Erken İmparatorluk Dönemi Lidya ve Frigya’sında Romalılar ve Yunanlar

Year 2024, , 9 - 22, 13.11.2024

Peter Thonemann

https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.1520859

Abstract

Bu makale, erken Roma imparatorluk döneminde Lydia ve Batı Phrygia’da “(köy toponimi)’nde yaşayan Romalılar ve Yunanlardan" oluşan kolektif gruplara dair kanıtları bir araya getirmektedir. Yazar, üçü çok yakın zamanda yayınlanmış yedi onurlandırma yazıtı ve ithafını tartışmaktadır; diğer dördü ise batı Phrygia’daki Akmoneia’nın yakın çevresinden gelmektedir ve bölgedeki çok sayıda yerleşik Romalıyı yansıtmaktadır. Yazar, Lidya’daki Kastollos’tan yeni yayınlanmış bir onurlandırma yazıtı üzerine, çeşitli yeni okumalar ve tamamlamalar da dahil olmak üzere ayrıntılı bir yorum sunmaktadır (no. 1). Yazar, "Romalılar ve Yunanlılar" formülünün kesin anlamını ve formülün kronolojik ve coğrafi dağılımını tartışmaktadır. Yedi yazıttan üçü Marcus Antonius (no. 6) ya da Augustus (no. 1 ve 3) tarafından Roma vatandaşlığı verilen yerlileri onurlandırmaktadır ve yazar nümizmatik kanıtları kullanarak bu yeni Roma vatandaşlarının Lidya ve Frigya toplulukları içindeki sosyal konumlarını tartışmaktadır.

Keywords

Lidya, Frigya, onur yazıtları, Roma vatandaşlığı, Roma eyaleti Asya

Romans and Greeks in Early Imperial Lydia and Phrygia

Abstract

This paper collects the evidence for corporate groups of “Romans and Greeks living at (village toponym)” in Lydia and western Phrygia in the early Roman imperial period. The author discusses seven honorific inscriptions and dedications, three of them very recently published; four derive from the near vicinity of Akmoneia in western Phrygia, reflecting the large number of resident Romans in the region. The author offers a detailed commentary on a newly published honorific inscription from Kastollos in Lydia, including various new readings and restorations (no. 1). The author discusses the precise meaning of the formula “Romans and Greeks” and the chronological and geographic distribution of the formula. Three of the seven inscriptions honour locals granted Roman citizenship by Mark Antony (no. 6) or Augustus (nos 1 and 3), and the author uses numismatic evidence to discuss the social standing of these newly enfranchised Roman citizens within their Lydian and Phrygian communities.

Keywords

Lydia, Phrygia, honorific inscriptions, Roman citizenship, Roman province of Asia

References

• Akyürek Şahin, N. E. – Uzunoğlu, H. 2021. “On the history of Sebaste (Phrygia) in antiquity and its new inscriptions.” In: E. Taştemür – M. Dinç (edd.), City and its Surrounding: Results of the Excavations 1966-1978 and the Survey 2016-2020 – Sebaste (Phrygia). Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat, 329-370.
• von Aulock, H. 1980. Münzen und Städte Phrygiens, Teil I. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth.
• Belke, K. – Mersich, N. 1990. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7. Phrygien und Pisidien. Vienna: VÖAW.
• Buresch, K. 1898. Aus Lydien. Epigraphisch-geographische Reisefrüchte. Leipzig: Teubner.
• Cohen, G. M. 1996. The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor. Berkeley: University of California.
• Démougin, S. 2017. “Auguste et le droit de cite dans la province d’Asie.” In: L. Cavalier – M.-C. Ferriès – F. Delrieux (edd.), Auguste et l’Asie Mineure. Bordeaux: Ausonius, 177-189.
• Drew-Bear, T. 1978. Nouvelles inscriptions de Phrygie. Zutphen: Terra.
• Eberle, L. P. 2017. “Making Roman subjects: Citizenship and empire before and after Augustus.” TAPA 147/2: 321-370.
• Eberle, L. P. – Le Queré, E. 2017. “Landed traders, trading agriculturalists? Land in the economy of the Italian diaspora in the Greek East.” JRS 107: 27-59.
• Ferrary, J.-L. 2001. “Rome et la géographie de l’hellénisme: reflexions sur “hellènes” et “panhellènes” dans les inscriptions d’époque romaine.” In: O. Salomies (ed.), The Greek East in the Roman Context. Helsinki: Tiedekirja, 19-35.
• Ferrary, J.-L. 2011. “La géographie de l’hellénisme sous la domination romaine.” Phoenix 65: 1-22.
• Filges, A. 2006. Blaundos. Berichte zur Erforschung einer Kleinstadt im lydisch-phrygischen Grenzgebiet. Tübingen: Wasmuth.
• Fıratlı, N. 1970. “Uşak-Selçikler kazısı ve çevre araştırmaları 1966–1970.” TAD 19/2: 109-160.
• Fraser, P. 2009. Greek Ethnic Terminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Güney, H. 2022. “Provincial boundaries in northwestern Galatia in the light of new epigraphic evidence.” Anatolica 48: 189-209.
• Habicht, Chr. 1975. “New evidence on the province of Asia.” JRS 65: 64-91.
• Heller, A. – A. Suspène, A. 2019. “Asinius Gallus Hagnos à Temnos: la rhétorique civique face au pouvoir romain.” In: A. Heller – Chr. Müller – A. Suspène (edd.), Philorhômaios kai philhellèn: Hommage à Jean-Louis Ferrary. Geneva: Droz, 501-520.
• Herrmann, P. 1991. “ Ἡ Ναειτηνῶν κατοικία [Hē Naetēnōn katoikia]: Ein Beitrag zur historischen Landeskunde des südöstlichen Lydien.” In: Erol Atalay Memorial. Izmir: Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, 77-85; reprinted in: W. Blümel (ed.), Kleinasien im Spiegel epigraphischer Zeugnisse: Ausgewählte kleine Schriften. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter, 2016, 125-133.
• Holtheide, B. 1983. Römische Bürgerrechtspolitik und römische Neubürger in der Provinz Asia. Freiburg: Hochschulverlag.
• Kaye, N. 2022. The Attalids of Pergamon and Anatolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Kirbihler, F. 2007. “Die Italiker in Kleinasien, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Ephesos (133 v. Chr. – 1. Jh. n. Chr.).” In: M. Meyer (ed.), Neue Zeiten – Neue Sitten. Zu Rezeption und Integration römischen und italischen Kulturguts in Kleinasien. Vienna: Phoibos, 19-35.
• Leschhorn, W. 1993. Antike Ären: Zeitrechnung, Politik und Geschichte im Schwarzmeerraum und in Kleinasien nördlich des Tauros. Stuttgart: F. Steiner.
• Lintott, A. 2008. Cicero as Evidence. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Mitchell, S. 2023. The Christians of Phrygia from Rome to the Turkish Conquest. Leiden: Brill.
• Niewöhner, P. 2007. Aizanoi, Dokimion und Anatolien. Stadt und Land, Siedlungs- und Steinmetzwesen vom späteren 4. bis ins 6. Jh. n. Chr. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
• Paris, P. 1883. “Inscriptions de Sébaste.” BCH 7: 448-457.
• Ramgopal, S. 2017. “One and many: Associations of Roman citizens in Greece.” In: A. D. Rizakis – F. Camia – S. Zoumbaki (edd.), Social Dynamics under Roman Rule: Mobility and Status Change in the Provinces of Achaia and Macedonia. Athens: KERA, 407-425.
• Ramsay, W. M. 1883 “The cities and bishoprics of Phrygia.” JHS 4: 370-436.
• Ramsay, W. M. 1895-1897. The Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia. Vol. I. Part I: The Lycos Valley and South-Western Phrygia. Vol. I. Part II: West and West-Central Phrygia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Robert, L. 1937. Études anatoliennes. Paris: de Boccard.
• Robert, L. 1969. “Les inscriptions.” In: J. des Gagniers et al. (edd.), Laodicée du Lycos: Le Nymphée. Campagnes 1961-1963. Québec – Paris: de Boccard, 247-389.
• Robert, L. – Robert, J. 1954. La Carie, histoire et géographie historique, avec le recueil des inscriptions antiques. Tome II: le plateau de Tabai et ses environs. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
• Rung, E. 2015. “Some notes on karanos in the Achaemenid Empire.” Iranica Antiqua 50: 333-356.
• Schuler, Chr. 1998. Ländliche Siedlungen und Gemeinden im hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien. Munich: Beck.
• Thonemann, P. 2010. “The women of Akmoneia.” JRS 100: 163-178.
• Thonemann, P. 2011a. The Maeander Valley: A Historical Geography from Antiquity to Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Thonemann, P. 2011b. “Eumenes II and Apollonioucharax.” Gephyra 8: 19-30
• Thonemann, P. 2013. “Phrygia: an anarchist history, 950 BC – AD 100.” In: P. Thonemann (ed.), Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-40.
• Thonemann, P. 2022. The Lives of Ancient Villages: Rural Society in Roman Anatolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Varinlioğlu, E. 2022. The Greek Inscriptions in the Museum of Uşak. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları.
• Waelkens, M. 1986. Die kleinasiatischen Türsteine: Typologische und epigraphische Untersuchungen der kleinasiatische Grabreliefs mit Scheintur. Mainz am Rhein: Zabern.
• Weiss, P. 2000. “Euergesie oder römische Prägegenehmigung? Αἰτησαμένου [Aitēsamenou]-Formular auf Städtemünzen der Provinz Asia, Roman Provincial Coinage (RPC) II und persönliche Aufwendungen im Münzwesen.” Chiron 30: 235-254.
• Wörrle, M. 1988. Stadt und Fest im kaiserzeitlichen Kleinasien. Munich: Beck.
• Zgusta, L. 1984. Kleinasiatische Ortsnamen. Heidelberg: Winter.