THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION ON OLIVE AND OLIVE OIL CHARACTERISTICS

Year 2019, , 1081 - 1091, 06.10.2019

Aslı Yorulmaz , Hakan Erinç , Abidin Tatlı Aziz Tekin

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD19104

Abstract

The aim of the study was to identify the changes in olive and corresponding
olive oil characteristics in response to irrigation. Five olive cultivars
(Halhalı, Sarı ulak, Nizip Yağlık, Kilis Yağlık and Karamani) from Turkish
origin were harvested from their own traditional growing region (Mardin,
Mersin, Gaziantep, Kilis and Hatay respectively) from  both irrigated and non-irrigated trees
(rain-fed) for two consecutive crop years. Olives were processed to oil with a
laboratory scale system. Olive fruits were analyzed for their physico-chemical
properties and phenolic composition and olive oils were analysed for fatty
acid, triacylglycerol and sterol composition. Results have shown that average
weight, flesh/pit ratio of olives were lower and dry matter and oil content
were higher in rain-fed trees than irrigated ones. Phenolic content and
composition of fruits were cultivar dependent and responded differently to
water supplement. Fatty acid composition of olive oils mainly remained
unchanged, however the concentration of individual triacylglycerols behaved in
distinct ways. Total sterol and β-sitosterol contents increased and decreased
for various cultivars whereas Δ-5-avenasterol increased in all cases. Sarı ulak
variety was well separated from other varieties by principal component and
hierarchical cluster analysis both in rain-fed and irrigated treatments.

Keywords

Irrigation, fatty acid, olive oil, phenolic, sterol, triacylglycerol

SULAMA İŞLEMİNİN ZEYTİN VE ZEYTİNYAĞININ ÖZELLİKLERİNE ETKİSİ

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı zeytin ve bu zeytinlerden elde edilen zeytinyağının özellikleri
üzerine sulama işleminin etkisinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada Türkiye orijinli
5 farklı zeytin çeşidi (Halhalı, Sarı ulak, Nizip Yağlık, Kilis Yağlık and
Karamani), ard arda gelen 2 hasat yılı boyunca, sulanmış ve sulanmamış (yağmur
suyuyla beslenmiş) ağaçlardan, yetiştirildikleri bölgelerden (sırasıyla Mardin,
Mersin, Gaziantep, Kilis ve Hatay) hasat edilmişlerdir. Zeytinler laboratuvar
ölçekli bir sistem ile yağa işlenmişlerdir. Zeytin meyveleri fiziko-kimyasal
özellikleri ve fenolik kompozisyonları yönünden, zeytinyağları ise yağ asidi,
trigliserit ve sterol bileşimleri yönünden analiz edilmişlerdir. Sonuçlar
sulama yapılmamış örneklerde sulanan örneklere göre, zeytin ortalama
ağırlıkları ile et/çekirdek oranının daha düşük, kuru madde ve yağ içeriğinin
ise daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir. Fenolik madde içeriği ve kompozisyonunun
çeşide bağlı olduğu görülmüş ve sulama işlemi ile farklı sonuçlar elde
edilmiştir. Zeytinyağlarının yağ asidi bileşimleri değişmemiştir, ancak her bir
trigliserit konsantrasyonunda farklı değişiklikler gözlenmiştir. Toplam sterol
ve β-sitosterol miktarlarında çeşitler arasında artış azalışlar gözlenmiş,
ancak Δ-5-avenasterol miktarı tüm durumlarda artmıştır. Sarı ulak çeşidi sulama
yapılmamış ve sulanmış diğer çeşitlerden temel bileşen ve hiyerarşik kümeleme
analizi ile net bir şekilde ayrılmıştır.

Keywords

Sulama, yağ asidi, zeytinyağı, fenolik, sterol, triaçilgliserol

References

• AOCS, (2003). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists’ Society AOCS Press, Champaign.
• Ayton, J., Mailer, R. J., Haigh, A., Tronson, D., Conlan, D. (2007). Quality and oxidative stability of Australian olive oil according to harvest date and irrigation. J. Food Lipids 14:138-156. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2007.00076.x
• Berenguer, M. J, Vossen, P. M., Grattan, S. R., Connell, J. H., Polito, V. S. (2006). Tree irrigation levels for optimum chemical and sensory properties of olive oil. HortScience 41: 427–432.
• Dabbou, S., Chehab, H., Faten, B., Dabbou, S., Esposto, S., Selvaggini, R., Taticchi, A., Servili, M., Montedoro, G. F., Hammami, M. (2010). Effect of three irrigation regimes on Arbequina olive oil produced under Tunisian growing conditions. Agr. Water Manage. 97: 763-768. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.011
• European Community Regulation 1348/2013 (2013). No 2568/91 on the characteristics of olive oil and olive-residue oil and on the relevant methods of analysis.
• Goldhamer, D. A. (1999). Regulated deficit irrigation for California canning olives. Acta Hortic. 474: 373-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1999.474.76
• Gόmez-Rico, A., Salvador, M. D., Moriana, A., Perez, D., Olmedilla, N., Ribas, F., Fregapane, G. (2007). Influence of different irrigation strategies in a traditional Cornicabra cv. olive orchard on virgin olive oil composition and quality. Food Chem. 100: 568-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.09.075
• Herslöf, B. G. (1981). HPLC of triglycerides using UV detection. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. 4: 471-473. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/jhrc.1240040911
• Inglese, P., Barone, E., Gullo, G. (1996). The effect of complementary irrigation on fruit growth, ripening pattern and oil characteristics of olive (Olea europaea L.) cv. Carolea. J. Hortic. Sci. 71: 257–263.
• International Olive Oil Council (2015). Trade Standard applying to olive oil and olive pomace oils. COI/T.15/NC No 3/Rev.IUPAC, (1987). Standard Methods for Analysis of Oils, Fats and Derivates, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 7 th ed., IUPAC Method 2.301, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
• Motilva, M. J., Tovar, M. J., Romero, M. P., Alegre, A., Girona, J. (2000). Influence of regulated deficit irrigation strategies applied to olive trees (Arbequina cultivar) on oil yield and oil composition during the fruit ripening. J. Sci. Food Agr. 80: 2037–2043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0010(200011)80:14<2037::AID-JSFA733>3.0.CO;2-0
• Owen, R. W., Mier, W., Giacosa, A., Hull, W. E., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H. (2000). Identification of lignans as major components in the phenolic fraction of olive oil. Clin. Chem. 46: 976-988.
• Parr, J., Bolwell, G. (2000). Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile. J. Sci. Food Agr. 80: 985–1012. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000515)80:7<985::AID-JSFA572>3.0.CO;2-7
• Patumi, M., d’Andria, R., Fontanazza, G., Morelli, G., Giorio, P., Sorrentino, G. (1999). Yield and oil quality of intensively trained trees of three cultivars of olive (Olea europaea L.) under different irrigation regimes. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 74: 729-737.
• Patumi, M., d’Andria, R., Marsilio, V., Fontanazza, G., Morelli, G., Lanza, B. (2002). Olive and olive oil quality after intensive monocone olive growing (Olea europaea L. cv. Kalamata) in different irrigation regimes. Food Chem. 77: 27-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00317-X
• Salas, J., Pastor, M., Castro, J., Vega, V. (1997). Influencia del riego sobre la composition y caracteristicas organolepticas del aceite de oliva. Grasas Aceites 48: 74–82.
• Servili, M., Esposto, S., Lodolini, E., Selvaggini, R., Taticchi, A., Urbani, S., Montedoro, G., Serravalle, M., Gucci, R. (2007). Irrigation effects on quality, phenolic composition, and selected volatiles of virgin olive oils Leccino. J. Agric. Food Chem. 55: 6609–6618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf070599n
• Stefanoudaki, E., Chartzoulakis, K., Koutsaftakis, A., Kotsifaki, F. (2001). Effect of drought stress on qualitative characteristics of olive oil of cv Koroneiki. Grasas Aceites 52: 202-206. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3989/gya.2001.v52.i3-4.358
• Stefanoudaki, E., Williams, M., Chartzoulakis, K., Harwood, J. (2009). Effect of irrigation on quality attributes of olive oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 7048-7055. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1021/jf900862w
• Tovar, M. J., Romero, M. P. J., Motilva, M. J. (2001). Changes in the phenolic composition of olive oil from young trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina) grown under linear irrigation strategies. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49: 5502–5508. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1021/jf0102416
• Tovar, M. J., Romero, M. P., Alegre, S., Girona, J., Motilva, M. J. (2002). Composition and organoleptic characteristics of oil from Arbequina olive (Olea europaea L.) trees under deficit irrigation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 82: 1755–1763. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/jsfa.1246
• Turkish Food Codex, Communique on olive oil and pomace oil (2018). The Official Gazette of Republic of Turkey, Number 27665, Ankara.
• Yorulmaz, A., Poyrazoglu, E. S., Ozcan, M. M., Tekin, A. (2012). Phenolic profiles of Turkish olives and olive oils. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech. 114: 1083-1093. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/ejlt.201100186
• Yorulmaz, A., Yavuz, H., Tekin, A. (2014). Characterization of Turkish olive oils by triacylglycerol structures and sterol profiles. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 91: 2077–2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-014-2554-7
• Zeleke, K., Mailer, R., Eberbach, P., Wünsche, J. (2012). Oil content and fruit quality of nine olive (Olea europaea L.) varieties affected by irrigation and harvest times. New Zeal. J. Crop Hort. 40: 241-252. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/01140671.2012.662159.