Research Article
Church Building and Wine Making East of Ankara. Regional Aspects of Central Anatolia in the Early Byzantine Period
Abstract
This paper reports early Byzantine carvings and inscriptions that were found in a survey of the eastern vicinity of Ankara/Ancyra in Galatia. Some fluted column capitals can be attributed to liturgical furnishings of early Christian churches. Some weights for wine presses are likewise decorated with Christian symbols and inscriptions. A cluster of finds from Kalecik/Malos echoes the fourth-century Life of St Theodotus of Ancyra. The symbol of a coiled snake refers to an ancient healing tradition that was originally associated with Asklepios, but appears to have continued in Christian times. Overall, the finds confirm the area’s ancient, and modern, reputation for wine making and show that healing cures were also provided. The formal repertoire and style of the carvings differ from other parts of the early Byzantine empire and lend additional distinction to central Anatolia as an early Christian Kunstlandschaft in its own right.
Supporting Institution
British Institute at Ankara (Ingiliz Arkeoloji Enstitüsü);
References
- N. E. Akyürek-Şahin, Phrygische Denkmäler im Museum von Bodrum, Olba 9, 2004, 137-149.
- A. A. Altın – M. Şahin, Nikaia’nın Antik Dönemdeki Tarımsal Üretimine Dair İzler: Nikaia’dan Bir Pres Taşı, Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19, 2018, 815-827.
- E. Ayalon – R. Frankel – A. Kloner (ed.), Oil and Wine Presses in Israel from the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods, Oxford 2009.
- C. Barsanti – R. Flaminio – A. Guiglia, Corpus della scultura altomedievale 7. La diocesi di Roma. La 3 regione ecclesiastica, Spoleto 2015.
- G. L. Bell – W. M. Ramsay, The Thousand and One Churches, London 1909.
- C. Börker, Blattkelchkapitelle, Diss. Berlin 1965.
- C. Breytenbach – C. Zimmermann, Early Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas, Leiden 2017 (Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity 101).
- L. Bricault, Receuil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques, 3 vols, Paris 2005.
- T. Drew-Bear, Nouvelles inscriptions de Dokimeion, MEFRA 106, 1994, 747-844.
- S. Eyice, Recherches archéologiques à Karadağ (Binbirkilise) et dans la région de Karaman, Istanbul 1971 (Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınlarından 1587 = Türkiye’de Ortaçağ Sanatı Araştırmaları 2).
- J. C. Fant, The Roman Emperors in the Marble Business, in: N. Herz – M. Waelkens (ed.), Classical Marble, Dordrecht 1988, 147-158.
- J. C. Fant, Cavum Antrum Phrygiae, Oxford 1989 (BAR International Series 482).
- D. Feissel, Chroniques d’épigraphie byzantine 1987-2004, Paris 2006 (Monographies 20).
- R. Frankel, Wine and Oil Production in Antiquity in Israel and other Mediterranean Countries, Sheffield 1999 (JSOT/ASOR Monograph Series 10).
- H. Grégoire, Recueil des inscriptions grecques chrétiennes de l’Asie Mineure, Paris 1922.
- W. H. Hamilton, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, 2 volumes, London 1842.
- G. Hirschfeld, Inschriften aus dem Norden Kleinasiens, Sitz.Berl. 2, 1888, 863-890.
- A. M. Hirt, Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World, Oxford 2010.
- A. Ivantchik – A. von Kienlin – L. Summerer, Recherches à Kélainai – Apamée Kibôtos en 2008-9. Rapport préliminaire, Anatolia Antiqua 18, 2010, 109-140.
- E. A. Ivison, Excavations at the Lower City Enclosure, in: C. S. Lightfoot – E. A. Ivison (ed.), Amorium Reports 3: The Lower City Enclosure, Istanbul 2012, 5-151.
- E. Keskin, Çorum Ili ve Çevresinde Bulunan Zeytinyağı ve Şarap Üretiminin Bizans Dönemine Ait Arkeolojik Kanıtları, in: N. Türker – G. Köroğlu – Ö. Deniz (ed.), I. Uluslararası Karadeniz Bölgesi Kültür Kongresi, Karabük 2013, 372-386.
- E. Keskin, Çorum Ili ve Çevresinde Bulunan Bizans Dönemine Tarihlenen Taş Eserler Üzerinde Görülen Bezemler, in: A. Özüdoğru (ed.), Çorum ve Kültür, Çorum no date, 233-239 (T.C. Çorum Valiliği Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü Yayınları 9).
- E. Keskin, Küçük Asya’da Kutsal Kent Euchaita ve Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserleri, ²Ankara 2015.
- R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th rev. ed., New Haven 1986.
- E. P. Legrand, Inscriptions de Paphlagonie, BCH 21, 1897, 92-101.
- T. Lewit, Invention, Tinkering, or Transfer? Innovation in Oil and Wine Presses in the Roman Empire, in: P. Erdkamp – K. Verboven – A. Zuiderhoek (ed.), Capital, Investment, and Innovation in the Roman World, Oxford 2020, 307-355.
- P. Liljenstolpe, The Roman Blattkelch Capital, Opuscula Romana 21-23, 1996-1998, 91-216.
- I. W. Macpherson, New Evidence for the Historical Geography of Galatia, PhD Cambridge 1958.
- S. Mitchell, The Life of St Theodotus of Ancyra, Anatolian Studies 32, 1982, 93-113.
- S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 2. The Rise of the Church, Oxford 1993.
- S. Mitchell – D. French, The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Ankara (Ancyra), Munich 2012-2019 (Vestigia 62 and 72).
- P. Niewöhner, Aizanoi, Dokimion und Anatolien. Stadt und Land, Siedlungs- und Steinmetzwesen vom späteren 4. bis ins 6. Jh. n. Chr., Wiesbaden 2007 (Aizanoi 1 = Archäologische Forschungen 23).
- P. Niewöhner, Phrygian Marble and Stonemasonry as Markers of Regional Distinctiveness in Late Antiquity, in: P. Thonemann (ed.), Roman Phrygia, Cambridge 2013, 215-248.
- P. Niewöhner, Bronze Age Hüyüks, Iron Age Hill Top Forts, Roman Poleis, and Byzantine Pilgrimage in Germia and Its Vicinity, AS 63, 2013, 97-136.
- P. Niewöhner, Production and Distribution of Docimian Marble in the Theodosian Age, in: I. Jacobs (ed.), Production and Prosperity in the Theodosian Age, Leuven 2014, 251-271 (Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 14).
- P. Niewöhner, Die byzantinischen Basiliken von Milet, Berlin 2016 (Milet 1, 11).
- P. Niewöhner, Das Rätsel der anatolischen Kreuzsteine, in: A. Külzer – M. Popović (ed.), Space, Landscapes and Settlements in Byzantium. Studies in Historical Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean Presented to Johannes Koder, Vienna 2017, 251-264.
- P. Niewöhner, Byzantine Preservation of Ancient Monuments at Miletus in Caria. Christian Antiquarianism in Western Asia Minor, in: J. Borsch – O. Gengler – M. Meier (ed.), Die Weltchronik des Johannes Malalas im Kontext spätantiker Memorialkultur, Stuttgart 2018, 191-216 (Malalas Studien 3).
- P. Niewöhner, The Riddle of the Anatolian Cross Stones - Press Weights for Church or Monastic Estates?, in: D. Moreau et al. (ed.), Archaeology of a World of Changes, Oxford 2020, 327-336 (BAR International Series 2973).
- P. Niewöhner, The Regional Paradigm in Early Christian Art and Architecture. The Case of Anatolia, in: E. Akyürek et al. (ed.), Byzantine Anatolia: Space and Communities, Istanbul in press (International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium 5).
- P. Niewöhner, The Grave of St Nicholas, in: E. Akyürek (ed.), Byzantine Anatolia, Istanbul in press (Anatolian Civilisations 8).
- P. Niewöhner – A. Vardar, Churches, Caves, and Fortifications in the Upper Siberis/Kirmir River Valley. On the Byzantine Settlement Archaeology of Rural Galatia, Central Anatolia, in press.
- P. Nowakowski, Inscribing the Saints in Late Antique Anatolia, Warsaw 2018.
- W. R. Paton – E. L. Hicks, The Inscriptions of Cos, Oxford 1891.
- N. Peker, Agricultural Production and Installations in Byzantine Cappadocia: a Case Study Focusing on Mavrucandere, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 44/1, 2020, 40-61.
- U. Peschlow, Ankara. Die bauarchäologischen Hinterlassenschaften aus römischer und byzantinischer Zeit, Vienna 2015.
- B. Russell, The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade, Oxford 2013.
- Οι Σέρρες και η περιοχή τους, Serres 1998.
- C. Strube, Baudekoration im Nordsyrischen Kalksteinmassiv 1, Mainz 1993 (Damaszener Forschungen 5).
- J. Strzygowski, Kleinasien: ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte, Leipzig 1903.
- M. C. Styan, The Use of Pipe Ornament in Late Antique Architectural Sculpture, in: Fondation européenne de la science. Activité byzantine. Rapports des missions effectuées en 1983, 1987, vol. 2, p. 344-376.
- M. Şahin, Bursa İli ve İlçeleri Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştirmasi - 2018 İznik - Yenişehir, AST 37/3, 2019, 83-99
- W. Tabbernee, Montanist Inscriptions and Testimonia, Macon GA 1997 (Patristic Monograph Series 16).
- G. Tchalenko, Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord 3, Paris 1958.
- L. E. Vardar, Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara ve Kırıkkale İlleri, 2004, AST 23/1, 2005, 267-283.
- L. E. Vardar, Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli, AST 24/2, 2006, 79-100.
- L. Vidman, Sylloge Inscriptionum Religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae, Berlin 1969.
Ankara’nın Doğusunda Kilise İnşası ve Şarap Yapımı Erken Bizans Dönemi’nde Orta Anadolu’nun Bölgesel Yönleri
Abstract
Bu makale Galatia’daki Ankara/Ankyra’nın doğusudaki komşu alanlarda yapılmış bir arkeo-lojik yüzey araştırmasıyla saptanmış Erken Bizans Devri’ne ait taş oyma eserler ve yazıtları hakkındadır. Bazı dilimli sütun başlıkları Erken Hristiyan kiliselerinin törensel (litürjik) dü-zenlemelerinin özelliklerinden olabilir. Aynı biçimde bazı şarap sıkma gereçlerinin ağırlık taş-ları da Hristiyan simge ve yazıtlarla bezenmiştir. Kalecik/Malos’ta saptanan bir küme buluntu Ankyra’lı Aziz Theodotos dönemi olan dördüncü yüzyıl yaşamını yansıtır. Dolanmış yılan sembolünün işaret ettiği Asklepios ve Mısır Tanrıçası Isis’le bağlantılı antik tedavi yönteminin Hristiyanlık Dönemi’nde de sürdürüldüğü görülmektedir. Buluntular genel olarak bölgenin ünlü antik ve modern şarap üretim geleneğini ve sağlık kürlerinin burada sağlandığını kanıt-lamaktadır. Oymaların biçimsel repertuvar ve üslûbu Erken Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun diğer kesimlerindeki örneklerden farklılıklar göstermekte olup bu ek özgünlük Orta Anadolu’ya kendi başına bir Erken Hristiyan ‘Kunstlandschaft’ı (sanat bölgesi) olma hakkını vermektedir. Yazıtların çevirisi şöyledir:
s. 202, üst: Orogenes kızı Kale’nin adağını gerçekleştirmek için.
s. 202, alt: Gezgin (rahip) Eusebios’un adağını gerçekleştirmek için.
s. 210: Kutsal, kutsal, kutsal Efendi Sabaoth! Gökler senin şanınla dolu. Ey efendi, esirge! Hayat, ışık!
s. 211, üst: Kutsal Kudretli!
s. 211, alt: Immanuel!
s. 212: Tanrı kutsaldır!
s. 214: Ey Aziz Theodotos!, onların yardımına koş, zanaatkâr Antoninus ve Theodotos’un (yar-dımına), sağlıkla!
s. 218: İyi talihle! Sentius oğlu Lucius, Efendi Isis için adağın yerine getirilmesi vesilesi ile.
s. 221: Aglaometis tüm ‘Sınava Dayanıklı Şehit Kilisesi’ni süsledi.
Keywords
Dilimli Sütun Başlıkları Yazıtlar Galatia Malos Sıkma Ağırlık Taşları Taşra Arkeolojisi Kırsal Arkeoloji
References
- N. E. Akyürek-Şahin, Phrygische Denkmäler im Museum von Bodrum, Olba 9, 2004, 137-149.
- A. A. Altın – M. Şahin, Nikaia’nın Antik Dönemdeki Tarımsal Üretimine Dair İzler: Nikaia’dan Bir Pres Taşı, Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19, 2018, 815-827.
- E. Ayalon – R. Frankel – A. Kloner (ed.), Oil and Wine Presses in Israel from the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Periods, Oxford 2009.
- C. Barsanti – R. Flaminio – A. Guiglia, Corpus della scultura altomedievale 7. La diocesi di Roma. La 3 regione ecclesiastica, Spoleto 2015.
- G. L. Bell – W. M. Ramsay, The Thousand and One Churches, London 1909.
- C. Börker, Blattkelchkapitelle, Diss. Berlin 1965.
- C. Breytenbach – C. Zimmermann, Early Christianity in Lycaonia and Adjacent Areas, Leiden 2017 (Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity 101).
- L. Bricault, Receuil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques, 3 vols, Paris 2005.
- T. Drew-Bear, Nouvelles inscriptions de Dokimeion, MEFRA 106, 1994, 747-844.
- S. Eyice, Recherches archéologiques à Karadağ (Binbirkilise) et dans la région de Karaman, Istanbul 1971 (Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınlarından 1587 = Türkiye’de Ortaçağ Sanatı Araştırmaları 2).
- J. C. Fant, The Roman Emperors in the Marble Business, in: N. Herz – M. Waelkens (ed.), Classical Marble, Dordrecht 1988, 147-158.
- J. C. Fant, Cavum Antrum Phrygiae, Oxford 1989 (BAR International Series 482).
- D. Feissel, Chroniques d’épigraphie byzantine 1987-2004, Paris 2006 (Monographies 20).
- R. Frankel, Wine and Oil Production in Antiquity in Israel and other Mediterranean Countries, Sheffield 1999 (JSOT/ASOR Monograph Series 10).
- H. Grégoire, Recueil des inscriptions grecques chrétiennes de l’Asie Mineure, Paris 1922.
- W. H. Hamilton, Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, 2 volumes, London 1842.
- G. Hirschfeld, Inschriften aus dem Norden Kleinasiens, Sitz.Berl. 2, 1888, 863-890.
- A. M. Hirt, Imperial Mines and Quarries in the Roman World, Oxford 2010.
- A. Ivantchik – A. von Kienlin – L. Summerer, Recherches à Kélainai – Apamée Kibôtos en 2008-9. Rapport préliminaire, Anatolia Antiqua 18, 2010, 109-140.
- E. A. Ivison, Excavations at the Lower City Enclosure, in: C. S. Lightfoot – E. A. Ivison (ed.), Amorium Reports 3: The Lower City Enclosure, Istanbul 2012, 5-151.
- E. Keskin, Çorum Ili ve Çevresinde Bulunan Zeytinyağı ve Şarap Üretiminin Bizans Dönemine Ait Arkeolojik Kanıtları, in: N. Türker – G. Köroğlu – Ö. Deniz (ed.), I. Uluslararası Karadeniz Bölgesi Kültür Kongresi, Karabük 2013, 372-386.
- E. Keskin, Çorum Ili ve Çevresinde Bulunan Bizans Dönemine Tarihlenen Taş Eserler Üzerinde Görülen Bezemler, in: A. Özüdoğru (ed.), Çorum ve Kültür, Çorum no date, 233-239 (T.C. Çorum Valiliği Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü Yayınları 9).
- E. Keskin, Küçük Asya’da Kutsal Kent Euchaita ve Bizans Dönemi Taş Eserleri, ²Ankara 2015.
- R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th rev. ed., New Haven 1986.
- E. P. Legrand, Inscriptions de Paphlagonie, BCH 21, 1897, 92-101.
- T. Lewit, Invention, Tinkering, or Transfer? Innovation in Oil and Wine Presses in the Roman Empire, in: P. Erdkamp – K. Verboven – A. Zuiderhoek (ed.), Capital, Investment, and Innovation in the Roman World, Oxford 2020, 307-355.
- P. Liljenstolpe, The Roman Blattkelch Capital, Opuscula Romana 21-23, 1996-1998, 91-216.
- I. W. Macpherson, New Evidence for the Historical Geography of Galatia, PhD Cambridge 1958.
- S. Mitchell, The Life of St Theodotus of Ancyra, Anatolian Studies 32, 1982, 93-113.
- S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 2. The Rise of the Church, Oxford 1993.
- S. Mitchell – D. French, The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Ankara (Ancyra), Munich 2012-2019 (Vestigia 62 and 72).
- P. Niewöhner, Aizanoi, Dokimion und Anatolien. Stadt und Land, Siedlungs- und Steinmetzwesen vom späteren 4. bis ins 6. Jh. n. Chr., Wiesbaden 2007 (Aizanoi 1 = Archäologische Forschungen 23).
- P. Niewöhner, Phrygian Marble and Stonemasonry as Markers of Regional Distinctiveness in Late Antiquity, in: P. Thonemann (ed.), Roman Phrygia, Cambridge 2013, 215-248.
- P. Niewöhner, Bronze Age Hüyüks, Iron Age Hill Top Forts, Roman Poleis, and Byzantine Pilgrimage in Germia and Its Vicinity, AS 63, 2013, 97-136.
- P. Niewöhner, Production and Distribution of Docimian Marble in the Theodosian Age, in: I. Jacobs (ed.), Production and Prosperity in the Theodosian Age, Leuven 2014, 251-271 (Interdisciplinary Studies in Ancient Culture and Religion 14).
- P. Niewöhner, Die byzantinischen Basiliken von Milet, Berlin 2016 (Milet 1, 11).
- P. Niewöhner, Das Rätsel der anatolischen Kreuzsteine, in: A. Külzer – M. Popović (ed.), Space, Landscapes and Settlements in Byzantium. Studies in Historical Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean Presented to Johannes Koder, Vienna 2017, 251-264.
- P. Niewöhner, Byzantine Preservation of Ancient Monuments at Miletus in Caria. Christian Antiquarianism in Western Asia Minor, in: J. Borsch – O. Gengler – M. Meier (ed.), Die Weltchronik des Johannes Malalas im Kontext spätantiker Memorialkultur, Stuttgart 2018, 191-216 (Malalas Studien 3).
- P. Niewöhner, The Riddle of the Anatolian Cross Stones - Press Weights for Church or Monastic Estates?, in: D. Moreau et al. (ed.), Archaeology of a World of Changes, Oxford 2020, 327-336 (BAR International Series 2973).
- P. Niewöhner, The Regional Paradigm in Early Christian Art and Architecture. The Case of Anatolia, in: E. Akyürek et al. (ed.), Byzantine Anatolia: Space and Communities, Istanbul in press (International Sevgi Gönül Byzantine Studies Symposium 5).
- P. Niewöhner, The Grave of St Nicholas, in: E. Akyürek (ed.), Byzantine Anatolia, Istanbul in press (Anatolian Civilisations 8).
- P. Niewöhner – A. Vardar, Churches, Caves, and Fortifications in the Upper Siberis/Kirmir River Valley. On the Byzantine Settlement Archaeology of Rural Galatia, Central Anatolia, in press.
- P. Nowakowski, Inscribing the Saints in Late Antique Anatolia, Warsaw 2018.
- W. R. Paton – E. L. Hicks, The Inscriptions of Cos, Oxford 1891.
- N. Peker, Agricultural Production and Installations in Byzantine Cappadocia: a Case Study Focusing on Mavrucandere, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 44/1, 2020, 40-61.
- U. Peschlow, Ankara. Die bauarchäologischen Hinterlassenschaften aus römischer und byzantinischer Zeit, Vienna 2015.
- B. Russell, The Economics of the Roman Stone Trade, Oxford 2013.
- Οι Σέρρες και η περιοχή τους, Serres 1998.
- C. Strube, Baudekoration im Nordsyrischen Kalksteinmassiv 1, Mainz 1993 (Damaszener Forschungen 5).
- J. Strzygowski, Kleinasien: ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte, Leipzig 1903.
- M. C. Styan, The Use of Pipe Ornament in Late Antique Architectural Sculpture, in: Fondation européenne de la science. Activité byzantine. Rapports des missions effectuées en 1983, 1987, vol. 2, p. 344-376.
- M. Şahin, Bursa İli ve İlçeleri Arkeolojik Yüzey Araştirmasi - 2018 İznik - Yenişehir, AST 37/3, 2019, 83-99
- W. Tabbernee, Montanist Inscriptions and Testimonia, Macon GA 1997 (Patristic Monograph Series 16).
- G. Tchalenko, Villages antiques de la Syrie du Nord 3, Paris 1958.
- L. E. Vardar, Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara ve Kırıkkale İlleri, 2004, AST 23/1, 2005, 267-283.
- L. E. Vardar, Galatia Bölgesi Kaleleri/Yerleşmeleri Yüzey Araştırması: Ankara İli, AST 24/2, 2006, 79-100.
- L. Vidman, Sylloge Inscriptionum Religionis Isiacae et Sarapiacae, Berlin 1969.
There are 57 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 15, 2021 |
| Submission Date | February 5, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 |