Effects of Aggregate Size and Compaction Level on CO2-C Fluxes and Microbial Populations

Year 2013, , 55 - 61, 01.06.2013

Sefa Altıkat

https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag300

Abstract

The aim of this study is to identify in the effects of aggregate size and intra-row compaction levels on soil carbon IV oxide-carbon (CO2-C) fluxes, bacterial and fungal populations in advancement period of wheat. A horizontal axis rotary tiller was used to componer two dissimilar mean weight diameters (MWD) by changing tractor forward speeds. Tractor forward speeds were 1.8 and 4.5 km h-1, however; intra-row compaction levels were: no compaction, 30 kPa and 60 kPa compaction. Statistically significant differences in fluxes of CO2-C, microbial inhabitants and penetration resistance (PR) were discovered at the both MWD and intra-row compaction levels. Maximum CO2-C fluxes and bacteria and fungi inhabitants were perceived at the plot which 12.75 mm MWD and no compaction, and the minimum rates were assigned at the plot which 17.87 mm MWD and 60 kPa intra-row compaction all of the evaluation periods. Rising intra-row compaction levels decreased soil CO2-C fluxes and microbial population, but increased penetration resistance.

Keywords

Rotary tiller, Tractor forward speed, Mean weight diameter (MWD), Growing season, Wheat, Intrarow compaction

Agregat Büyüklüğü ve Sıkıştırma Düzeylerinin CO2 Yayılımı ve Mikrobiyal Popülasyona Etkileri

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, agregat büyüklüğü ve sıra üzeri sıkıştırma düzeylerinin buğday bitkisinin gelişim periyodu boyunca CO2 yayılımı, bakteri ve mantar popülasyonlarına olan etkilerini belirlemektir. Araştırmada, iki farklı ortalama ağırlık çap grubu elde edebilmek amacıyla yatay rotorlu toprak frezesi farklı traktör ilerleme hızlarında kullanılmıştır. Traktör ilerleme hızları olarak 1.8 ve 4.5 km h-1, sıra üzeri sıkıştırma düzeyleri olarak ise 0,30 ve 60 kPa sıkıştırma düzeylerinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, CO2 yayılımı, mikrobiyal popülasyon ve penetrasyon direnci üzerine hem ortalama ağırlıklı çap değerlerinin hem de sıra üzeri sıkıştırma düzeylerinin etkileri önemli bulunmuştur. Tüm ölçüm periyotlarında en yüksek CO2 yayılımı ile bakteri ve mantar popülasyonları; 12.75 mm ortalama ağırlıklı çap grubu ile sıkıştırmanın uygulanmadığı parsellerde gözlenirken, en düşük değerler; 17.87 mm ortalama ağırlıklı çap grubu ve 60 kPa sıkıştırma düzeyinin uygulandığı parsellerde elde edilmiştir. Sıra üzeri sıkıştırma düzeyindeki artış CO2 yayılımını ve mikrobiyal popülasyonu azaltmış, penetrasyon direncini ise artırmıştır.

Keywords

Toprak frezesi, Traktör ilerleme hızı, Ortalama ağırlıklı çap (MWD), Gelişim periyodu, Buğday, Sıra üzeri sıkıştırma

References

• Anonim (2010). Data of Turkish State Meteorological Service- Erzurum province (in Turkish).
• Altikat S and Celik A (2011). The effect of tillage and intra-row compaction on seedbed properties and red lentil emergence under dry land conditions. Soil and Tillage Research 114: 1-8.
• Barthes B and Roose E (2002). Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion validation at several levels. Catena 47: 133–149.
• Beare MH, Hu S, Coleman DC and Hendrix PF (1997). Influences of mycelial fungi on soil aggregation and organic matter storage in conventional and notillage soils. Applied Soil Ecology 5: 211–219.
• Beylich A, Oberholzer HR, Schrader S, Höper H and Wilke BM (2010). Evaluation of soil compaction effects on soil biota and soil biological processes in soils. Soil and Tillage Research 109:133-143.
• Bilen S, Celik A and Altikat S (2010). Effects of strip and full-width tillage on soil carbon IV Oxide-carbon (CO2-C) fluxes and on bacterial and fungal populations in sunflower. African Journal of Biotechnology 9(38): 6312-6319.
• Busscher WJ and Sojka RE (1987). Enhancement of subsoiling effect on soil strength by conservational tillage. Trans. ASAE 30(4): 888–892.
• Canbolat MY, Bilen S, Cakmakci R, Sahin F and Aydin A (2006). Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and soil compaction on barley seedling growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties and rhizosphere microflora. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 42(4): 350-357.
• De Neve S and Hofman G (2000). Influence of soil compaction on carbon and nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter and crop residues. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 30: 544–549.
• Frey SD, Elliott ET and Paustian K (1999). Bacterial and fungal abundance and biomass in conventional and no-tillage agro-ecosystems along two climatic gradients. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 31: 573– 58
• Grigal DF (2000). Effects of extensive forest management on soil productivity. For. Ecol. Manage. 138: 167–185.
• Hakansson I and Lipiec J (2000). A review of usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction. Soil Till. Res. 53 (2): 71–8
• Handershot WH, Lalande H and Duquette M (1993). Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Acidity. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Martin R. Carter (Ed.). Canadian Society of Soil Science, Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. p: 141-1
• Islam KR, Mulchi CL and Ali AA (2000) Interactions of tropospheric CO 2 or O 3 enrichments and moisture variations on microbial biomass and respiration in soil. Glob Chang Biol. 6:255–265.
• Janzen HH (1993). Soluble Salt. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Martin R. Carter (Ed.), Canadian Soil Sci. Soc. Lewis Publi. Boca Raton, FL, USA. p: 161-167.
• Jastrow JD, Amonette JE and Bailey VL (2007). Mechanisms controlling soil carbon turnover and their potential application for enhancing carbon sequestration. Climatic Change 80: 5–23.
• Jensen LS, McQueen DJ and Shepherd TG (1996). Effects of soil compaction on N-mineralization and microbial-C and –N I. Field measurements. Soil Till. Res. 38: 175–188.
• Korucu Y, Yurdagül, F.C., 2013. Using the Image Processing Method as a New Approach to Obtain the Residue Cover on the Soil Surface, Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University. 30 (2), 6-17 (in Turkish).
• Lee WJ, Wood CW, Reeves DW, Entry JA and Raper RL, 199 Interactive effects of wheel-traffic and tillage system on soil carbon and nitrogen. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plant Anal. 27, 3027–3043.
• Li Q, Allen HL, Arthur G and Wollum AG (2004). Microbial biomass and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils: effects of organic matter removal, compaction, and vegetation control. Soil and Tillage Research 36:571-579.
• Li Q, Allen HL and Wilson CA (2003). Nitrogen mineralization Dynamics following the establishment of a loblolly pine plantation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:364–374.
• Lipiec J and Stepniewski W (1995). Effects of soil compaction and tillage systems on uptake and losses of nutrients. Soil Tillage Res. 35: 37–52.
• Madigon MT and Martinko JM (2006). Biology of Microorganisms. 11th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
• Mapfumo E, Chanasyk DS, Naeth MA and Baron VS (1998). Forage growth and yield components as influenced by subsurface compaction. Agron. J. 90: 805–812.
• Motavalli PP, Anderson SH and Pengthamkeerati P (2003). Surface compaction and poultry litter effects on corn growth, nitrogen availability, and physical properties of a claypan soil. Field Crops Res. 84: 303–318.
• Nakamoto T and Tsukamoto M (2006). Abundance and activity of soil organisms in fields of maize grown with a white clover living mulch. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 115: 34-42.
• Pankhurst CE, Kirkby CA, Hawke BG and Harch BD (2002). Impact of a change in tillage and crop residue management practice on soil chemical and microbiological properties in a cereal-producing red duplex soil in NSW, Australia. Biology and Fertility of Soils 35: 189–196.
• Ruser R, Flessa H, Russow R, Schmidt G, Buegger F and Munch JC (2006). Emission of N 2 O, N 2 and CO 2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38: 263–274.
• Shafiq M, Hassan A and Ahmad S (1994). Soil physical properties as influenced by induced compaction under laboratory and field conditions. Soil Till. Res. 29: 13–22.
• Six J, Bossuyt H, Degryze S and Denef K (2004). A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter Dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research 79:7
• Soil Survey Staff (1999). Soil Taxonomy a Basic System of Soil Classification for Making and Interpreting Soil Surveys 2nd ed. US Dept. Agric. Soil Conservation Service Washington.
• Tan X and Chang SX (2007). Soil compaction and forest litter amendment affect carbon and net nitrogen mineralization in a boreal forest soil. Soil Tillage Res. 93: 77–86.
• Tiessen H and Moir JO (1993). Total and Organic Carbon. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Martin R. Carter (Ed.). Canadian Society of Soil Science. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. pp: 187- 201.
• Topp GC, Galganov YT, Ball BC and Carter MR (1993). Soil Water Desorption Curves. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. Martin R. Carter (Ed.). Canadian Society of Soil Science. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. pp: 56958
• Vepraskas MJ (1994). Plant response mechanisms to soil compaction. In: Wilkinson, R.E. (Ed.), Plant– Environment Interactions. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York.