBLs) and possible protective role of pre-treatment with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761). Science of The Total Environment 2011;410-411:59-64.
• Jiang D-P, Li J-h, Zhang J, et al. Long-term electromagnetic pulse exposure induces Abeta deposition and cognitive dysfunction through oxidative stress and overexpression of APP and BACE1. Brain Research 2016;1642:10-19.
• Kim JH, Yu D-H, Huh YH, et al. Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMF induces hyperactivity, autophagy and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice. Scientific Reports 2017;7(1):41129.
• Altun G, Deniz ÖG, Yurt KK, Davis D, Kaplan S. Effects of mobile phone exposure on metabolomics in the male and female reproductive systems. Environ Res 2018;167:700-707.
• Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR. The effect of pulsed 900-MHz GSM mobile phone radiation on the acrosome reaction, head morphometry and zona binding of human spermatozoa. Int J Androl 2011;34(1):20-26.
• Kazemi E, Mortazavi SM, Ali-Ghanbari A, et al. Effect of 900 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation on the Induction of ROS in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Biomed Phys Eng 2015;5(3):105-114.
• Ohtani S, Ushiyama A, Maeda M, et al. The effects of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields on T cell function during development. J Radiat Res 2015;56(3):467-474.
• Gruber MJ, Palmquist E, Nordin S. Characteristics of perceived electromagnetic hypersensitivity in the general population. Scand J Psychol 2018;59(4):422-427.
• Son Y, Kim JS, Jeong YJ, et al. Long-term RF exposure on behavior and cerebral glucose metabolism in 5xFAD mice. Neurosci Lett 2018;666:64-69.
• Russell CL. 5 G wireless telecommunications expansion: Public health and environmental implications. Environmental Research 2018;165:484-495.
• Simko M, Mattsson MO. 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects-A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16(18).
• Chataut R, Akl R. Massive MIMO Systems for 5G and beyond Networks—Overview, Recent Trends, Challenges, and Future Research Direction. Sensors 2020;20(10):2753.
• Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Physics 2020;118(5):483-524.
• Hardell L, Carlberg M. Health risks from radiofrequency radiation, including 5G, should be assessed by experts with no conflicts of interest. Oncol Lett 2020;20(4):15.
• Belpomme D, Hardell L, Belyaev I, Burgio E, Carpenter DO. Thermal and non-thermal health effects of low intensity non-ionizing radiation: An international perspective. Environ Pollut 2018;242(Pt A):643-658.
• Miller AB, Morgan LL, Udasin I, Davis DL. Cancer epidemiology update, following the 2011 IARC evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Monograph 102). Environ Res 2018;167:673-683.
• Hardell L, Nyberg R. Appeals that matter or not on a moratorium on the deployment of the fifth generation, 5G, for microwave radiation. Mol Clin Oncol 2020;12(3):247-257
• Hardell L. World Health Organization, radiofrequency radiation and health - a hard nut to crack (Review). International Journal of Oncology 2017;51(2):405-413.
• Di Ciaula A. Towards 5G communication systems: Are there health implications? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018;221(3):367-375.
• Simko M, Mattsson MO. 5G Wireless Communication and Health Effects—A Pragmatic Review Based on Available Studies Regarding 6 to 100 GHz. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(18):3406.
• Rocher C, Ruelloux M, Himdi M, et al. Biological effects of millimeter wave irradiation on mice-preliminary results. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 2000;48(11):2104-2110.
• Kojima M, Hanazawa M, Yamashiro Y, et al. Acute Ocular Injuries Caused By 60-Ghz Millimeter-Wave Exposure. Health Physic. 2009;97(3).
• Kostoff RN, Heroux P, Aschner M, Tsatsakis A. Adverse health effects of 5G mobile networking technology under real-life conditions. Toxicol Lett 2020;323:35-40.
• Agiwal M, Roy A, Saxena N. Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 2016;18(3):1617-1655.
• Reichert C. 5G customers predicted to hit 2.6 billion in 2025. 2019; Available at: https://www.cnet.com/news/5g-customers-predicted-to-hit-2-6-billion-in-2025/ Erişim tarihi 01 Aralık 2020. (Accessed December 01, 2020).
• Betzalel N, Ben Ishai P, Feldman Y. The human skin as a sub-THz receiver – Does 5G pose a danger to it or not? Environmental Research 2018;163:208-216.
• Ahmed W, Vidal-Alaball J, Downing J, López Seguí F. COVID-19 and the 5G Conspiracy Theory: Social Network Analysis of Twitter Data. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(5):e19458.
• WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public: Mythbusters. 2020; Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters#5g Erişim tarihi 01 Aralık 2020. (Accessed December 01, 2020).
• Siriwardhana Y, Gür G, Ylianttila M, Liyanage M. The role of 5G for digital healthcare against COVID-19 pandemic: Opportunities and challenges. ICT Express 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2020.10.002
• Klemeš JJ, Fan YV, Jiang P. COVID-19 pandemic facilitating energy transition opportunities. International journal of energy research 2020:10.1002/er.6007.