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New inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia

Year 2022, , 19 - 31, 15.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1164391

Abstract

The settlement of Belen has not been investigated since the brief notice made by J. Borchhardt in 1975 until last year, although there are significant archaeological remains and it is situated at an important geographical position between Myra and Limyra. Some new archaeological and epigraphic finds, one, a funerary inscription, the others, fragmentary inscriptions, were found in the settlement of Belen Tepesi during our survey concerning the research pertaining to the Stadiasmus Patarensis Project conducted by Akdeniz University. In this paper the set-tlement and its unknown ancient name, the road system, the extent of its territory and its eco-nomic structure are discussed together with the new finds and some new observations are made concerning the settlement and its surroundings. In consequence, this paper proposes Belen Tepesi was inhabited in the Classical period contrary to what had been previously as-sumed, that it was a Hellenistic–Roman settlement. Plenion is suggested for the name of the settlement at Belen, an important village mentioned in the Vita of Nicholas of Holy Sion. Based on the road system in the mountainous area of Bonda, it is proposed that the territory of Belen included a large area from the west slope of the hill to the Claudian road on Bonda. And finally this paper suggests the main economic resource, of those settled at Belen Tepesi would primarily have been shipping and trade, rather than the agricultural production.

References

  • M. Alkan, Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (8): On the named places in the journeys of sacrifice recorded in the Vita of Saint Nicholas of Holy Sion, Gephyra 8, 2011, 99-124.
  • M. Alkan, A Re-examination of the Sarcophagus Inscription at Turant Asarı, MJH I/1, 2011, 33-41.
  • G. Anrich, Hagios Nikolaos. Der Heilige Nikolaos in der griechischen Kirche. Bd. II: Prologemena, Untersuchungen. Leipzig-Berlin 1917.
  • J. S. Balzat, Names in EPM- in Southern Asia Minor. A Contribution to the Cultural History of Ancient Lycia, Chiron 44, 2014, 253-284.
  • H. Blum, Demographie und Kirchenorganisation in Zentrallykien: Bemerkungen zur Vita Nicolai Sionitae, Lykia I, 1995, 52-67.
  • H. Blum, Die Vita Nicolai Sionitae. Griechischer Text. Übersetzt und kommentiert, Bonn 1997.
  • J. Borchhardt, Die Ruinen von Belen, in: J. Borchhardt (ed.), Myra. Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit (Istanbuler Forschungen 30), Berlin 1975, 90-91.
  • Th. Eckinger, Die Orthographie lateinischer Wörter in griechischen Inschriften, München 1900.
  • C. Foss, Cities and Villages of Lycia in the Life of St Nicholas of Holy Sion, Greek Orthodox Theological Review 36, 1991, 303-339.
  • M. Harrison, Churches and Chapels of Central Lycia, Anatolian Studies 13, 1963, 117-151.
  • H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8: Lykien und Pamphylien, Wien 2004.
  • Ph. Le Bas – W. H. Waddington (ed.), Inscriptions grecques et latines recueillies en Asie Mineure I–II, Paris 1870.
  • Th. Marksteiner – M. Wörrle, Ein Altar für Kaiser Claudius auf dem Bonda Tepesi zwischen Myra und Limyra, Chiron 32, 2002, 545-564.
  • Th. Marksteiner – B. Stark – M. Wörrle – B. Yener-Marksteiner, Der Yalak Başı auf dem Bonda Tepesi in Ostlykien. Eine dörfliche Siedlung und ein ländlicher Kultplatz im Umland von Limyra, Chiron 37, 2007, 243-293.
  • F. Onur, Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (15): The Road Network around Kasaba Plain, Gephyra 12, 2015, 89-109.
  • F. Onur, Myra ve Limyra Arasındaki Yol Üzerinde İki Miltaşı.
  • L. Robert, Noms indigènes dans l’Asie-Mineure gréco-romaine, Paris 1963.
  • F. Stark, Alexander’s Path: from Caria to Cilicia, London 1958.
  • S. Şahin, Parerga zum Stadiasmus Patarensis (5): STR 59 und Daseia von Bonda, Gephyra 8, 2011, 55-63.
  • S. Şahin, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Istanbul 2014.
  • S. Şahin – M. Adak, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Istanbul 2007.
  • Chr. Schuler, Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien, München 1998.
  • B. Takmer Two Milestones on the Road from Myra to Limyra, Gephyra 1, 2004, 107-117.
  • B. Takmer – M. Alkan, Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (13): The road system in the mountainous area of Alacadağ in central Lycia and the roads indicated in the Vita of Nicholas of Sion, Gephyra 10, 2013, 109-123.
  • M. Wörrle, Die griechischen Grabinschriften von Limyra, in: J. Borchhardt – A. Pekridou-Gorecki (ed.) Limyra. Studien zu Kunst und Epigraphik in den Nekropolen der Antike, Vienna 2012, 389-457.
  • L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Personennamen, Prag 1964.
  • M. Zimmermann, Untersuchungen zur historischen Landeskunde Zentrallykiens, Bonn 1992 (Antiquitas. Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur Alten Geschichte 42).

Orta Lykia’da Gülmez Dağı’ndaki Belen Tepesi Yerleşiminden Yeni Yazıtlar

Year 2022, , 19 - 31, 15.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1164391

Abstract

Myra ile Limyra arasında önemli bir dağ geçidinde konumlanan ve önemli arkeolojik kalıntılara sahip Belen yerleşiminin J. Borchhardt tarafından 1975 yılında yapılan kısa yayından sonra detaylı bir araştırması yapılmamıştır. Akdeniz Üniversitesi tarafından yürütülen Stadiasmus Patarensis Projesi kapsamında 2011 yılı araştırmalarımız sırasında Belen yerleşimi ve yol ağları incelenmiş olup yerleşim ve çevresinde bazı yeni arkeolojik ve epigrafik buluntular tespit edilmiştir. Arkeolojik yeni buluntular arasında bir kaya mezarı ve birisi yazıtlı iki lahit mevcuttur. Daha önce hiçbir yazıt yayınlanmamış olan Belen yerleşiminde dört fragman ve bir mezar yazıtı ele geçmiş bulunmaktadır. Yukarıdaki makalede yeni yazıtlarla birlikte Belen yerleşimi, yol ağları, teritoryumu ve ekonomik yapısı incelenmektedir. Sonuç olarak, daha önce Hellenistik–Roma yerleşimi olarak kabul edilen Belen Tepesi’nin Klasik Dönem’de iskân edilmiş olması gerektiği önerilmektedir. Belen yerleşiminin adı bilinmemekle birlikte, Sionlu Nikolaos’un biyografisinde adı geçen Plenion’un Belen ile özdeşleştirilebileceği önerilmektedir. Yerleşimin geniş bir teritoryuma sahip olduğu ve Tepe’nin batı yamaçlarından, doğuda Bonda Tepesi üzerinden geçen Claudius Dönemi Myra–Limyra yoluna kadar uzadığı bu dağlık alandaki yol ağlarına dayanarak öne sürülmektedir. Son olarak Belen çevresinde ekilebilir veya teraslı arazilerin olmayışından hareketle Belen Tepesi yerleşiminin tarımsal üretime dayalı bir ekonomik yapıya sahip olmadığı, sakinlerinin Dalyan civarlarında deniz taşımacılığı yaparak ve ticaretle uğraşarak geçimlerini sağlamış olabilecekleri varsayılmaktadır.

References

  • M. Alkan, Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (8): On the named places in the journeys of sacrifice recorded in the Vita of Saint Nicholas of Holy Sion, Gephyra 8, 2011, 99-124.
  • M. Alkan, A Re-examination of the Sarcophagus Inscription at Turant Asarı, MJH I/1, 2011, 33-41.
  • G. Anrich, Hagios Nikolaos. Der Heilige Nikolaos in der griechischen Kirche. Bd. II: Prologemena, Untersuchungen. Leipzig-Berlin 1917.
  • J. S. Balzat, Names in EPM- in Southern Asia Minor. A Contribution to the Cultural History of Ancient Lycia, Chiron 44, 2014, 253-284.
  • H. Blum, Demographie und Kirchenorganisation in Zentrallykien: Bemerkungen zur Vita Nicolai Sionitae, Lykia I, 1995, 52-67.
  • H. Blum, Die Vita Nicolai Sionitae. Griechischer Text. Übersetzt und kommentiert, Bonn 1997.
  • J. Borchhardt, Die Ruinen von Belen, in: J. Borchhardt (ed.), Myra. Eine lykische Metropole in antiker und byzantinischer Zeit (Istanbuler Forschungen 30), Berlin 1975, 90-91.
  • Th. Eckinger, Die Orthographie lateinischer Wörter in griechischen Inschriften, München 1900.
  • C. Foss, Cities and Villages of Lycia in the Life of St Nicholas of Holy Sion, Greek Orthodox Theological Review 36, 1991, 303-339.
  • M. Harrison, Churches and Chapels of Central Lycia, Anatolian Studies 13, 1963, 117-151.
  • H. Hellenkemper – F. Hild, Tabula Imperii Byzantini 8: Lykien und Pamphylien, Wien 2004.
  • Ph. Le Bas – W. H. Waddington (ed.), Inscriptions grecques et latines recueillies en Asie Mineure I–II, Paris 1870.
  • Th. Marksteiner – M. Wörrle, Ein Altar für Kaiser Claudius auf dem Bonda Tepesi zwischen Myra und Limyra, Chiron 32, 2002, 545-564.
  • Th. Marksteiner – B. Stark – M. Wörrle – B. Yener-Marksteiner, Der Yalak Başı auf dem Bonda Tepesi in Ostlykien. Eine dörfliche Siedlung und ein ländlicher Kultplatz im Umland von Limyra, Chiron 37, 2007, 243-293.
  • F. Onur, Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (15): The Road Network around Kasaba Plain, Gephyra 12, 2015, 89-109.
  • F. Onur, Myra ve Limyra Arasındaki Yol Üzerinde İki Miltaşı.
  • L. Robert, Noms indigènes dans l’Asie-Mineure gréco-romaine, Paris 1963.
  • F. Stark, Alexander’s Path: from Caria to Cilicia, London 1958.
  • S. Şahin, Parerga zum Stadiasmus Patarensis (5): STR 59 und Daseia von Bonda, Gephyra 8, 2011, 55-63.
  • S. Şahin, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Istanbul 2014.
  • S. Şahin – M. Adak, Stadiasmus Patarensis. Itinera Romana Provinciae Lyciae, Istanbul 2007.
  • Chr. Schuler, Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien, München 1998.
  • B. Takmer Two Milestones on the Road from Myra to Limyra, Gephyra 1, 2004, 107-117.
  • B. Takmer – M. Alkan, Parerga to the Stadiasmus Patarensis (13): The road system in the mountainous area of Alacadağ in central Lycia and the roads indicated in the Vita of Nicholas of Sion, Gephyra 10, 2013, 109-123.
  • M. Wörrle, Die griechischen Grabinschriften von Limyra, in: J. Borchhardt – A. Pekridou-Gorecki (ed.) Limyra. Studien zu Kunst und Epigraphik in den Nekropolen der Antike, Vienna 2012, 389-457.
  • L. Zgusta, Kleinasiatische Personennamen, Prag 1964.
  • M. Zimmermann, Untersuchungen zur historischen Landeskunde Zentrallykiens, Bonn 1992 (Antiquitas. Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur Alten Geschichte 42).
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mehmet Alkan 0000-0003-4315-2058

Publication Date November 15, 2022
Submission Date August 19, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Alkan, M. (2022). New inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia. Gephyra, 24, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1164391
AMA Alkan M. New inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia. GEPHYRA. November 2022;24:19-31. doi:10.37095/gephyra.1164391
Chicago Alkan, Mehmet. “New Inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia”. Gephyra 24, November (November 2022): 19-31. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1164391.
EndNote Alkan M (November 1, 2022) New inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia. Gephyra 24 19–31.
IEEE M. Alkan, “New inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia”, GEPHYRA, vol. 24, pp. 19–31, 2022, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.1164391.
ISNAD Alkan, Mehmet. “New Inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia”. Gephyra 24 (November 2022), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1164391.
JAMA Alkan M. New inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia. GEPHYRA. 2022;24:19–31.
MLA Alkan, Mehmet. “New Inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia”. Gephyra, vol. 24, 2022, pp. 19-31, doi:10.37095/gephyra.1164391.
Vancouver Alkan M. New inscriptions from the Settlement on Belen Tepesi at Gülmez Dağı in Central Lycia. GEPHYRA. 2022;24:19-31.