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Nakoleia Territoryumunda Eski Phrygce Yazıtlı Idol Şeklinde Bir Stel

Year 2020, Volume: 19, 45 - 67, 15.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.700983

Abstract

Eskişehir İli Seyitgazi ve Han İlçelerinde gerçekleştirdiğimiz yüzey araştırmalarında, 2019 yılında Eskişehir İli, Seyitgazi İlçesi’nin 15 km doğusunda, Gümüşbel Köyü’nün 1 km güneydoğusundaki Eski Cami Höyük (eski adı Hüsnüabad, Ma Başı) ziyaret edilmiştir. Üzerinde İslam Dönemi mezarlığı bulunan höyüğün korunduğu kadarıyla çapı, 180 m, yüksekliği ise 3,5 m’dir. Bu ziyaret sırasında, höyüğün üzerinde ve eteklerinde, Son Kalkolitik Çağ, İlk Tunç Çağı 2-3, Klasik Dönem ve MÖ 8. yy’a tarihlenen Demirçağ seramikleri saptanmıştır. Höyüğün güneydoğu eteğinde ise tüf taşından yapılmış, üzerinde eski phrygce yazıtlı idol şeklinde bir stel bulunmuştur.
Bu makalede Eski Phrygce yazıtlı idol şeklindeki stel tanıtılmakla birlikte, bu stelin Phryg ikonografisi ve dilbilimi için önemi tartışılmaktadır. İdol şeklinde betimlenmiş tüf blok üzerine kazıma şeklinde yapılmış olan üç baş ve uzun gövdeler (?) Ana Tanrıça ve birlikte O’na eşlik eden tanrılarla birlikte gösterilmiş olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Başlardan ikisi yan yana yapılmış ve çift sıra kazıma çizgi ile sınırlandırılmış, diğer üçüncü baş da bu iki başın tam ortasına, iki başı sınırlandıran ve ortada buluşan çift sıra çizginin kesiştiği noktaya yapılmıştır. Stel üzerinde, başların üst kısmında bir satır, başların altında ise üç satır Eski Phrygce yazıt bulunur. Yazıttan anlaşıldığı üzere idol şeklindeki stel muhtemelen bir sınır taşı olarak kullanılmıştır.
Yazıtın tercümesi şu şekilde olmalıdır: “Benim anıtım bir sınır taşıdır”.

References

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An Idol-shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia

Year 2020, Volume: 19, 45 - 67, 15.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.700983

Abstract

During the archaeological surveys conducted in Seyitgazi and Han Districts of Eskişehir Province in 2019, we have visited Eski Cami Höyük (formerly known as Hüsnüabad) which is located 1 km southeast of Gümüşbel Village, 15 km east of Seyitgazi District in Eskişehir Province. The mound is under a cemetery from the Islamic Period and has a preserved diameter of 180 m with a 3.5 m height. During this visit, Iron Age ceramics were identified on the mound and its skirts, dating to the Late Chalcolithic Age, the Early Bronze Age 2-3, the Classical Period, and the 8th Century BC. On the south-eastern skirt of the mound, an idol-shaped stele with an Old Phrygian inscription was found.
In this article, we describe the newly found stele and the inscription and discuss its importance for the Phrygian iconography and linguistics. Three heads and a long body (?) engraved on the idol-shaped tufa block may signify the Mother Goddess together with the gods that accompany her. Two of the heads were made right next to each other and are bordered by a double engraved line. The third head was placed between the other two, made at the point where the double engraved lines that border the two heads meet in the middle. On the stele, there is one line of an Old Phrygian inscription above the heads and three lines just under them. It follows from the inscription that the idol was probably used as a boundary stone.
The clear part of the inscription can be translated as follows: “Atas. My monument is a boundary stone.”

References

  • A. Akçay, Ovaören-Yassıhöyük’den Bir Yarı İkonik İdol, Arkeoloji ve Sanat 149, 2015, 47-54.
  • N. E. Akyürek-Şahin, Yazıdere (Seyitgazi) Zeus Kutsal Alanı ve Adak Yazıtları, İstanbul 2006.
  • R. D. Barnett, Phrygia and The Peoples of Anatolia in The Iron Age, in: CAH II, 1967, 1-32.
  • S. Berndt-Ersöz, In Search of a Phrygian Male Superior God, in: M. Hutter – S. Hutter Braunsar (eds.), Offizielle Religion, lokale Kulte und individuelle Religiosität: Akten des religionsgeschichtlichen Symposiums “Kleinasien und angrenzende Gebiete vom Beginn des 2. bis zur Mitte des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr.” (Bonn, 20. - 22. Februar 2003) (AOAT 318), Münster 2004, 47-56.
  • S. Berndt-Ersöz, Phrygian Rock-Cut Shrines. Structure, Function, and Cult Practice, Leiden-Boston 2006.
  • K. Bittel, Undersuchungen auf Büyükkale, MDOG 91, 1958, 57-72.
  • K. Bittel, Phrygisches Kultbild aus Boğazköy, in: Antike Plastik II: Berlin 1963, 7-21.
  • R. M. Boehmer, Die Kleinfunde von Boğazköy: Aus den Grabungskampagnen, 1931-1939 und 1952-1969 [Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 87, Boğazköy-Hattuša 7], Berlin 1972.
  • B. Bøgh, The Phrygian Background of Kybele, Numen 54/3, 2007, 304-339.
  • J. Börker-Klähn, Nachlese an phrygischen Fundplätzen, Rivista di Archeologia 24, 2000, 35-69.
  • C. Börker – R. Merkelbach, Die Inschriften von Ephesos II (IK 12), Bonn 1979.
  • Cl. Brixhe, Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. Supplément I, Kadmos 41, 2002, 1-102.
  • Cl. Brixhe, Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. Supplément II, Kadmos 43, 2004, 1-130.
  • Cl. Brixhe – T. Drew-Bear, Trois nouvelles inscriptions paleo-phrygiennes de Çepni, Kadmos 21, 1982, 64-87.
  • Cl. Brixhe – M. Lejeune, Corpus des inscriptions paléo-phrygiennes. 2 vols., Paris 1984.
  • S. Buluç, The Architectural Use of the Animal and Kybele Reliefs Found in Ankara and Its Vicinity, Source. Notes in the History of Art 7, 1988, 16-23.
  • P. Carrington, The Heroic Age of Phrygia in Ancient Literature and Art, AS 27, 1977, 117-126.
  • K. DeVries, The Gordion Excavation Seasons of 1969-1973 and Subsequent Research, AJA 94, 1990, 371-406.
  • R. Dinç – L. Innocente, Ein Spinnwirtel mit phrygischer Inschrift, Kadmos 38, 1999, 65-72.
  • T. Drew-Bear – C. Naour, Divinités de Phrygie, in: ANRW II.18.3, Berlin 1990, 1907-2044.
  • T. Efe, 1994 Yılında Kütahya, Bilecik Ve Eskişehir İllerinde Yapılan Yüzey Araştırmaları, AST 13.1, 1996, 131-152.
  • F. Erikan, Yeni Buluntularla Yazılıkaya/Midas Vadisinde Yontmataş Buluntulara Dair İlk Gözlemler, Ege Üniversitesi, Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Dergisi XXIV, 2019, 23-34.
  • A. E. Hämmig, Nevotan niptiyan: Die Fluchformel der Stele von Vezirhan, Indogermanische Forschungen 118, 2013, 125-154.
  • A. E. Hämmig, The Phrygian ‘set(i) forms’ and the Armenian subjunctive in -ic‘-, forthcoming.
  • C. H. E. Haspels, Phrygie, Exploration Archeologique III, La Cite de Midas, Ceramique et trouvailles diverses, Paris 1951.
  • C. H. E. Haspels, The Highlands of Phrygia. Sites and Monuments. 2 vols., Princeton 1971.
  • F. Işık, Doğa Ana Kubaba. Tanrıçaların Ege’de Buluşması, Suna-İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü Monografi Dizisi: 1, Antalya 1999.
  • F. Işık, Uygarlık Anadolu’da Doğdu, İstanbul 2012.
  • D. Knibbe, Ephesos -nicht nur die Stadt der Artemis. Die anderen ephesischen Götter, in: S. Şahin – E. Schwertheim – J. Wagner (eds.), Studien zur Religion und Kultur Kleinasiens. Festschrift für Friedrich Karl Dörner um Geburstag am 28 Februar 1976 (ÉPRO, 66), Leiden 1978, 489-503.
  • E. L. Kohler, The Gordion Excavations 1950-1973 Final Reports. The Lesser Phrygian Tumuli. Part 1. The Inhumations. Vol. II, Philadelphia 1995.
  • O. Ligorio – A. Lubotsky, Languages of fragmentary attestation: Phrygian. In: J. Klein – B. Joseph – M. Fritz (eds.), Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics, Berlin-Boston 2018, 1816-1831.
  • A. Lubotsky, The Phrygian inscription from Dokimeion and its meter, in: I. Hajnal – D. Kölligan – K. Zipser (eds.), Miscellanea Indogermanica. Festschrift für José Luis García Ramón zum 65. Geburtstag, Innsbruck 2017, 427-431.
  • M. J. Mellink, Temples and high places in Phrygia, in: A. Brian (ed.), Tempels and high places in Biblical times. Proceedings of the colloquium in honor of the centennial of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, Jerusalem, 14-16 March 1977, Jerusalem 1981, 96-104.
  • M. J. Mellink, Midas-Stadt, in: Reallexikon der Assyriologie 8, 1993, 153-156.
  • M. Metin – M. Akalın, Frigya’da bulunan ikiz idol, Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi 2000 Yıllığı, 2001, 183-193.
  • S. Mitchell, Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor. 2 vols., Oxford 1993.
  • F. Naumann, Die Ikonographie der Kybele in der phrygischen und der griechischen Kunst (Istanbuller Mitteilungen Suppl. 28), Tübingen 1983.
  • G. Neumann, Die Begleiter der phrygischen Muttergöttin von Boğazköy, in: Nachrichten von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen: Philologisch-Historische Klasse 1959, 101-105.
  • G. Neumann, Die zwei Inschriften auf der Stele von Vezirhan, in: R. Gusmani – M. Salvini – P. Vannicelli (eds.), Frigi e frigio, Atti del 1’ Simposio Internazionale, Roma, 16-17 ottobre 1995, Roma 1997, 13-31.
  • P. Neve, Bericht über die Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Boğazköy-Expedition im Jahre 1969, TAD 18/2, 1970, 151-167.
  • E. Olshausen, Phryges, Phrygia, in: DNP IX, 1996, 965-967.
  • V. Orel, The Language of Phrygians: description and analysis, New York 1997.
  • J. F. Osborne – G. Summers, Visibility Graph Analysis and Monumentality in the Iron Age City at Kerkenes in Central Turkey, JFA 39/3, 2014, 292-309.
  • Y. Polat, Yazılıkaya / Midas Vadisi Araştırmalarında Bulunan Bir Kaya İdolü, CollAn 18, 2019, 139-154.
  • F. Prayon, Phrygische Plastik: die früheisenzeitliche Bildkunst Zentral- Anatoliens und ihre Beziehungen zu Griechenland und zum Alten Orient, Tübingen 1987.
  • L. E. Roller, The Legend of Midas, Californian Studies in Classical Antiquity 14/1, 1983, 299-313.
  • L. E. Roller, Attis on Greek Votive Monuments: Greek God or Phrygian?, Hesperia 63/2, 1994, 245-262.
  • L. E. Roller, In Search of God the Mother. The Cult of Anatolian Cybele, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London 1999.
  • T. Sivas, Eskişehir-Kütahya-Afyonkarahisar İlleri 2001 Yılı Yüzey Araştırması, AST 20/2, 2003, 285-298.
  • F. Soykal, Denkmäler der Kybele-Meterkultes in Ephesos, University of Vienna 1998 (unpublished doctoral dissertation).
  • F. Soykal-Alanyalı, Eine Statuettengruppe von Meter mit einem Begleiter im Museum von Kütahya: Eine Forschung über die Paredros sowie die ländliche Religiosität der Göttin in römischen Phrygien, in: T. Tarhan – A. Tibet – E. Konyar (eds.), Muhibbe Darga Armağanı, İstanbul 2008, 55-68.
  • F. Soykal-Alanyalı, Ana Tanrıça Kültünde Çobanlar ve Çoban Tanrılar, in: E. Gürsoy Naskali (ed.), Çoban Kitabı, İstanbul 2011, 145-158.
  • G. Summers, Kerkenes 2006, KST 29/2, 2008, 477-488.
  • G. Summers, Phrygians east of the red river: Phrygianisation, migration and desertion, AS 68, 2018, 99-118.
  • G. Summers – F. Summers – D. Stronach – S. Branting, Kerkenes Haberler 6, Ankara 2003.
  • G. Summers – F. Summers, Kerkenes Dağı Projesi 2003, KST. 26/1, 2005, 97-110.
  • G. Summers – F. Summers, Kerkenes 2009, KST 32/1, 2011, 381-402.
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There are 77 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Rahşan Tamsü Polat 0000-0002-5002-9560

Yusuf Polat 0000-0002-1455-8318

Alexander Lubotsky This is me 0000-0003-2490-3768

Publication Date May 15, 2020
Submission Date March 9, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 19

Cite

APA Tamsü Polat, R., Polat, Y., & Lubotsky, A. (2020). An Idol-shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia. Gephyra, 19, 45-67. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.700983
AMA Tamsü Polat R, Polat Y, Lubotsky A. An Idol-shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia. GEPHYRA. May 2020;19:45-67. doi:10.37095/gephyra.700983
Chicago Tamsü Polat, Rahşan, Yusuf Polat, and Alexander Lubotsky. “An Idol-Shaped Stele With an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia”. Gephyra 19, May (May 2020): 45-67. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.700983.
EndNote Tamsü Polat R, Polat Y, Lubotsky A (May 1, 2020) An Idol-shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia. Gephyra 19 45–67.
IEEE R. Tamsü Polat, Y. Polat, and A. Lubotsky, “An Idol-shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia”, GEPHYRA, vol. 19, pp. 45–67, 2020, doi: 10.37095/gephyra.700983.
ISNAD Tamsü Polat, Rahşan et al. “An Idol-Shaped Stele With an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia”. Gephyra 19 (May 2020), 45-67. https://doi.org/10.37095/gephyra.700983.
JAMA Tamsü Polat R, Polat Y, Lubotsky A. An Idol-shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia. GEPHYRA. 2020;19:45–67.
MLA Tamsü Polat, Rahşan et al. “An Idol-Shaped Stele With an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia”. Gephyra, vol. 19, 2020, pp. 45-67, doi:10.37095/gephyra.700983.
Vancouver Tamsü Polat R, Polat Y, Lubotsky A. An Idol-shaped Stele with an Old Phrygian Inscription in the Territory of Nakoleia. GEPHYRA. 2020;19:45-67.