This article primarily introduces new inscriptions found in Bilecik province, most of which are preserved today in Bilecik Museum, although, some inscriptions remain in the field. The remaining inscriptions in the museum are to be published in another article in the next issue of this journal, which we are preparing as the continuation of this article.
Bilecik Museum, the foundation of which began in 2005 and which was officially opened in 2010, is one of Turkey’s new museums. Due to the large number of stone artifacts found in the area, a museum was needed to preserve and display them. Most of the works in the Bilecik Museum are a collection compiled from the towns and villages of Bilecik. However, during the foundation of the museum, artifacts were also brought to it from the surrounding museums such as Kütahya and Afyon. However, some of them do not belong culturally to the Bilecik region, see. e.g. here no. 1, 7, 23-27. We also recorded inscriptions in a small museum in Söğüt, a town of Bilecik, in the Söğüt Museum at that time, and we are now publishing them here in this paper, as these stones were later transported from Söğüt to the Bilecik Museum. Today, the region belonging to the province of Bilecik was largely within the territory of the ancient city of Nikaia. The inscriptions of Nikaia and its surroundings were published by the late Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin (I.Nikaia) between 1978-1987 in 5 volumes. During the foundation of the Bilecik Museum in 2005, the museum administration at that time consulted with Prof. Sencer Şahin in order that he could transcribe and translate the many inscriptions into Turkish. Sencer Şahin commissioned me (N. Eda Akyürek Şahin) with examining these inscriptions and translating them into Turkish. For this purpose, many artefacts, both those brought to the museum and those that were still in the field and recorded by the museum authorities, were transcribed and studied by me and their translations were provided to the museum. Later, for a few years (e.g. 2010-2011, 2013), I conducted epigraphic research in the Bilecik Museum with the permission of the Ministry of Culture and the museum directorate, including field research in the region under the permission and supervision of the museum authorities. This because at that time it was understood that these artefacts were going to be transported from the field to the museum, but unfortunately most of them remained in the field.
Bilecik is very rich in terms of its inscriptions. The general character of the region was rural and consisted of villages and farms. However, the density of the finds shows that this region was densely populated at that time. It is seen that the inscriptions are mainly divided into two groups, votive inscriptions and funerary inscriptions. The names of many gods are mentioned in the inscriptions. The artifacts are typologically in the form of prism-shaped altars or stelae with pediments. While altars are mostly preferred as votive stones, we see the stele are usually tombstones. Apart from these, there are also inscribed tombstones in the form of an architrave (see no. 41-42). At that time these architraves probably stood on great altars. Numerous personal names are documented in the inscriptions. All of the inscriptions belong to the Roman Imperial Period. There are quite a few inscriptions containing the surname Aurelius. Artifacts without inscriptions or whose inscriptions are not visible today are also included in this article in order to be known in the scientific world (nos. 61-78). In addition, photographs of previously published artifacts that are currently preserved in the museum (including the 3 altars standing today in the garden of the Bilecik Gendarmerie) have been added to the end of the article. These inscriptions were previously in the field and most of them were first published by Sencer Şahin.
Bu makalede ağırlıklı olarak Bilecik ilinde ele geçen yeni yazıtlar tanıtılmaktadır. Yazıtların çoğu günümüzde Bilecik Müzesi’nde korunmaktadır. Ancak bazı yazıtlar hâlâ arazidedir. Müzedeki geri kalan yazıtlar ise bu makalenin devamı niteliğinde hazırladığımız ve bu derginin bir sonraki sayısında, ikinci bir makalede yayınlanacaktır.
2005 yılında temelleri atılan ve 2010 yılında resmi olarak kurulan Bilecik Müzesi Türkiye’nin yeni müzelerinden biridir. Bölgede bulunan çok sayıda taş eser nedeniyle, bunları korumak ve sergilemek için bir müzeye ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bilecik Müzesi’ndeki eserlerin çoğu, Bilecik iline bağlı ilçe ve köylerden derlenmiş bir koleksiyondur. Ancak müzenin oluşturulması sırasında Kütahya veya Afyon müzesi gibi çevre müzelerden de eserler de getirilmiştir. Ancak bunlardan bazıları kültürel olarak Bilecik bölgesine ait değildir, bkz. örn. burada no. 1, 7, 23-27. Bilecik’in ilçesi Söğüt’te küçük bir müzede yöreden toplanmış olan yazıtları o dönemde Söğüt Müzesi’nde çalışmıştık ve onları şimdi burada yayınlıyoruz. Ancak bu taşlar daha sonra Söğüt’ten Bilecik Müzesi’ne getirilmiştir. Bugün Bilecik iline ait bölge Eskiçağ’da büyük ölçüde Nikaia antik kentinin egemenliği altındaydı. Nikaia kenti ve çevresinden ele geçen yazıtlar 1978-1987 yılları arasında rahmetli Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin tarafından 5 corpus çalışmasında (I.Nikaia) ele alınmıştır. 2005 yılında Bilecik Müzesi’nin kurulması sırasında bölgeden çok sayıda yazıtın okunup Türkçe’ye çevrilmesi amacıyla o dönemki müze yönetimi bölgenin uzmanı Prof. Sencer Şahin’e başvurmuştur. Şahin beni (N. Eda Akyürek Şahin) bu yazıtları incelemek ve Türkçe’ye çevirmekle görevlendirmişti. Bu amaçla müzeye getirilen ve hâlâ arazide olup da müze yetkilileri tarafından kayıt altına alınan birçok eser tarafımdan okunup analiz edilmiş ve bunların çevirileri müzeye gönderilmiştir. Daha sonra birkaç sene (örn. 2010-2011, 2013) Kültür Bakanlığı’nın ve müzenin izniyle Bilecik Müzesi’nde çalışmalar yürütmüş ayrıca müze yetkililerinin izni ve denetiminde bölgede çalışmalar da yapmıştım. Çünkü o zaman yazıtlarını okuduğum bu taşlar da araziden müzeye taşınacaktı ama ne yazık ki çoğu arazide kaldı.
Bilecik yöresi yazıtlar açısından oldukça zengindir. Nikaia ile bağlantılı bir bölge olmasına rağmen yörenin genel karakteri kırsal idi ve köy ve çiftliklerden oluşuyordu. Ancak buluntuların yoğunluğu bu bölgenin o dönemde yoğun nüfusa sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Yazıtların başlıca adak yazıtları ve mezar yazıtları olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldığı görülmektedir. Yazıtlarda birçok tanrının ismi geçmektedir. Mezar yazıtları da formül olarak bölgede bulunan diğer yazıtlara benzemektedir. Eserler tipolojik olarak prizma biçimli altarlar veya alınlıklı steller şeklindedir. Altarlar daha çok adak taşı olarak tercih edilirken stellerin genellikle mezar taşı olduğunu görüyoruz. Bunların dışında yazıtlı arşitrav biçimli mezar taşları da vardır (bkz. no. 41-42). O zamanlar bu arşitravlar muhtemelen büyük altarlar üzerinde duruyordu. Yazıtlarda çok sayıda şahıs ismi belgelenmektedir. Yazıtların hepsinin Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi’ne ait olduğu görülmektedir. Aurelius soyadını içeren epeyce yazıt vardır. Müzede bulunan yazıtsız veya yazıtları kaybolmuş eserler de bilim dünyasında bilinmeleri amacıyla bu makaleye dahil edilmiştir, bkz. no. 61-78. Ayrıca şu anda müzede bulunup da daha önce yayınlanmış eserlerin fotoğrafları da (Bilecik Jandarmasının bahçesinde duran 3 adak altarı dahil) makalenin sonuna eklenmiştir. Bu yazıtlar daha önce arazide idiler ve çoğu Sencer Şahin tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
Bilecik Müzesi adak yazıtları Nikaia teritoryumu mezar yazıtları Apollon Apollon Lykios Theos Hypsistos Meter Theon Glaukene Zeus Agathios Zeus Agathios Pithios Zeus Bronton Zeus Eidikenes Zeus Kronios Zeus Olympios Zeus Pantokrator Zeus Pithios Zeus Sabasios Olympios Zeus Soter anathema katoikia lithourgos medimnoi plethra rosalia threpte veteran
This article primarily introduces new inscriptions found in Bilecik province, most of which are preserved today in Bilecik Museum, although, some inscriptions remain in the field. The remaining inscriptions in the museum are to be published in another article in the next issue of this journal, which we are preparing as the continuation of this article.
Bilecik Museum, the foundation of which began in 2005 and which was officially opened in 2010, is one of Turkey’s new museums. Due to the large number of stone artifacts found in the area, a museum was needed to preserve and display them. Most of the works in the Bilecik Museum are a collection compiled from the towns and villages of Bilecik. However, during the foundation of the museum, artifacts were also brought to it from the surrounding museums such as Kütahya and Afyon. However, some of them do not belong culturally to the Bilecik region, see. e.g. here no. 1, 7, 23-27. We also recorded inscriptions in a small museum in Söğüt, a town of Bilecik, in the Söğüt Museum at that time, and we are now publishing them here in this paper, as these stones were later transported from Söğüt to the Bilecik Museum. Today, the region belonging to the province of Bilecik was largely within the territory of the ancient city of Nikaia. The inscriptions of Nikaia and its surroundings were published by the late Prof. Dr. Sencer Şahin (I.Nikaia) between 1978-1987 in 5 volumes. During the foundation of the Bilecik Museum in 2005, the museum administration at that time consulted with Prof. Sencer Şahin in order that he could transcribe and translate the many inscriptions into Turkish. Sencer Şahin commissioned me (N. Eda Akyürek Şahin) with examining these inscriptions and translating them into Turkish. For this purpose, many artefacts, both those brought to the museum and those that were still in the field and recorded by the museum authorities, were transcribed and studied by me and their translations were provided to the museum. Later, for a few years (e.g. 2010-2011, 2013), I conducted epigraphic research in the Bilecik Museum with the permission of the Ministry of Culture and the museum directorate, including field research in the region under the permission and supervision of the museum authorities. This because at that time it was understood that these artefacts were going to be transported from the field to the museum, but unfortunately most of them remained in the field.
Bilecik is very rich in terms of its inscriptions. The general character of the region was rural and consisted of villages and farms. However, the density of the finds shows that this region was densely populated at that time. It is seen that the inscriptions are mainly divided into two groups, votive inscriptions and funerary inscriptions. The names of many gods are mentioned in the inscriptions. The artifacts are typologically in the form of prism-shaped altars or stelae with pediments. While altars are mostly preferred as votive stones, we see the stele are usually tombstones. Apart from these, there are also inscribed tombstones in the form of an architrave (see no. 41-42). At that time these architraves probably stood on great altars. Numerous personal names are documented in the inscriptions. All of the inscriptions belong to the Roman Imperial Period. There are quite a few inscriptions containing the surname Aurelius. Artifacts without inscriptions or whose inscriptions are not visible today are also included in this article in order to be known in the scientific world (nos. 61-78). In addition, photographs of previously published artifacts that are currently preserved in the museum (including the 3 altars standing today in the garden of the Bilecik Gendarmerie) have been added to the end of the article. These inscriptions were previously in the field and most of them were first published by Sencer Şahin.
Bilecik museum territory of Nikaia dedications funerary inscriptions Apollo Apollo Lykios Theos Hypsistos Meter Theon Glaukene Zeus Agathios Zeus Agathios Pithios Zeus Bronton Zeus Eidikenes Zeus Kronios Zeus Olympios Zeus Pantokrator Zeus Pithios Zeus Sabasios Olympios Zeus Soter anathema katoikia lithourgos medimnoi plethra rosalia threpte veteran
Primary Language | German |
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Journal Section | Research Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | May 15, 2022 |
Submission Date | March 9, 2022 |
Published in Issue | Year 2022 |