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Uluslararası ticarette ekonomik özgürlüğün rolü: Bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 230 - 242, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.2.003

Abstract

Uluslararası ticaret, ülkelerin ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınmalarında önemli bir araçtır. Bundan dolayı, uluslararası ticareti etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi de ayrıca önem taşımaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmada, ülkeler için önemli bir refah göstergesi olarak değerlendirilen ekonomik özgürlüğün, uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki rolü incelenmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, ekonomik özgürlük değişkeninin, uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki etkisini ölçmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda araştırma modeli kurgulanmış ve analiz etmek üzere Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) tekniği kullanılmıştır. Analiz, ekonomik özgürlük endeksi hesaplamasında yer alan ve verisi olan 123 dünya ülkesi üzerinde yapılmıştır. Zaman aralığı tek bir yıldan oluşmakta ve 2021 yılı verilerini kapsamaktadır. YEM analizi sonuçlarına göre; model uyum testi sonuçları eşik değerler arasındadır. Kuramsal model, veri seti tarafından doğrulanmıştır. Modeldeki ilişkilerin analizi açısından, ekonomik özgürlüğün, uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki etkisi pozitif (α=0.58) ve anlamlı (p<0.05) çıkmıştır. Bulgular, ekonomik özgürlüğün, uluslararası ticareti olumlu etkilediği yönündedir. Bu sonuca göre, ülkelerin, uluslararası ekonomik faaliyetleri artırıcı kararları almak suretiyle, ekonomik özgürlük alanını genişletmeleri, uluslararası ticaret kazançlarını da artıracaktır.

References

  • Acar, M. (2010). Serbest ticaret, ekonomik özgürlükler ve refah. Bilig, 53, 1-28.
  • Akıncı, M. (2014). Ekonomik özgürlükler ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Bursa: Dora Yayınevi.
  • Bolat B. A. (2014). Path to development via gender equality: A structural equation modeling of female human capital factors. İ. Ü. İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi,77, 99-120.
  • Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş, AMOS uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Yayınevi.
  • Berggren, N. (2003). The benefits of economic freedom. The Independent Review, 8(2), 193-211.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: A Wiley-Interscience Publication Wiley.
  • Coromina, L. (2014). Introduction to structural equation modeling with AMOS. Erişim, 9 Şubat 2023, https://fdocuments.in/document/introduction-to-structural-equation-modeling-with-amos-equation-modeling-with.html
  • Depken, C. A. ve Sonora, R. J. (2005). Asymmetric effects of economic freedom on international trade flows. International Journal of Business and Economics, 4(2), 141-155.
  • Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H. ve Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review. Ecological Processes, 5(19), 1-12.
  • Fraser Institute (2022). Economic freedom of the world 2022 annual report. Erişim, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2022.pdf
  • Güneş, H. (2020). Ekonomik özgürlüklerin dış ticarete etkisi: 34 OECD ülkesi için bir panel veri analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22 (4), 919-933.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2019). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Gwartney, J. ve Lawson, R. (2003). The concept and measurement of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 405–430.
  • Haan, J. de. ve Sturm, J-E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16, 215–241.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Kamacı, A. (2019). Ekonomik özgürlüklerin dış ticaret ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara etkisi. BMIJ, 7(2), 1097-1116.
  • Kaplan, D. (2009). Structural equation modeling foundations and extension. ABD: SAGE Publications.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kimura, F. ve Lee, H-H. (2008). How does economic freedom affect international trade in services? Journal of Korea Trade, 12(3), 1-28.
  • Kimura, F. ve Lee, H-H. (2006). The gravity equation in services trade. Review of World Economics, 142(1), 92-121.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press. Kukla-Gryz, A. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling to examine the relationships between growth, trade and the environment in developing countries. Sustainable Development, 14, 327-342.
  • Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Naanwaab, C. ve Diarrassouba, M. (2013). The impact of economic freedom on bilateral trade: A cross-country analysis. IJBMER, 4(1), 668-672.
  • Nachtigall, C., Kroehne, U., Fukne, F. ve Steyer, R. (2003). Why should we use SEM? Pros and cons of structural equation modeling. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 24(22), 1-22.
  • Okşak, Y. ve Dağılgan, G. (2020). Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde dış ticaret, büyüme ve ekonomik özgürlük ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir analiz. BNEJSS, 06(03),79-89.
  • Özdemir, A. (2018). Dış ticarette ülke rekabet gücüne ekonomik özgürlüklerin etkisi: OECD ülkelerinde uygulama. International Journal of Economics Politics Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 86-119.
  • Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A first course in structural equation modeling. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2010). Structural equation modeling. London: Routledge Taylor&Francis Group.
  • Seyoum, R. ve Ramirez, J. (2019). Economic freedom and trade flows: A moderated mediation model of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and government stability. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(4), 985-1006.
  • Shevlin, M., Miles, J. N. V. ve Lewis, C. A. (2000). Reassessing the fit of the confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional students life satisfaction scale: comments on`confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale. PERGAMON, Personality and Individual Differences, 28,181-185.
  • Simon, D., Kriston, L., Loh, A., Spies, C., Scheibler, F., Wills, C. ve Härter, M. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the autonomy-preference-index (API). An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 13(3), 221-330.
  • Sonora, R. J. (2008). On the impact of economic freedom on international trade flows: Asymmetries and freedom components. EFZG Working Paper Series, 1-31.
  • Suleymanov, E., Alirzayev, E. ve Talibli, M. (2019). Role of economic freedom in attracting investments in the context of Azerbaijan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9(1), 87-95.
  • Steenkamp, J-B ve Baumgartner, H. (2000). On The Use of Structural Equation Models for Marketing Modeling. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17, 195–202.
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2011). 2011 Index of economic freedom. Erişim, https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2011/index2011_full.pdf
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2012). 2012 Index of economic freedom. Erişim, https://www.heritage.org/index/download#
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2022). 2022 Index of economic freedom. Erişim,https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2022/book/2022_IndexOfEconomicFreedom_FINAL.pdf
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2022, 7 Ekim). 2022 Data of index of economic freedom. Erişim adresi: https://www.heritage.org/index/
  • Üre, S., Yapıcı, Ç., Tümer, K. H. ve Karaköy, Ç. (2021). Geçiş ekonomilerinde siyasal ve ekonomik özgürlüklerin ithalat ve ihracata etkisi. IV. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimlerde Kritik Tartışmalar Kongresi, 22-24 Ekim 2021, 50-61. Aydın, Kuşadası.
  • World Bank. (2022, 7 Ekim). Open data. Erişim adresi: www.worldbank.org
  • Zaman, K., Saleem, M. Q., Ahmad, M. ve Khan, A. (2003). Economic freedom indicators and higher education reforms: Evaluation and planning internationalization process. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(3), 152-160.

The role of economic freedom in international trade: A structural equation modeling

Year 2024, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 230 - 242, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.2.003

Abstract

International trade is an important instrument in the economic growth and development of countries. Therefore, it is also important to examine the factors which affect international trade. In this study, the role of economic freedom which is considered as an important indicator of welfare for countries, on international trade is examined. The aim of the study is to measure the effect of economic freedom variable on international trade. For this purpose, the research model was constructed and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze it. The analysis was carried out on 123 world countries that are included in the calculation of the economic freedom index and have data. The time period consists of a single year and covers the data for 2021. According to the results of SEM analysis; model fit test results are between the threshold values. The theoretical model has been validated by the dataset. In terms of the analysis of the relations in the model, the effect of economic freedom on international trade was positive (α=0.58) and significant (p<0.05). The findings are that economic freedom positively affects international trade. According to this result, countries' expanding the area of economic freedom by taking decisions to increase international economic activities will also increase their international trade earnings.

References

  • Acar, M. (2010). Serbest ticaret, ekonomik özgürlükler ve refah. Bilig, 53, 1-28.
  • Akıncı, M. (2014). Ekonomik özgürlükler ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Bursa: Dora Yayınevi.
  • Bolat B. A. (2014). Path to development via gender equality: A structural equation modeling of female human capital factors. İ. Ü. İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi,77, 99-120.
  • Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesine giriş, AMOS uygulamaları. Bursa: Ezgi Yayınevi.
  • Berggren, N. (2003). The benefits of economic freedom. The Independent Review, 8(2), 193-211.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: A Wiley-Interscience Publication Wiley.
  • Coromina, L. (2014). Introduction to structural equation modeling with AMOS. Erişim, 9 Şubat 2023, https://fdocuments.in/document/introduction-to-structural-equation-modeling-with-amos-equation-modeling-with.html
  • Depken, C. A. ve Sonora, R. J. (2005). Asymmetric effects of economic freedom on international trade flows. International Journal of Business and Economics, 4(2), 141-155.
  • Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H. ve Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modeling (SEM) in ecological studies: An updated review. Ecological Processes, 5(19), 1-12.
  • Fraser Institute (2022). Economic freedom of the world 2022 annual report. Erişim, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2022.pdf
  • Güneş, H. (2020). Ekonomik özgürlüklerin dış ticarete etkisi: 34 OECD ülkesi için bir panel veri analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22 (4), 919-933.
  • Gürbüz, S. (2019). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Gwartney, J. ve Lawson, R. (2003). The concept and measurement of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 19, 405–430.
  • Haan, J. de. ve Sturm, J-E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16, 215–241.
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J. ve Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.
  • Hu, L. ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
  • Kamacı, A. (2019). Ekonomik özgürlüklerin dış ticaret ve doğrudan yabancı yatırımlara etkisi. BMIJ, 7(2), 1097-1116.
  • Kaplan, D. (2009). Structural equation modeling foundations and extension. ABD: SAGE Publications.
  • Karagöz, Y. (2017). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı nitel-nicel karma bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve yayın etiği. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Kimura, F. ve Lee, H-H. (2008). How does economic freedom affect international trade in services? Journal of Korea Trade, 12(3), 1-28.
  • Kimura, F. ve Lee, H-H. (2006). The gravity equation in services trade. Review of World Economics, 142(1), 92-121.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press. Kukla-Gryz, A. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling to examine the relationships between growth, trade and the environment in developing countries. Sustainable Development, 14, 327-342.
  • Meydan, C. H. ve Şeşen, H. (2015). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Naanwaab, C. ve Diarrassouba, M. (2013). The impact of economic freedom on bilateral trade: A cross-country analysis. IJBMER, 4(1), 668-672.
  • Nachtigall, C., Kroehne, U., Fukne, F. ve Steyer, R. (2003). Why should we use SEM? Pros and cons of structural equation modeling. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 24(22), 1-22.
  • Okşak, Y. ve Dağılgan, G. (2020). Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde dış ticaret, büyüme ve ekonomik özgürlük ilişkisi üzerine ampirik bir analiz. BNEJSS, 06(03),79-89.
  • Özdemir, A. (2018). Dış ticarette ülke rekabet gücüne ekonomik özgürlüklerin etkisi: OECD ülkelerinde uygulama. International Journal of Economics Politics Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 86-119.
  • Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2000). A first course in structural equation modeling. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. ve Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Schumacker, R. E. ve Lomax, R. G. (2010). Structural equation modeling. London: Routledge Taylor&Francis Group.
  • Seyoum, R. ve Ramirez, J. (2019). Economic freedom and trade flows: A moderated mediation model of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and government stability. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(4), 985-1006.
  • Shevlin, M., Miles, J. N. V. ve Lewis, C. A. (2000). Reassessing the fit of the confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional students life satisfaction scale: comments on`confirmatory factor analysis of the multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale. PERGAMON, Personality and Individual Differences, 28,181-185.
  • Simon, D., Kriston, L., Loh, A., Spies, C., Scheibler, F., Wills, C. ve Härter, M. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis and recommendations for improvement of the autonomy-preference-index (API). An International Journal of Public Participation in Health Care and Health Policy, 13(3), 221-330.
  • Sonora, R. J. (2008). On the impact of economic freedom on international trade flows: Asymmetries and freedom components. EFZG Working Paper Series, 1-31.
  • Suleymanov, E., Alirzayev, E. ve Talibli, M. (2019). Role of economic freedom in attracting investments in the context of Azerbaijan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9(1), 87-95.
  • Steenkamp, J-B ve Baumgartner, H. (2000). On The Use of Structural Equation Models for Marketing Modeling. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 17, 195–202.
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2011). 2011 Index of economic freedom. Erişim, https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2011/index2011_full.pdf
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2012). 2012 Index of economic freedom. Erişim, https://www.heritage.org/index/download#
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2022). 2022 Index of economic freedom. Erişim,https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2022/book/2022_IndexOfEconomicFreedom_FINAL.pdf
  • The Heritage Foundation [THF]. (2022, 7 Ekim). 2022 Data of index of economic freedom. Erişim adresi: https://www.heritage.org/index/
  • Üre, S., Yapıcı, Ç., Tümer, K. H. ve Karaköy, Ç. (2021). Geçiş ekonomilerinde siyasal ve ekonomik özgürlüklerin ithalat ve ihracata etkisi. IV. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimlerde Kritik Tartışmalar Kongresi, 22-24 Ekim 2021, 50-61. Aydın, Kuşadası.
  • World Bank. (2022, 7 Ekim). Open data. Erişim adresi: www.worldbank.org
  • Zaman, K., Saleem, M. Q., Ahmad, M. ve Khan, A. (2003). Economic freedom indicators and higher education reforms: Evaluation and planning internationalization process. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 7(3), 152-160.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevgi Elverdi 0000-0001-6236-377X

Early Pub Date June 28, 2024
Publication Date June 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Elverdi, S. (2024). Uluslararası ticarette ekonomik özgürlüğün rolü: Bir yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Gazi İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 10(2), 230-242. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2024.10.2.003
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Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.