ARBUTUS UNEDO L. YAPRAKLARINDAN FENOLİK BİLEŞİKLERİN EKSTRAKSİYONUNDA EKSTRAKSİYON KOŞULLARININ BELİRLENMESİ

Year 2021, , 1218 - 1232, 05.08.2021

Özge Algan Cavuldak

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD21065

Abstract

Arbutus unedo yapraklarından biyoaktif bileşiklerin klasik çözücü ekstraksiyonundaki ekstraksiyon parametreleri tek faktörlü deney yaklaşımı kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Etanol (EtOH) konsantrasyonu (20-100 %), çözücü:katı oranı (10-90 ml/g), ekstraksiyon süresi (20-100 dak) ve ekstraksiyon sıcaklığının (15-70 °C) ekstraktların toplam fenolik içeriği (TPC), toplam flavonoid içeriği (TFC) ve toplam antioksidan aktivitesi (TAA) üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Optimal koşullar çözücü konsantrasyonu 40 % etanol, çözücü:katı oranı 50:1, ekstraksiyon süresi 60 dakika ve ekstraksiyon sıcaklığı 55 °C olarak bulunmuştur. Bu koşullar altında TPC, TFC ve TAA değerleri sırasıyla 89.58 mg GAE/g dw, 28.62 mg CAT / g dw ve 85.25 % inh olarak elde edilmiştir. Ekstraktların özellikle flavonoid içeriğinin, etanol konsantrasyonu (r = 0.962), çözücü:katı oranı (r = 0.947), ekstraksiyon süresi (r = 0.793) ve sıcaklık (r = 0.935) gibi tüm ekstraksiyon koşulları altında antioksidan aktivitesi ile oldukça ilişkili olduğu bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Arbutus unedo yaprağı, çözücü ekstraksiyonu, polifenoller, flavonoidler, antioksidan aktivite

DETERMINATION OF THE EXTRACTION CONDITIONS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM ARBUTUS UNEDO L. LEAVES

Abstract

Extraction parameters in classical solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from Arbutus unedo leaves were studied using a single factor experiment approach. Effects of ethanol (EtOH) concentration (20-100 %), solvent:solid ratio (10-90 ml/g), extraction time (20-100 min) and extraction temperature (15-70 °C) on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of the extracts were investigated. The optimal conditions were found as solvent concentration of 40 % EtOH, solvent:solid ratio of 50:1, extraction time of 60 min, and extraction temperature of 55 °C. Under these conditions, TPC, TFC and TAA were obtained as 89.58 mg GAE/g dw, 28.62 mg CAT/g dw and 85.25 % inh, respectively. It was found that especially the flavonoid content of the extracts was highly correlated with antioxidant activity under all extraction conditions such as ethanol concentration (r=0.962), solvent:solid ratio (r=0.947), extraction time (r=0.793) and temperature (r=0.935).

Keywords

Arbutus unedo leaves, solvent extraction, polyphenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity

References

• Akay, Ş., Alpak, İ., Yesil-Celiktas, Ö. (2011) Effects of process parameters on supercritical CO2 extraction of total phenols from strawberry (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits: An optimization study, J. Sep. Sci. 34: 1925–1931.
• Alarcao-E-Silva, M. L. C. M. M., Leitao, A. E. B., Azinheira, H. G. and Leitao, M. C. A. (2001) The Arbutus berry: Studies on its color and chemical characteristics at two mature stages, J Food Compos Anal, 14: 27-35.
• Albuquerque, B.R., Prieto, M.A., Barreiro, M.F., Rodrigues, A., Curran, T.P., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2017) Catechin-based extract optimization obtained from Arbutus unedo L. fruits using maceration/microwave/ultrasound extraction techniques, Ind Crop Prod, 95: 404–415.
• Al-Farsi, M.A. and Lee, C.Y. (2008) Optimization of phenolics and dietary fibre extraction from date seeds, Food Chem, 108: 977–985.
• Alothman, M., Bhat, R., Karim, A.A. (2009) Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of selected tropical fruits from Malaysia, extracted with different solvents, Food Chem, 115: 785–788.
• Ayaz, F.A., Kucukislamoglu, M., Reunanen, M. (2000) Sugar, non-volatile and phenolic acids composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L. var. ellipsoidea) fruits, J Food Compos Anal, 13: 171-177.
• Bachir Bey, M., Meziant, L., Benchikh, Y., Louaileche, H. (2014). Deployment of response surface methodology to optimize recovery of dark fresh fig (Ficus carica L., var. Azenjar) total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Food Chem, 162: 277–282.
• Baytop, T. (1984) Therapy with medicinal plants in Turkey (past and present), 1st ed.; Istanbul University, Istanbul, 305 p.
• Bhebhe, M., Füller, T.N., Chipurura, B., Muchuweti, M. (2016) Efect of solvent type on total phenolic content and free radical scavenging activity of black tea and herbal infusions. Food Anal. Methods 9: 1060–1067.
• Boeing, J.S., Barizão, E.O., Silva, B.C., Montanher, P.F., Almeida, V.C., Visentainer, J.V. (2014) Evaluation of solvent efect on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacities from the berries: application of principal component analysis. Chem. Cent. J. 8, 48
• Celikel, G., Demirsoy, L., Demirsoy, H. (2008) The strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) selection in Turkey, Sci Hortic, 118: 115–119.
• Costa, R.M., Magalhães, A.S., Pereira, J.A., Andrade, P.B., Valentão, P., Carvalho, M., Silva, B.M. (2009) Evaluation of free radical scavenging and antihemolytic activities of quince (Cydonia oblonga) leaf: a comparative study with green tea (Camellia sinensis). Food Chem. Toxicol. 47: 860–865.
• Dai, J.; Mumper, R.J. (2010) Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules, 15: 7313–7352.
• Do, Q.D., Angkawijaya, A.E., Tran-Nguyen, P.L., Huynh, L.H., Soetaredjo, F.E., Ismadji, S., Ju, Y.H. (2014) Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica, J Food Drug Anal, 22: 296-302.
• Dorta, E., Lobo, M.G., Gonzalez, M. (2012) Reutilization of mango byproducts: Study of the effect of extraction solvent and temperature on their antioxidant properties, Journal of Food Science, 71 (1): C80-C88.
• Durling, N.E., Catchpole, O.J., Grey, J.B., Webby, R.F., Mitchella, K.A., Foo, L.Y., Perry, N.B. (2007) Extraction of phenolics and essential oil from dried sage (Salvia officinalis) using ethanol–water mixtures, Food Chem, 101: 1417–1424.
• Erkekoglou, I., Nenadis, N., Samara, E., Mantzouridou, F.T. (2017) Functional teas from the leaves of Arbutus unedo: Phenolic Content, antioxidant Activity, and detection of efficient radical scavengers, Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 72:176–183.
• Ersus Bilek, S. (2010) The effects of time, temperature, solvent:solid ratıo and solvent composition on extraction of total phenolic compound from dried olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves. The Journal of Food, 35(6): 411–416.
• Fiorentino, A., Castaldi, S., D’Abrosca, B., Natale, A., Carfora, A., Messere, A., Monaco, P. (2007) Polyphenols from the hydroalcoholic extract of Arbutus unedo living in a monospecific Mediterranean woodland, Biochem Syst Ecol, 35: 809-811.
• Fortalezas, S., Tavares, L., Pimpão, R., Tyagi, M., Pontes, V., Alves, P.M., McDougall, G., Stewart, D.,. Ferreira, R.B., Santos, C.N. (2010) Antioxidant properties and neuroprotective capacity of strawberry tree fruit (Arbutus unedo), Nutrients, 2: 214-229.
• Harborne, J. B., Mabry, T. J., Mabry, H. (1975). The Flavonoids. London, UK: Chapman & Hall
• Heleno, S.A., Diz, P., Prieto, M.A., Barros, L., Rodrigues, A., Barreiro, M.F, Ferreira, I. C.F.R (2016) Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction to obtain mycosterols from Agaricus bisporus L. by response surface methodology and comparison with conventional Soxhlet extraction, Food Chem, 197: 1054–1063.
• Ilaiyaraja, N., Likhith, K.R., Babu, G.R.S., Khanum, F. (2015) Optimisation of extraction of bioactive compounds from Feronia limonia (wood apple) fruit using response surface methodology (RSM), Food Chem, 173: 348–354.
• Iqbal, S., Younas, U., Sirajuddin, Chan, K.W., Sarfraz, R.A., Uddin, M.K. (2012) Proximate composition and antioxidant potential of leaves from three varieties of Mulberry (Morus sp.): a comparative study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13: 6651–6664.
• Isbilir, Ş.S., Orak, H.H., Yagar, H., Ekinci, N. (2012) Determination of antıoxidant activities of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) flowers and fruits at different ripening stages, Acta Sci Pol.- Hortorum Cultus 11(3): 223-237.
• İslam, A., Pehlivan, N.F. (2016) Marmara Adasında yetişen Kocayemişlerin (Arbudus unedo L.) pomolojik özellikleri, Akademik Ziraat Dergisi, 5(1):13-20.
• Jovanovic-Malinovska, R., Kuzmanova, S., Winkelhausen, E. (2015) Application of ultrasound for enhanced extraction of prebiotic oligosaccharides from selected fruits and vegetables, Ultrason Sonochem 22: 446–453.
• Lee, L., Lee, N., Kim, Y.H., Lee, C., Hong, S.P., Jeon, Y., Kim, Y. (2013) Optimization of ultrasonic extraction of phenolic antioxidants from green tea using response surface methodology. Molecules, 18: 13530–13545.
• Liyana-Pathirana, C., Shahidi, F. (2005) Optimization of extraction of phenolic compounds from wheat using response surface methodology, Food Chem, 93: 47–56.
• López C.J., Caleja, C., Prieto, M.A., Sokovic, M., Calhelha, R.C., Barros, L. , Ferreira, I.C.F.R. (2019) Stability of a cyanidin-3-O-glucoside extract obtained from Arbutus unedo L. and incorporation into wafers for colouring purposes, Food Chem, 275: 426–438
• Ma, Y., Li, X., Hou, L-X., Wei, A-Z. (2019) Extraction solvent affects the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cholinesterase and HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell inhibitory activities of Zanthoxylum bungeanum pericarps and the major chemical components, Ind Crop Prod, 142: 111872.
• Males, E., Plazıbat, M., Vundac, V. B., Zuntar, I. (2006) Qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids of the strawberry tree – Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae), Acta Pharm. 56: 245–250.
• Malheiro, R., Sá, O., Pereira, E., Aguiar, C., Baptista, P., Pereira, J.A. (2012) Arbutus unedo L. leaves as source of phytochemicals with bioactive properties, Ind Crop Prod, 37: 473–478
• Mello, L.D., Alves, A.A., Macedo, D.V., Kubota, L.T. (2005) Peroxidase-based biosensor as a tool for a fast evaluation of antioxidant capacity of tea, Food Chem, 92: 515–519.
• Mendes, L., de Freitas, V., Baptista, P., Carvalho, M. (2011) Comparative antihemolytic and radical scavenging activities of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) leaf and fruit, Food Chem Toxicol, 49: 2285–229.
• Metrouh-Amir, H., Duarte, C.M.M., Maiza, F. (2015) Solvent efect on total phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Matricaria pubescens. Ind. Crop. Prod. 67: 249–256.
• Mokrani, A., Madani, K. (2016) Effect of solvent, time and temperature on the extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit, Sep Purif Technol, 162: 68–76.
• Morgado, S., Morgado, M., Plácido, A.I., Roque, F., Duarte, A.P. (2018) Arbutus unedo L.: From traditional medicine to potential uses in modern Pharmacotherapy, J Ethnopharmacol, 225: 90–102.
• Musa, K.H., Abdullah, A., Jusoh, K., Subramaniam, V. (2011) Antioxidant activity of pink-fesh guava (Psidium guajava L.): efect of extraction techniques and solvents. Food Anal. Methods 4: 100–107.
• Mustafa, R.A., Hamıd, A.A., Mohamed, S., Bakar, F.A. (2010) Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Radical Scavenging Activity of 21 Selected Tropical Plants, J Food Sci. 75 (1): C28-C35.
• Naeem, S., Ali, M., Mahmood, A. (2012) Optimization of extraction conditions for the extraction of phenolic compounds from Moringa oleifera leaves, Pak. J. Pharm. Sci., 25 (3): 535-541.
• Oliveira, I., Coelho, V., Baltasar, R., Pereira, J.A., Baptista, P. (2009) Scavenging capacity of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) leaves on free radicals, Food Chem Toxicol, 47: 1507–1511.
• Orak, H.H., Yagar, H., İşbilir, Ş.S., Demirci, Ş., Gümüş, T., Ekinci, N. (2011) Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) leaf, Food Sci Biotechnol. 20(5): 1249-1256.
• Özcan, M.M. and Hacıseferoğulları, H. (2007) The Strawberry (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits: Chemical composition, physical properties and mineral contents, J Food Eng, 78: 1022–1028.
• Pabuçcuoglu, A., Kıvçak, B:, Baş, M., Mert, T. (2003) Antioxidant activity of Arbutus unedo leaves, Fitoterapia, 74: 597–599.
• Pallauf, K., Rivas-Gonzalo, J.C., del Castillo, M.D., Cano, M.P., de Pascual-Teresa, S. (2008) Characterization of the antioxidant composition of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) fruits, J Food Compos Anal, 21: 273–281.
• Pawlowska, A.M., De Leo, M., Braca, A. (2006) Phenolics of Arbutus unedo L. (Ericaceae) Fruits: Identification of anthocyanins and gallic acid derivatives, J. Agric. Food Chem, 54: 10234-10238.
• Pinelo, M.; Arnous, A.; Meyer, A.S. (2006) Upgrading of grape skins: Significance of plant cell-wall structural components and extraction techniques for phenol release. Trends Food Sci Technol, 17: 579–590.
• Routray, W., Orsat, V. (2012) Microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids: A Review, Food Bioprocess Technol, 5:409–424.
• Spigno, G., Tramelli, L., De Faveri, D.M. (2007) Effects of extraction time, temperature and solvent on concentration and antioxidant activity of grape marc phenolics, J Food Eng 81: 200–208.
• Stalikas, C.D. (2007) Extraction, separation, and detection methods for phenolic acids and flavonoids, J. Sep. Sci, 30: 3268 – 3295.
• Thoo, Y.Y., Ho, S.K., Liang, J.Y., Ho, C.W., Tan, C.P. (2010) Effects of binary solvent extraction system, extraction time and extraction temperature on phenolic antioxidants and antioxidant capacity from mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), Food Chem, 120: 290–295.
• Turkmen, N., Sari, F., Velioglu, Y.S. (2006) Efects of extraction solvents on concentration and antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea polyphenols determined by ferrous tartrate and Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Food Chem. 99: 835–841.
• Tzanova, M., Atanasov, V., Yaneva, Z., Ivanova, D., Dinev, T. (2020) Selectivity of current extraction techniques for flavonoids from plant materials, Processes 8, 1222.
• Üstündağ, Ö.G., Erşan, S., Özcan, E., Özan, G., Kayra, N.,, Ekinci, F.Y. (2016) Black tea processing waste as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 242: 1523–1532.
• Vural, N., Algan Cavuldak, Ö., Kenar, A., Akay, M.A. (2020) Green alcoholic solvent and UAE extraction of oleuropein from the Olea europaea L. leaves: Experimental design, optimization, and comparison with Pharmacopoeia method , Sep. Scı. Technol, 55 (10): 1813–1828.
• Wong, B.Y.,Tan, C.P., Ho, C.W (2013) Effect of solid-to-solvent ratio on phenolic content and antioxidant capacities of “Dukung Anak” (Phyllanthus niruri), Int Food Res J, 20(1): 325-330.
• Yang, L., Yin, P., Fan, H., Xue, Q., Li, K., Li, X., Sun, L., Liu, Y. (2017) Response Surface Methodology Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Acer Truncatum Leaves for Maximal Phenolic Yield and Antioxidant Activity, Molecules, 22, 232.
• Yue,T., Shao, D., Yuan, Y., Wang, Z., Qiang, C. (2012) Ultrasound-assisted extraction, HPLCanalysis, and antioxidant activityof polyphenols from unripe apple, J. Sep. Sci, 35: 2138-2145.
• Živković, J., Šavikin, K.; Janković, T., Ćujić, N., Menković, N. (2018) Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenolic compounds from pomegranate peel using response surface methodology. Sep Purif Technol, 194: 40–47.