MERSİNİN (Myrtus communis L.) ANTİOKSİDAN VE ANTİMİKROBİYAL AKTİVİTESİ

Year 2022, Volume: 47 Issue: 2, 328 - 343, 25.02.2022

Gülten Gündüz , Özge Akgül

https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD21142

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Mersin (Myrtus communis L.) çoğunlukla Akdeniz ikliminde gelişen aromatik, yaprak dökmeyen fundalıklardır. Polifenoller, antosiyaninler, polifenolik asitler ve flavonoidler gibi çeşitli biyoaktif molekülleri içeren mersin bitkisi antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelere sahiptir. Yapılan çalışmalarda, mersin uçucu yağlarının içerdiği başlıca bileşenlerin 1,8-sineol, α-pinen, linalol, limonen ve mirtenil asetat olduğu, antioksidan aktivitesinin ise 100-768 µg/mL (IC50) aralığında değiştiği belirtilmiştir. Mersin ekstrakt/uçucu yağlarının patojen bakteriler, küf ve mayalar üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkisinin olduğu saptanmıştır. Mersin ekstrakt veya uçucu yağlarının model gıda uygulamaları konusunda sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmakta olup, çalışmalarda model gıdalara inoküle edilmiş patojen mikroorganizmalar üzerinde antimikrobiyal etkisinin olduğu, lipid peroksidasyonunu geciktirdiği ve gıdaların raf ömrünü uzattığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, mersin bitkisinin farklı bölümlerinin antioksidan/antimikrobiyal aktivitesi ve mersin ekstraktlarının/uçucu yağlarının gıdalara ilavesinin sağladığı antioksidan/antimikrobiyal etki ile ilgili çalışmalar incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Myrtus communis, mersin, antioksidan, antimikrobiyal, antifungal

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF MYRTLE (Myrtus communis L.)

Abstract

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) is an aromatic, evergreen shrub that mostly grows in the Mediterranean climate. Myrtle which contains various bioactive molecules like polyphenols, anthocyanin, polyphenolic acid and flavonoids has high antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The main components of myrtle essential oils are 1,8-cineol, α-pinene, linalool and myrtenyl acetate and the antioxidant activity varies between 100-768 µg/mL (IC50). Myrtle extract/essential oils have antimicrobial effects against pathogenic microorganisms, molds and yeasts. Limited studies available on model food applications of myrtle extract or essential oils indicated that it has an antimicrobial effect on pathogenic microorganisms inoculated to model foods, delays lipid peroxidation and extends the shelf life of foods. In this review, studies on the antioxidant/antimicrobial activities of different parts of myrtle as well as the antioxidant/antimicrobial effects of myrtle extracts/essential oils applications to food products were investigated.

Keywords

Myrtus communis, myrtle, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal

References

• Abdulgawi, L. N. A., & Quadri, S. A. (2020). Antioxidant activity of yemeni plants, Myrtus Communis L. and Flemingia Grahamiana Wight & Arn. Int J Pharm Pharm Res., 17(4), 805-811.
• Abdulgawi, L. N. A., & Quadri, S. A. (2021). In-vıtro antibacterial activities of extracts of yemeni plants Myrtus communıs l. and Flemingia Grahamiana Wight & arn. Int J Pharm Pharm Res., 12(2): 956-962. DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(2).956-62
• Akyüz, M., Güzel, A., & Elmastaş, M. (2019). Fatty acid composition and antioxidant capacity of myrtus (Myrtus communis L.). Malays. Appl. Biol, 48(5): 101–112.
• Aleksic, V., & Knezevic, P. (2014). Antimicrobial and antioxidative activity of extracts and essential oils of Myrtus communis L. Microbiol Res, 169(4), 240-254. DOI:10.1016/j.micres.2013.10.003
• Alkaltham, M. S., Salamatullah, A. M., Özcan, M. M., Uslu, N., Hayat, K., & Mohamed Ahmed, I. A. (2021). Influence of different drying methods on antioxidant activity, total phenol, and phenolic compounds of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) fruits. J Food Process Preserv., 45(4), e15308. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.15308
• Alyousef, A. A. (2021). Antifungal Activity and Mechanism of Action of Different Parts of Myrtus communis Growing in Saudi Arabia against Candida Spp. J Nanomater, vol. 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3484125
• Alyousef, A. A., Husain, F. M., Arshad, M., Ahamad, S. R., Khan, M. S., Qais, F. A., ... & Khan, S. (2021). Myrtus communis and its bioactive phytoconstituent, linalool, interferes with Quorum sensing regulated virulence functions and biofilm of uropathogenic bacteria: In vitro and in silico insights. J King Saud Univ Sci, 33(7), 101588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101588
• Amensour M., Sendra E., Abrini J., Pérez-Alvarez J. A., & Fernández-López J. (2010). Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Compounds of Myrtle Extracts Actividad antioxidante y contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales en extractos de myrtus. CyTA J-Food, 8:2, 95-101. DOI: 10.1080/19476330903161335
• Amensour, M., Sendra, E., Pérez-Alvarez, J. Á., Abrini, J., & Fernández-López, J. (2015). Effect of myrtle (Myrtus communis) extracts on storage stability of chicken frankfurters. Int J Biotechnol Wellness Ind, 4(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.6000/1927-3037.2015.04.01.1
• Anwar, S., Crouch, R. A., Awadh Ali, N. A., Al-Fatimi, M. A., Setzer, W. N., & Wessjohann, L. (2017). Hierarchical cluster analysis and chemical characterisation of Myrtus communis L. essential oil from Yemen region and its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-colorectal adenocarcinoma properties. Nat Prod Res, 31(18), 2158–2163. DOI:10.1080/14786419.2016.1277346
• Asik, S., Atbakan Kalkan, T., & Topuz, A. (2021). Optimization of spray drying condition and wall material composition for myrtle extract powder using response surface methodology. Dry Technol, 1-14. DOI:10.1080/07373937.2021.1914077
• Atik, H., Bülbül, T., Özdemir, V., Avci, G., & Bülbül, A. (2020). Effect of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oil on oxidant–antioxidant balance in rats with propylthiouracil‐induced hypothyroidism. J Food Biochem, 44(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13498
• Aykaç, A., Ozbeyli, D., Uncu, M., Ertaş, B., Kılınc, O., Şen, A., ... & Sener, G. (2019). Evaluation of the protective effect of Myrtus communis in scopolamine-induced Alzheimer model through cholinergic receptors. Gene, 689, 194-201. DOI:10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.007
• Babou, L., Hadidi, L., Grosso, C., Zaidi, F., Valentão, P., & Andrade, P. B. (2016). Study of phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of myrtle leaves and fruits as a function of maturation. Eur Food Res Technol, 242(9), 1447-1457. DOI:10.1007/s00217-016-2645-9
• Bahadırlı, N. P., Kahramanoğlu, İ., & Wan, C. (2020). Exposure to Volatile Essential Oils of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Leaves for Improving the Postharvest Storability of Fresh Loquat Fruits. J Food Qual, 8, 1-10. DOI:10.1155/2020/8857669
• Bakar, B., Çakmak, M., Özer, D., Karataş, F., & Saydam, S. (2021). Some Biochemical Parameters of Black and White Myrtle communis L. Fruits Subjected to Different Preservation Methods. YYÜ TAR BİL DERG, 31(3), 587-596.DOI: 10.29133/yyutbd.886684
• Bakhy, K., Belhachmi, T., Benabdelouahab, T., Tomi, F., Casanova, J., & Paoli, M. (2021). Chemical Variability of Moroccan Myrtle Oil. Chem Biodivers, 18, e2100209. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100209
• Barac, A., Donadu, M., Usai, D., Spiric, V. T., Mazzarello, V., Zanetti, S., ... & Rubino, S. (2017). Antifungal activity of Myrtus communis against Malassezia sp. isolated from the skin of patients with pityriasis versicolor. Infection, 46(2), 253-257. DOI: 10.1007/s15010-017-1102-4
• Bekhechi, C., Watheq Malti, C. E., Boussaïd, M., Achouri, I., Belilet, K., Gibernau, M., ... & Tomi, F. (2019). Composition and chemical variability of Myrtus communis leaf oil from northwestern Algeria. Nat Prod Commun, 14(5), 1934578X19850030. DOI: 10.1177/1934578X19850030
• Belmimoun, A., Meddah, B., Meddah, A. T. T., Gabaldon, J., & Sonnet, P. (2020). Antifungal activity of Myrtus communis and Zygophyllum album extracts against human pathogenic fungi. Eur J Biol Res, 10(2), 45-56. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3751202
• Ben Hsouna, A., Hamdi, N., Miladi, R., & Abdelkafi, S. (2014). Myrtus communis essential oil: chemical composition and antimicrobial activities against food spoilage pathogens. Chem Biodivers, 11(4), 571-580. DOI:10.1002/cbdv.201300153
• Boroujeni, L. S., & Hojjatoleslamy, M. (2018). Using Thymus carmanicus and Myrtus communis essential oils to enhance the physicochemical properties of potato chips. Food Sci. Nutr, 6(4), 1006-1014. DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.597
• Bouaziz, A., Khennouf, S., Zarga, M. A., Abdalla, S., Baghiani, A., & Charef, N. (2015). Phytochemical analysis, hypotensive effect and antioxidant properties of Myrtus communis L. growing in Algeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed, 5(1), 19–28. DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30165-9
• Chraibi, M., Fikri-Benbrahim, K., Edryouch, A., Fadil, M., & Farah, A. (2019). Caractérisation chimique et activités antibactériennes des huiles essentielles de Pelargonium graveolens et Myrtus communis et leur effet antibactérien synergique. Phytothérapie. 19(3). DOI: 10.3166/phyto-2019-0208
• Contini, A., Di Bello, D., Azzarà, A., Giovanelli, S., D'Urso, G., Piaggi, S., ... & Testi, S. (2020). Assessing the cytotoxic/genotoxic activity and estrogenic/antiestrogenic potential of essential oils from seven aromatic plants. Food Chem Toxicol, 138, 111205. DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111205
• Çakmak, M., Bakar, B., Özer, D., Geckil, H., Karatas, F., & Saydam, S. (2021). Investigation of some biochemical parameters of wild and cultured Myrtus communis L. fruits subjected to different conservation methods. J. Food Meas. Charact, 15(1), 983-993. DOI:10.1007/s11694-020-00692-x
• Dejam, M., & Farahmand, Y. (2017). Essential oil content and composition of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) leaves from South of Iran. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants, 20(3), 869-872. DOI:10.1080/0972060X.2014.981599
• Dhifi, W., Jazi, S., El Beyrouthy, M., Sadaka, C., & Mnif, W. (2020). Assessing the potential and safety of Myrtus communis flower essential oils as efficient natural preservatives against Listeria monocytogenes growth in minced beef under refrigeration. Food Sci. Nutr, 8(4), 2076-2087. DOI:10.1002/fsn3.1497
• Dhouibi, I., Masmoudi, F., Bouaziz, M., & Masmoudi, M. (2021). A study of the anti-corrosive effects of essential oils of rosemary and myrtle for copper corrosion in chloride media. Arab. J. Chem., 14(2), 102961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.102961
• Dib, K., Cherrah, Y., Rida, S., Filali-Maltouf, A., & Ennibi, O. (2021). In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Myrtus communis L. and Marrubium vulgare L. Leaves against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Eikenella corrodens. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, vol 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8351332
• Djenane, D., Yangüela, J., Amrouche, T., Boubrit, S., Boussad, N., & Roncalés, P. (2011). Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis against Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in minced beef. Food Sci Technol Int, 17(6), 505-515. DOI:10.1177/1082013211398803
• Douhri, H., Raissouni, I., Amajoud, N., Belmehdi, O., Benchakhtir, M., Tazi, S., ... & Douhri, B. (2017). Antibacterial effect of ethanolic extracts of Moroccan plant against Escherichia coli. J. Mater. Environ. Sci, 8(12), 4408-4414. DOI: 10.26872/jmes.2017.8.12.465
• Dönmez, İ. E., & Salman, H. (2017). Yaban mersini (Myrtus communis L.) yaprak ve meyvelerinin uçucu bileşenleri. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 18(4), 328-332. DOI:10.18182/tjf.348075
• Ebrahimi, F., Mahmoudi, J., Torbati, M., Karimi, P., & Valizadeh, H. (2020). Hemostatic activity of aqueous extract of Myrtus communis L. leaf in topical formulation: in vivo and in vitro evaluations. J Ethnopharmacol, 249, 112398. DOI:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112398
• El Hartiti, H., El Mostaphi, A., Barrahi, M., Ben Ali, A., Chahboun, N., Amiyare, R., ... & Ouhssine, M. (2020). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Myrtus communis leaves. Karbala Int. J. Mod Sci, 6(3), 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33640/2405-609X.1546
• Fadda, A., Sarais, G., Lai, C., Sale, L., & Mulas, M. (2021). Control of postharvest diseases caused by Penicillium spp. with myrtle leaf phenolic extracts: in vitro and in vivo study on mandarin fruit during storage. J. Sci. Food Agric, 101(10), 4229–4240. DOI:10.1002/jsfa.11062
• Falleh, H., Jemaa, M. B., Neves, M. A., Isoda, H., Nakajima, M., & Ksouri, R. (2021). Peppermint and Myrtle nanoemulsions: Formulation, stability, and antimicrobial activity. LWT-Food Sci Technol, 152, 112377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112377
• Giampieri, F., Cianciosi, D., & Forbes‐Hernández, T. Y. (2020). Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) berries, seeds, leaves, and essential oils: New undiscovered sources of natural compounds with promising health benefits. Food Front, 1(3), 276-295. DOI:10.1002/fft2.37
• Gorjian, H., Amiri, Z. R., Milani, J. M., & Khaligh, N. G. (2021). Preparation and characterization of the encapsulated myrtle extract nanoliposome and nanoniosome without using cholesterol and toxic organic solvents: A comparative study. Food Chem, 342, 128342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128342
• Gündüz, G. T., Gönül, Ş. A., & Karapinar, M. (2009). Efficacy of myrtle oil against Salmonella Typhimurium on fresh produce. Int J Food Microbiol, 130(2), 147-150. DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.010
• Hantoosh, M. N. K., Salim, H. A., Mahdi, E. A., & Hassan, K. A. (2021) Antifungal Activity of and Saccharomyces cerevisiae S. boulardii Populus euphratica and Alcoholic Extracts of and Myrtus communis against Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. Indian J. Ecol,48 Special Issue (13), 222-226.
• Hashemipour, M. A., Lotfi, S., Torabi, M., Sharifi, F., Ansari, M., Ghassemi, A., & Sheikhshoaie, S. (2017). Evaluation of the effects of three plant species (Myrtus Communis L., Camellia Sinensis L., Zataria Multiflora Boiss.) on the healing process of intraoral ulcers in rats. J Dent, 18(2), 127.
• Hassan, H. A., El-Kholy, W. M., El-Sawi, M. R., Galal, N. A., & Ramadan, M. F. (2020). Myrtle (Myrtus communis) leaf extract suppresses hepatotoxicity induced by monosodium glutamate and acrylamide through obstructing apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 27(18), 23188-23198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08780-7
• Hennia, A., Nemmiche, S., Dandlen, S., & Miguel, M. G. (2019). Myrtus communis essential oils: insecticidal, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities: a review. J. Essent. Oil Res., 31(6), 487-545. DOI:10.1080/10412905.2019.1611672
• Jabri, M. A., Marzouki, L., & Sebai, H. (2018). Ethnobotanical, phytochemical and therapeutic effects of Myrtus communis L. berries seeds on gastrointestinal tract diseases: a review. Arch Physiol Biochem, 124(5), 390-396. DOI:10.1080/13813455.2017.1423504
• Kaya, D. A., Ghica, M. V., Dănilă, E., Öztürk, Ş., Türkmen, M., Albu Kaya, M. G., & Dinu-Pîrvu, C. E. (2020). Selection of optimal operating conditions for extraction of Myrtus Communis L. essential oil by the steam distillation method. Molecules, 25(10), 2399. DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102399
• Keven-Karademir, F., & Avunduk, S. (2015). Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Myrtus communis L. growing wild in Marmaris. GIDA/The Journal of FOOD, 40(4),193-199. DOI:10.15237/gida.GD15035
• Khodaie, S. A., Khalilzadeh, S. H., Emadi, F., Kamalinejad, M., Hajati, R. J., & Naseri, M. (2021). Management of a diabetic foot ulcer with a Myrtle (M. communis) gel based on Persian medicine: A case report. Adv Integr Med, 8(3), 236-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2020.08.008
• Kordalı, S., Usanmaz, A., Cakir, A., Komaki, A., & Ercisli, S. (2016). Antifungal and herbicidal effects of fruit essential oils of four Myrtus communis genotypes. Chem Biodivers, 13(1), 77-84. DOI:10.1002/cbdv.201500018
• Liang, C., Staerk, D., & Kongstad, K. T. (2020). Potential of Myrtus communis Linn. as a bifunctional food: Dual high-resolution PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibition profiling combined with HPLC-HRMS and NMR for identification of antidiabetic triterpenoids and phloroglucinol derivatives. J Funct Foods, 64, 103623. DOI:10.1016/j.jff.2019.103623
• Mahboubi, M. (2017). Effectiveness of Myrtus communis in the treatment of hemorrhoids. J Integr Med, 15(5), 351-358. DOI:10.1016/S2095-4964(17)60340-6
• Malekuti, J., Mirghafourvand, M., Samadi, K., Abbasalizadeh, F., & Khodaei, L. (2019). Comparison of the effect of Myrtus communis herbal and anti-hemorrhoid ointments on the hemorrhoid symptoms and quality of life in postpartum women with grade i and II internal hemorrhoid: A triple-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. J Integr Complement Med, 16(4). DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2018-0147
• Medda, S., & Mulas, M. (2021). Fruit Quality Characters of Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Selections: Review of a Domestication Process. Sustainabil, 13(16), 8785. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13168785
• Medda, S., Sanchez-Ballesta, M. T., Romero, I., Dessena, L., & Mulas, M. (2021). Expression of Structural Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes in Dark-Blue and White Myrtle Berries (Myrtus communis L.). Plants, 10(2), 316. DOI:10.3390/plants10020316
• Messaoud, C., & Boussaid, M. (2011). Myrtus communis berry color morphs: A comparative analysis of essential oils, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities. Chem Biodivers, 8(2), 300-310. DOI:10.1002/cbdv.201000088
• Mir, M. A., Bashir, N., Alfaify, A., & Oteef, M. D. (2020). GC-MS analysis of Myrtus communis extract and its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. BMC BMC Complement Med Ther, 20(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2863-3
• Mohamadi, Y., Lograda, T., Ramdani, M., Figueredo, G., & Chalard, P. (2021). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Myrtus communis essential oils from Algeria. Biodiversitas, 22(2), 933-946. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d220249
• Myszka, K., Sobieszczańska, N., Olejnik, A., Majcher, M., Szwengiel, A., Wolko, Ł., & Juzwa, W. (2020). Studies on the anti-proliferative and anti-quorum sensing potentials of Myrtus communis L. essential oil for the improved microbial stability of salmon-based products. LWT-Food Sci Technol, 127, 109380. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109380
• Özcan, M. M., Al Juhaimi, F., Ahmed, I. A. M., Babiker, E. E., & Ghafoor, K. (2020). Antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, phenolic compounds andmineral contents of stem, leave and fruits of two morphs of wildmyrtle plants. J. Food Meas. Charact, 14, 1376–1382. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-020-00387-3
• Pereira, P., Cebola, M. J., Oliveira, M. C., & Bernardo-Gil, M. G. (2016). Supercritical fluid extraction vs conventional extraction of myrtle leaves and berries: Comparison of antioxidant activity and identification of bioactive compounds. J Supercrit Fluids, 113, 1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.supflu.2015.09.006
• Raeiszadeh, M., Esmaeili-Tarzi, M., Bahrampour-Juybari, K., Nematollahi-mahani, S. N., Pardakhty, A., Nematollahi, M. H., & Mehrabani, M. (2018). Evaluation the effect of Myrtus communis L. extract on several underlying mechanisms involved in wound healing: An in vitro study. S Afr J Bot, 118, 144-150. DOI:10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.006
• Sağır, I., & Turhan, S. (2013). The effect of ethanol extracts from nettle, rosemary and myrtle leaves on lipid oxidation and microbial growth of kavurma during refrigerated storage. Food Sci Technol Res, 19(2), 173-180. DOI:10.3136/fstr.19.173
• Sharara, D. T., Al-Marzoqi, A. H., & Hussein, H. J. (2021). In Vitro Antibacterial efficacy of the Secondary Metabolites Extracted from Myrtus communis L. against some pathogenic bacteria isolated from Hemodialysis Fluid. Ann Rom Soc Cell Biol, 25(6), 9267-9274.
• Siracusa, L., Napoli, E., Tuttolomondo, T., Licata, M., La Bella, S., Gennaro, M. C., ... & Ruberto, G. (2019). A Two‐Year Bio‐Agronomic and Chemotaxonomic Evaluation of Wild Sicilian Myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) Berries and Leaves. Chem Biodivers, 16(3), e1800575.
• Sisay, M., & Gashaw, T. (2017). Ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological, and phytochemical studies of Myrtus communis Linn: A popular herb in Unani system of medicine. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med, 22(4), 1035-1043. DOI:10.1177/2156587217718958
• Smeti, S., Tibaoui, S., Bertolín, J. R., Yagoubi, Y., Mekki, I., Joy, M., & Atti, N. (2020). Effects of myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oils as dietary antioxidant supplementation on carcass and meat quality of goat meat. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 105(3), 452-461. DOI:10.1111/jpn.13483
• Snoussi, A., Hayet, B. H. K., Essaidi, I., Zgoulli, S., Moncef, C. M., Thonart, P., & Bouzouita, N. (2012). Improvement of the composition of Tunisian myrtle berries (Myrtus communis L.) alcohol extracts. J Agric Food Chem, 60(2), 608-614. DOI:10.1021/jf202883s
• Söke, P., Elmacı, Y. (2015). Siyah ve Beyaz Mersin (Myrtus communis L.) Meyvelerinin Şekerlemeye İşlenmesi. Academic Food Journal/Akademik GIDA, 13(1), 35-41.
• Şen, A., Kurkçuoglu, M., Yıldırım, A., Dogan, A., Bitis, L., & Baser, K. H. C. (2020). Chemical and biological profiles of essential oil from different parts of Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis from Turkey. Agric Conspec Sci, 85(1), 71-78.
• Tafreshi, S. A. H., Aghaie, P., Momayez, H. R., & Hejaziyan, S. A. (2021). Response of in vitro-regenerated Myrtus communis L. shoots to PEG-induced water stress. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol, 34, 102033. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102033
• Toauibia, M. (2015). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Myrtus communis L berries growing wild in Algeria. J. Fundam Appl Sci, 7(2), 150-162. DOI:10.4314/jfas.v7i2.1
• Ulukanlı, Z., & Oz, A. T. (2015). The effect of oleum myrtle on the fruit quality of strawberries during MAP storage. J Food Sci Technol, 52(5), 2860-2868. DOI:10.1007/s13197-014-1325-7
• Usai, M., Marchetti, M., Culeddu, N., & Mulas, M. (2020). Chemotaxonomic Evaluation by Volatolomics Analysis of Fifty-Two Genotypes of Myrtus communis L. Plants, 9(10), 1288. DOI: 10.3390/plants9101288
• Uzun, H. İ., Aksoy, U., Gözlekçi, Ş., Yeğin, A. B., & Selçuk, N. (2016). Siyah mersin (Myrtus communis L.)’in değişik ekolojilerde verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine araştırmalar. Derim, 33(2), 159-174. DOI:10.16882/derim.2016.267376
• Velasco González de Peredo, A., Vázquez Espinosa, M., Espada Bellido, E., Ferreiro González, M., Amores Arrocha, A., Palma Lovillo, M., ... & Jiménez-Cantizano, A. (2019). Discrimination of Myrtle Ecotypes from Di erent Geographic Areas According to Their Morphological Characteristics and Anthocyanins Composition. Plants, 8, 328. DOI: 10.3390/plants8090328
• Yaman, B. K., Çevik, Ö., Yalman, K., Ertaş, B., Şen, A., & Şener, G. (2020). Myrtus communis subsp. communis improved cognitive functions in ovariectomized diabetic rats. Gene, 744, 144616. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144616
• Yangui, I., Younsi, F., Ghali, W., Boussaid, M., & Messaoud, C. (2021). Phytochemicals, antioxidant and anti- proliferative activities of Myrtus communis L. genotypes from Tunisia. S Afr J Bot, 137, 35-45. DOI:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.09.040
• Zadeh, F. M. H., Khaleghi, M., Bordbar, S., & Jafari, A. (2021). Myrtus communis extract: a bio-controller for microbial corrosion induced by sulphate reducing bacteria. Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol, 56 (3), 269-278. DOI:10.1080/1478422x.2020.1850401
• Zomorodian, K., Moein, M., Lori, Z. G., Ghasemi, Y., Rahimi, M. J., Bandegani, A., ... & Abbasi, N. (2013). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil from Myrtus communis leaves. J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants, 16(1), 76-84. DOI:10.1080/0972060X.2013.764183