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Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri

Year 2023, , 32 - 39, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1163213

Abstract

Yaş ayrımcılığı genellikle yaşlı bireylere karşı geliştirilen yaş odaklı tutumlardır. Toplum içerisindeki kalıp yargılar, önyargılar ve tutumları ifade etmektedir. Bu tutumlar çoğu zaman olumsuzdur. Yaş ile ilgili ayrımcılık tutumları çocukluktan itibaren içselleştirilmektedir. Ayrımcı tutumlar, yaşlı bireylerin yaşama dair motivasyonlarını zayıflatabilir. Sağlıklı yaşlanma için büyük bir zorluk oluşturabilir. Olumsuz tutumların yaşlı bireylerin fiziksel, sosyal ve ruhsal olarak olumsuz etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu konuda farkındalığın arttırılması ayrımcılığı azaltabilir. Eğitim müfredatı içerisinde yaşlılık ile ilgili derslerin olması gerekmektedir. Ayrıca tüm kurumların bu konuda hassasiyet göstermesi gerekmektedir. Yaşlıların karşılaştığı ayrımcı tutumlar bireysel ve toplumsal alanda olumsuz sonuçlar ortaya çıkarabilmektedir. Kurumların ortak ve planlı hareket etmesi ile yaş ayrımcılığının önüne geçilebilir.

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • Ageing. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageing#tab=tab_1 (Access Date: 9 January2023).
  • İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle- Yaslilar-2021-45636 (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Ocak 2023).
  • Ageism. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageism#tab=tab_3 (Access Date: 9 January 2023).
  • Butler RN. Age-Ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 1969; 9, 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243
  • Levy BR. Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach to ageing. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 2009;18:332–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x.
  • Levy BR. Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2003;58:203–2011. doi: 10.1093/geronb/58.4.P203.
  • Levy BR, Banaji MR. Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons.
  • Cambridge, MA, USA, MIT Press, 2002, 49–75.
  • Levy BR, Zonderman AB, Slade MD, et al. Negative age stereotypes held earlier in life predict cardiovascular events in later life. Psychological Science. 2009; 20(3), 296–298. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02298.x
  • Marques S, Lima ML, Abrams D, et al. Will to live in older people’s medical decisions: Immediate and delayed effects of aging stereotypes. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2014;44:399– 408. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12231
  • Naegele L, De Tavernier W, Hess M. Work Environment and the Origin of Ageism; pp. 73–90. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_5.pdf (Access: 7 December 2022).
  • Levy BR, Slade M, Chang E-S, et al. Ageism amplifies cost and prevalence of health conditions. Gerontologist. 2018;60:174–181. doi: 10.1093/geront/gny131.
  • Chang ES, Kannoth S, Levy S, et al. Global reach of ageism on older persons’ health: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0220857. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220857
  • Lamont RS, Swift HJ, Abrams D. A review and metaanalysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage. Psychol. Aging. 2015;30:180– 193. doi: 10.1037/a0038586.
  • Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Miller GE. Psychological stress and disease. JAMA. 2007;298:1685–1687. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.14.1685.
  • Levy BR, Ryall AL, Pilver CE, et al. Influence of African American elders’ age stereotypes on their cardiovascular response to stress. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2008;21:85–93. doi:10.1080/10615800701727793.
  • Tully-Wilson C, Bojack R, Millear PM, et al. Self-perceptions of aging: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Psychol Aging. 2021;36(7):773-789. doi:10.1037/pag0000638.
  • Steverink N, Westerhof GJ, Bode C, et al. The personal experience of aging, individual resources, and subjective well-being. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2001;56:364– 373. doi: 10.1093/ geronb/56.6.P364.
  • Levy BR, Slade MD, Kunkel SR, et al. Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2002;83:261–270. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261.
  • North MS, Fiske ST. Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross- cultural metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 2015;141(5), 993–1021. doi:10.1037/a0039469
  • Rudolph CW, Zacher H. Intergenerational perceptions and conflicts in multi-age and multigenerational work environments. Finkelstein LM, Truxillo DM, Fraccaroli F, Kanfer R, (Eds.), SIOP organizational frontiers series on age in the workplace, 1st Edition, New York and London, Routledge, 2015, 253–282.
  • Hagestad GO, Uhlenberg P. The social separation of old and young: A root of ageism. Journal of Social Issues, 2005; 61(2), 343–360. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00409.x
  • Moor C, Zimprich D, Schmitt M, et al. Personality, aging self-perceptions, and subjective health: A mediation model. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 2006;63, 241–257. https:// doi.org/10.2190/akry-um4k-pb1v-pbhf
  • Robertson DA, King-Kallimanis BL, Kenny RA. Negative perceptions of aging predict longitudinal decline in cognitive function. Psychology and Aging, 2016; 31(1), 71– 81. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000061
  • Allan LJ, Johnson J. Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly: The role of knowledge, contact, and aging anxiety. Educational Gerontology, 2009;35(1), 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802299780
  • Boswell SS. Predicting trainee ageism using knowledge, anxiety, compassion, and contact with older adults. Educational Gerontology, 2012;38, 733– 741. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2012.695997
  • Allan LJ, Johnson JA, Emerson SD. The role of individual difference variables in ageism. Personality and Individual Differences, 2014; 59, 32– 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.027
  • Cooney C, Minahan J, Siedlecki KL. Do Feelings and Knowledge About Aging Predict Ageism? Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2021;40(1):28-37. doi:10.1177/0733464819897526
  • Schwartz LK, Simmons JP. Contact quality and attitudes toward the elderly. Educational Gerontology, 2001;27, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270151075525
  • Stypińska J, Nikander P. Ageism and age discrimination in the labour market: A macrostructural perspective. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288313603.pdf (Access: 7 December 2022).
  • Officer A, Schneiders ML, Wu D, et al. Valuing older people: time for a global campaign to combat ageism. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(10):710–710A.
  • Kornadt AE, Rothermund K. Internalization of age stereotypes into the self-concept via future self-views: A general model and domain-specific differences. Psychology and Aging, 2012; 27(1), 164–172. doi:10.1037/a0025110
  • Kornadt AE, Voss P, Rothermund K. Age stereotypes and self-views revisited: Patterns of internalization and projection processes across the life span. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 2017;72(4), 582–592. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv099
  • Bodner E, Palgi Y, Wyman F. Ageism in mental health assessment and treatment of older adults. Ayalon L, Tesch-Römer C. (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism: Vol. 19, International perspectives on aging, Cham, Springer, 2018, 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_15
  • Fialova D, Kummer I, Držaić M, et al. Ageism in medication use in older patients. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism: Vol. 19. International perspectives on aging (pp. 213–240). Springer. 2018.
  • Brockmann H. Why is less money spent on health care for the elderly than for the rest of the population? Health care rationing in German hospitals. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 2002; 55(4), 593–608. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00190-3
  • Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of COVID-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2020; 382(21), 2049–2055. doi:10.1056/NEJMsb2005114
  • Meisner BA. A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;67(1):13–17.
  • Bryant C, Bei B, Gilson K, et al. The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(10):1674–1683.
  • Wurm S, Benyamini Y. Optimism buffers the detrimental effect of negative self- perceptions of ageing on physical and mental health. Psychol Health. 2014;29(7):832– 848.
  • Bodner E, Palgi Y, Wyman MF. Ageism in mental health assessment and treatment of older adults. In: Ayalon L, Tesch-Römer C, editors. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism. Vol 19. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. pp. 241–262.
  • Wyman MF, Shiovitz-Ezra S, Bengel J. Ageism in the health care system: providers, patients, and systems. In: Ayalon L, Tesch-Römer C, editors. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism. Vol 19. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. pp. 193–212.
  • Kang H, Kim H. Ageism and Psychological Well- Being Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2022;8:23337214221087023. doi:10.1177/23337214221087023
  • Nicholson C, Meyer J, Flatley M, et al. Living on the margin: Understanding the experience of living and dying with frailty in old age. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 2012. 75(8), 1426–1432. doi:10.1016/j. socscimed.2012.06.011
  • Griffin B, Bayl-Smith P, Hesketh B. The longitudinal effects of perceived age discrimination on the job satisfaction and work withdrawal of older employees. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2016; 2(4), 415–427. doi:10.1093/workar/waw014
  • Levy BR, Zonderman AB, Slade MD, et al. Memory shaped by age stereotypes over time. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 2012; 67(4), 432–436.
  • Levy BR, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB, et al. A culture–brain link: Negative age stereotypes predict Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Psychology and Aging, 2016; 31(1), 82–88. doi:10.1037/pag0000062
  • Bayl-Smith PH, Griffin B. Age discrimination in the workplace: Identifying as a late- career worker and its relationship with engagement and intended retirement age. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2014;44(9), 588–599.
  • Schermuly CC, Deller J, Büsch V. A research note on age discrimination and the desire to retire: The mediating effect of psychological empowerment. Research on Aging, 2014; 36(3), 382–393. doi:10.1177/0164027513508288
  • Kornadt AE, Kessler EM, Wurm S, et al. Views on ageing: A lifespan perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 2020; 17(4), 387–401. doi:10.1007/s10433-019-00535-9
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Age Discrimination: Effects and Suggestions for Solutions

Year 2023, , 32 - 39, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1163213

Abstract

Age discrimination is generally age-oriented attitudes developed against older individuals. It refers to stereotypes, prejudices and attitudes in society. These attitudes are often negative. Age-related discrimination attitudes are internalized from childhood. Discriminatory attitudes can weaken older individuals’ motivation for life. It can pose a significant challenge to healthy aging. It is known that negative attitudes negatively affect older individuals physically, socially and spiritually. Increasing awareness of this issue can reduce discrimination. There should be courses related to old age in the education curriculum. In addition, all institutions should pay attention to this issue. The discriminatory attitudes faced by the elderly can lead to negative results in the individual and social areas. The joint and planned action of institutions can prevent age discrimination.

Project Number

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References

  • Ageing. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageing#tab=tab_1 (Access Date: 9 January2023).
  • İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle- Yaslilar-2021-45636 (Erişim Tarihi: 9 Ocak 2023).
  • Ageism. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageism#tab=tab_3 (Access Date: 9 January 2023).
  • Butler RN. Age-Ism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist, 1969; 9, 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243
  • Levy BR. Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach to ageing. Curr. Direct. Psychol. Sci. 2009;18:332–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x.
  • Levy BR. Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. J. Gerontol. Ser. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2003;58:203–2011. doi: 10.1093/geronb/58.4.P203.
  • Levy BR, Banaji MR. Ageism: Stereotyping and Prejudice Against Older Persons.
  • Cambridge, MA, USA, MIT Press, 2002, 49–75.
  • Levy BR, Zonderman AB, Slade MD, et al. Negative age stereotypes held earlier in life predict cardiovascular events in later life. Psychological Science. 2009; 20(3), 296–298. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02298.x
  • Marques S, Lima ML, Abrams D, et al. Will to live in older people’s medical decisions: Immediate and delayed effects of aging stereotypes. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2014;44:399– 408. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12231
  • Naegele L, De Tavernier W, Hess M. Work Environment and the Origin of Ageism; pp. 73–90. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_5.pdf (Access: 7 December 2022).
  • Levy BR, Slade M, Chang E-S, et al. Ageism amplifies cost and prevalence of health conditions. Gerontologist. 2018;60:174–181. doi: 10.1093/geront/gny131.
  • Chang ES, Kannoth S, Levy S, et al. Global reach of ageism on older persons’ health: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0220857. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220857
  • Lamont RS, Swift HJ, Abrams D. A review and metaanalysis of age-based stereotype threat: Negative stereotypes, not facts, do the damage. Psychol. Aging. 2015;30:180– 193. doi: 10.1037/a0038586.
  • Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Miller GE. Psychological stress and disease. JAMA. 2007;298:1685–1687. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.14.1685.
  • Levy BR, Ryall AL, Pilver CE, et al. Influence of African American elders’ age stereotypes on their cardiovascular response to stress. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2008;21:85–93. doi:10.1080/10615800701727793.
  • Tully-Wilson C, Bojack R, Millear PM, et al. Self-perceptions of aging: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Psychol Aging. 2021;36(7):773-789. doi:10.1037/pag0000638.
  • Steverink N, Westerhof GJ, Bode C, et al. The personal experience of aging, individual resources, and subjective well-being. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2001;56:364– 373. doi: 10.1093/ geronb/56.6.P364.
  • Levy BR, Slade MD, Kunkel SR, et al. Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2002;83:261–270. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261.
  • North MS, Fiske ST. Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross- cultural metaanalysis. Psychological Bulletin, 2015;141(5), 993–1021. doi:10.1037/a0039469
  • Rudolph CW, Zacher H. Intergenerational perceptions and conflicts in multi-age and multigenerational work environments. Finkelstein LM, Truxillo DM, Fraccaroli F, Kanfer R, (Eds.), SIOP organizational frontiers series on age in the workplace, 1st Edition, New York and London, Routledge, 2015, 253–282.
  • Hagestad GO, Uhlenberg P. The social separation of old and young: A root of ageism. Journal of Social Issues, 2005; 61(2), 343–360. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00409.x
  • Moor C, Zimprich D, Schmitt M, et al. Personality, aging self-perceptions, and subjective health: A mediation model. The International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 2006;63, 241–257. https:// doi.org/10.2190/akry-um4k-pb1v-pbhf
  • Robertson DA, King-Kallimanis BL, Kenny RA. Negative perceptions of aging predict longitudinal decline in cognitive function. Psychology and Aging, 2016; 31(1), 71– 81. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000061
  • Allan LJ, Johnson J. Undergraduate attitudes toward the elderly: The role of knowledge, contact, and aging anxiety. Educational Gerontology, 2009;35(1), 1– 14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270802299780
  • Boswell SS. Predicting trainee ageism using knowledge, anxiety, compassion, and contact with older adults. Educational Gerontology, 2012;38, 733– 741. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2012.695997
  • Allan LJ, Johnson JA, Emerson SD. The role of individual difference variables in ageism. Personality and Individual Differences, 2014; 59, 32– 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.027
  • Cooney C, Minahan J, Siedlecki KL. Do Feelings and Knowledge About Aging Predict Ageism? Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2021;40(1):28-37. doi:10.1177/0733464819897526
  • Schwartz LK, Simmons JP. Contact quality and attitudes toward the elderly. Educational Gerontology, 2001;27, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270151075525
  • Stypińska J, Nikander P. Ageism and age discrimination in the labour market: A macrostructural perspective. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/288313603.pdf (Access: 7 December 2022).
  • Officer A, Schneiders ML, Wu D, et al. Valuing older people: time for a global campaign to combat ageism. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(10):710–710A.
  • Kornadt AE, Rothermund K. Internalization of age stereotypes into the self-concept via future self-views: A general model and domain-specific differences. Psychology and Aging, 2012; 27(1), 164–172. doi:10.1037/a0025110
  • Kornadt AE, Voss P, Rothermund K. Age stereotypes and self-views revisited: Patterns of internalization and projection processes across the life span. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 2017;72(4), 582–592. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv099
  • Bodner E, Palgi Y, Wyman F. Ageism in mental health assessment and treatment of older adults. Ayalon L, Tesch-Römer C. (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism: Vol. 19, International perspectives on aging, Cham, Springer, 2018, 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8_15
  • Fialova D, Kummer I, Držaić M, et al. Ageism in medication use in older patients. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism: Vol. 19. International perspectives on aging (pp. 213–240). Springer. 2018.
  • Brockmann H. Why is less money spent on health care for the elderly than for the rest of the population? Health care rationing in German hospitals. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 2002; 55(4), 593–608. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(01)00190-3
  • Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, et al. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of COVID-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 2020; 382(21), 2049–2055. doi:10.1056/NEJMsb2005114
  • Meisner BA. A meta-analysis of positive and negative age stereotype priming effects on behavior among older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2012;67(1):13–17.
  • Bryant C, Bei B, Gilson K, et al. The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. Int Psychogeriatr. 2012;24(10):1674–1683.
  • Wurm S, Benyamini Y. Optimism buffers the detrimental effect of negative self- perceptions of ageing on physical and mental health. Psychol Health. 2014;29(7):832– 848.
  • Bodner E, Palgi Y, Wyman MF. Ageism in mental health assessment and treatment of older adults. In: Ayalon L, Tesch-Römer C, editors. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism. Vol 19. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. pp. 241–262.
  • Wyman MF, Shiovitz-Ezra S, Bengel J. Ageism in the health care system: providers, patients, and systems. In: Ayalon L, Tesch-Römer C, editors. Contemporary Perspectives on Ageism. Vol 19. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. pp. 193–212.
  • Kang H, Kim H. Ageism and Psychological Well- Being Among Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2022;8:23337214221087023. doi:10.1177/23337214221087023
  • Nicholson C, Meyer J, Flatley M, et al. Living on the margin: Understanding the experience of living and dying with frailty in old age. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 2012. 75(8), 1426–1432. doi:10.1016/j. socscimed.2012.06.011
  • Griffin B, Bayl-Smith P, Hesketh B. The longitudinal effects of perceived age discrimination on the job satisfaction and work withdrawal of older employees. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2016; 2(4), 415–427. doi:10.1093/workar/waw014
  • Levy BR, Zonderman AB, Slade MD, et al. Memory shaped by age stereotypes over time. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 2012; 67(4), 432–436.
  • Levy BR, Ferrucci L, Zonderman AB, et al. A culture–brain link: Negative age stereotypes predict Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Psychology and Aging, 2016; 31(1), 82–88. doi:10.1037/pag0000062
  • Bayl-Smith PH, Griffin B. Age discrimination in the workplace: Identifying as a late- career worker and its relationship with engagement and intended retirement age. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2014;44(9), 588–599.
  • Schermuly CC, Deller J, Büsch V. A research note on age discrimination and the desire to retire: The mediating effect of psychological empowerment. Research on Aging, 2014; 36(3), 382–393. doi:10.1177/0164027513508288
  • Kornadt AE, Kessler EM, Wurm S, et al. Views on ageing: A lifespan perspective. European Journal of Ageing, 2020; 17(4), 387–401. doi:10.1007/s10433-019-00535-9
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There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Review
Authors

Rukiye Demir Dikmen 0000-0002-7236-6672

Project Number -
Early Pub Date April 30, 2023
Publication Date April 30, 2023
Submission Date August 17, 2022
Acceptance Date January 12, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Demir Dikmen, R. (2023). Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, 6(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1163213
AMA Demir Dikmen R. Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri. GBD. April 2023;6(1):32-39. doi:10.47141/geriatrik.1163213
Chicago Demir Dikmen, Rukiye. “Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler Ve Çözüm Önerileri”. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 6, no. 1 (April 2023): 32-39. https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1163213.
EndNote Demir Dikmen R (April 1, 2023) Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 6 1 32–39.
IEEE R. Demir Dikmen, “Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri”, GBD, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 32–39, 2023, doi: 10.47141/geriatrik.1163213.
ISNAD Demir Dikmen, Rukiye. “Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler Ve Çözüm Önerileri”. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi 6/1 (April 2023), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.47141/geriatrik.1163213.
JAMA Demir Dikmen R. Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri. GBD. 2023;6:32–39.
MLA Demir Dikmen, Rukiye. “Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler Ve Çözüm Önerileri”. Geriatrik Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, 2023, pp. 32-39, doi:10.47141/geriatrik.1163213.
Vancouver Demir Dikmen R. Yaş Ayrımcılığı: Etkiler ve Çözüm Önerileri. GBD. 2023;6(1):32-9.

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