Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis

Year 2024, , 793 - 811, 01.06.2024

Muhammet Topuz , Muharrem Keskin , Murat Karabulut , Nurgül Karlıoğlu Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1240178

Abstract

Lake sediments offer valuable information about the geographical, climatic and environmental variations. This work was carried out to examine the chemical elements of eleven sediment samples from the old bottom (0-5m; 0.5m increments) of the dried Lake Gavur in Turkiye by applying XRF along with PCA and PLSR data analyses methods. The highest and negative correlations were observed for Sr (-0.89), S+SO3 (-0.74) and Zr+ZrO2 (-0.61) with sampling depths meaning that their concentrations were lower in deeper locations (4.0-5.0 m). In contrast, Ti+TiO2 (0.60), Al+Al2O3 (0.53) and Cu+CuO (0.51) had high and positive correlations and their quantities increased as the depth increased. The age of the two samples (at 2.5 m and 5.0 m) was determined as 4752±33 BP years (2.5 m) and 5470±35 BP (5.0 m). Ca+CaO content was found as lower and Ti+TiO was higher in the deeper sediment (5.0 m) indicating rainy periods. PCA clustered the samples into two groups as deeper samples (4.0-5.0 m) and other samples (0.0 3.5m) while PLSR grouped them into three clusters as deeper (4.0-5.0 m), medium-depth (1.5 3.5 m) and shallower (0.0-1.0m) samples. PLSR model had a good performance to estimate the sampling depth from the chemical elements (R2cal=0.95; R2val=0.67) which means that the variations of the chemicals were highly dependent on the sampling depth. A general comment that can be obtained for the lake from the geochemical proxies is that: After a rainy period between 5.0m and 4.0m, there was a gradual drought up to 2.5m and a maximum dry period at 2.5m. It was a wet period between 2.5m and 1.0m and the second period with maximum precipitation was not as effective as seen in the first one.

Keywords

Lake Gavur Geochemical indicator XRF PCA PLSR

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Unit of the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University

Project Number

(Project No: 2017/2-46D).

Thanks

This research was financially supported by the Scientific Research Projects Unit of the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University (Project No: 2017/2-46D).

References

  • [1] Cohen, A.S., “Paleolimnology: the history and evolution of lake systems”, Oxford University Press, New York, 528p, (2003).
  • [2] Bilt, W.G.M., Bakke, J. K., Vasskog, W.J. D'Andrea, Bradley, R.S., Sadis, O., “Reconstruction of glacier variability from lake sediments reveals dynamic Holocene climate in Svalbard”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 126: 201-218, (2015).
  • [3] Kukrer, S., “Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Surface Sediment of Lake Tortum Based on Ecological Indices”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture –Food Science and Technology, 4(12): 1185-1191, (2016). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [4] Alexandrin, M.Y., Darin, A.V., Kalugin, I.A., Dolgova, E.A., Grachev, A.M., Solomina, O., “Annual Sedimentary Record from Lake Donguz-Orun (Central Caucasus) Constrained by High Resolution SR-XRF Analysis and Its Potential for Climate Reconstructions”, Frontiers in Earth Science, 6: 158, (2018).
  • [5] On, Z. B., Akcer-On, S., Ozeren, M. S., Eris, K. K., Greaves, A. M., and Cagatay, M. N., “Climate proxies for the last 17.3 ka from Lake Hazar (Eastern Anatolia), extracted by independent component analysis of μ-XRF data”, Quaternary International, 486: 17-28, (2018).
  • [6] Muller, J., Kylander, M., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Wust, R. A., Weiss, D., Blake, K., Coles, B., and Garcia-Sanchez, R., “The use of principle component analyses in characterizing trace and major elemental distribution in a 55 kyr peat deposit in tropical Australia: implications to paleoclimate”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(2): 449-463, (2008).
  • [7] Akcer On, S., Cagatay, N., Sakinc, M., “Sedimentary records of Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in Kucukcekmece Lagoon”, ITU Journal, 10(4): 131-140, (2011). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [8] Rothwell, R.G., Croudace, I. W., “Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments: What Do Geochemical Proxies Tell Us?”, In: W.Croudace, R.G. Rothwell (eds.) Micro-XRF Studies of Sediments Cores, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research 17, Springer Science+Business Media Dordecht. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9849-5_2, (2015)
  • [9] Davies, S.J., Lamb, H.F., Roberts, S.J., “Micro-XRF core scanning in palaeolimnology: Recent developments, in Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores”, edited by I. W. Croudace and R. G. Rothwell, 189–226, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, (2015).
  • [10] Nazarova, L.B., Subetto, D.A., Syrykh, L.S., Grekov, I.M., Leontev, P.A., “Reconstructions of Paleoecological and Paleoclimatic Conditions of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene according to the Results of Chironomid Analysis of Sediments from Medvedevskoe Lake (Karelian Isthmus)”, Doklady Earth Sciences, 480(2): 710–714, (2018).
  • [11] Mutlu, G., Dogan, U., Atıcı, T., and Senkul, C., “Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes of Engir Lake (Central Anatolia) and its surroundings during the last 1090 years: The fossil diatom record”, Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2022.09.011, (2022)
  • [12] Campbell, S., Carter, E., Healey, E., Anderson, S., Kennedy, A., and Whitcher, S. “Emerging complexity on the Kahramanmaras plain, Turkiye: The Domuztepe project, 1995-1997”, American Journal of Archaeology, 395-418, (1999).
  • [13] Gearey, B. R., Fletcher, A., Fletcher, W. G., Campbell, S., Boomer, I., Keen, D., Reed, J., and Tetlow, E., “From site to landscape: assessing the value of geoarchaeological data in understanding the archaeological record of Domuztepe, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkiye”, American Journal of Archaeology, 115(3): 465-482, (2011).
  • [14] Eker, F., “The Overview on Historical Geography of Kahramanmaras”, KSU Journal of Social Sciences, 10(2): 25-38, (2013).
  • [15] Atakuman, C., “Typological Features and Social Function of Halaf Period Seals from Domuztepe”, Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters Journal, 32(1): 59-92, (2015).
  • [16] Tekin, H., “The State of the Late Neolithic Pottery of Domuztepe in the Turkish Eastern Mediterranean”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 168: 676-686, (2019).
  • [17] Gebregiorgis, D., Giosan, L., Hathorne, E. C., Anand, P., Nilsson-Kerr, K., Plass, A., Luckge A., Clemens S.C., Frank, M., “What can we learn from X-ray fluorescence core scanning data? A paleomonsoon case study”, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 21, e2019GC008414, (2020).
  • [18] Vural, A., “Investigation of the relationship between rare earth elements, trace elements and major oxides in soil geochemistry”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(2): 1-11, (2020).
  • [19] Oyedotun, T.D.T., “X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the investigation of the composition of earth materials: a review and an overview”, Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 2(2): 148–154, (2018). doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1452459
  • [20] Amosova, A. A., Chubarov, V. M., Pashkova, G. V., Finkelshtein, A. L., and Bezrukova, E. V. “Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of major oxides in bottom and peat sediments for paleoclimatic studies”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 144: 118-123, (2019).
  • [21] Topuz, M., Karabulut, M., “An Examination of Paleoclimatic Changes in Gâvur Lake (Kahramanmaras) During the Last 6000 Years Using Geochemical Indicators”, 1st Istanbul International Geography Congress Proceedings Book, 737-745, (2019). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [22] Dugerdil, L., Ménot, G., Peyron, O., Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., Ansanay-Alex, S., Antheaume, I., Behling, H., Boldgiv, B., Develle, A.L., Grossi, V., Magail, J., Makou, M., Robles, M., Unkelbach, J., Vanniere, B., and Joannin, S., “Late Holocene Mongolian climate and environment reconstructions from brGDGTs, NPPs and pollen transfer functions for Lake Ayrag: Paleoclimate implications for Arid Central Asia”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 273: 107235, (2021).
  • [23] Daryin, A. V., Kalugin, I. A., Maksimova, N. V., Smolyaninova, L. G., and Zolotarev, K.V., “Use of a scanning XRF analysis on SR beams from VEPP-3 storage ring for research of core bottom sediments from Teletskoe Lake with the purpose of high resolution quantitative reconstruction of last millennium paleoclimate”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 43(1), 255-258, (2005).
  • [24] Roberts, N., “The Holocene: an environmental history”, Blackwell, Oxford, Third Edition, 364, (2014).
  • [25] Mir, I. A., Mascarenhas, M.B.L., and Khare, N., “Geochemistry and granulometry as indicators of paleoclimate, weathering, and provenance of sediments for the past 100,000 years in the eastern Arabian Sea”, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 227: 105102, (2022).
  • [26] Kylander, M.E., Klaminder, J., Wohlfarth, B., and Lowemark, L., “Geochemical responses to paleoclimatic changes in southern Sweden since the late glacial: The Hasseldala Port Lake sediment record”, Journal of Paleolimnology, 50(1): 57-70, (2013).
  • [27] Dempster, M., Dunlop, P., Scheib, A., and Cooper, M., “Principal component analysis of the geochemistry of soil developed on till in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Maps, 9(3): 373-389, (2013).
  • [28] Nace, T.E., Baker, P.A., Dwyer, G.S., Silva, C.G., Rigsby, C. A., Burns, S. J., Giosan, L., Bliesner, B.O., Liu, Z., Zhu, J. “The role of North Brazil Current transport in the paleoclimate of the Brazilian Nordeste margin and paleoceanography of the western tropical Atlantic during the late Quaternary”, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 415: 3-13, (2014).
  • [29] Duesing, W., Kaboth-Bahr, S., Asrat, A., Cohen, A. S., Foerster, V., Lamb, H. F., Schaebitz, F., Trauth, M.H., Viehberg, F., and Viehberg, F. “Changes in the cyclicity and variability of the eastern African paleoclimate over the last 620 kyrs.”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 273: 107219, (2021).
  • [30] Esbensen, K. H., “Multivariate data analysis - In practice (5th ed.)”, Camo Software AS, (2009).
  • [31] Keskin, M., Arslan, A., Soysal, Y., Sekerli, Y. E., and Celiktas, N., “Feasibility of a chromameter and chemometric techniques to discriminate pure and mixed organic and conventional red pepper powders: A pilot study”, Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6): e15846, (2022).
  • [32] Erturac, M. K., Astruc, L., Balkan-Atlı, N., Gratuze, B., Mouralis, D., Kuzucuoglu, C., Dincer, B., and Kayacan, N., “Characterization of Obsidian Sources in Golludag Volcanic Complex”, First National Geography Conference, Proceedings Book, Cappadocia, Turkiye, 28-30, (2012).
  • [33] Demsar, U., Harris, P., Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A. S., and McLoone, S., “Principal component analysis on spatial data: an overview”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1): 106-128, (2013).
  • [34] Karabulut, M., and Kucukonder, M., “An examination of temporal changes in Goksu Delta (Turkiye) using principle component analysis”, International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 39: 279-299, (2019).
  • [35] Holmslykke H.D., N.H. Schovsbo, L. Kristensen, R Weibel, L.H. Nielsen., “Characterizing brines in deep Mesozoic sandstone reservoirs, Denmark”, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin, 43, e2019430104, (2019).
  • [36] Keskin, M., Karanlik, S., Keskin, S. G., and Soysal, Y., “Utilization of color parameters to estimate moisture content and nutrient levels of peanut leaves”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37(5): 604-612, (2013).
  • [37] Korkmaz, H., “Geomorphology of Kahramanmaras Basin (Kahramanmaras Havzası’nın Jeomorfolojisi)”, Provincial Directorate of Culture of Kahramanmaras Governorship (Kahramanmaras Valiligi Il Kultur Mudurlugu). Publication No: 3, (2001). (in Turkish).
  • [38] Gurbuz, M., Karabulut, M., and Korkmaz, H., “Cultural Ecology of Lake Gavur Wetlands Before Drying (Gâvur Golu Batakliginin Kurutulmadan Onceki Kulturel Ekolojisi)”, Proceedings of Conference on Wetlands (Sulak Alan Konferansı Bildiri Kitabı), 57, 72, (2008). (in Turkish)
  • [39] Davis, P. H., “Flora of Turkiye and East Aegean Islands”, Edinburg University Press, Edinburg, 1-9, (1965–1985).
  • [40] Atalay, I., “Turkiye‟nin Ekolojik Bolgeleri”, Meta Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri, Izmir-Turkiye, 496, (2014). (in Turkish).
  • [41] Karabulut, M. and Cosun, F., “Precipitation trend analyses in Kahramanmaras”, Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 7(1): 65-83, (2009). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [42] Topuz, M., “An Investigation on the Late Quaternary Paleogeography of Gavur Lake (Kahramanmaras)”, PhD Thesis. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Unıversity, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Geography, Turkiye, (2019).
  • [43] Ceylan, E., “An Examination of the Temporal Changes in Gavur Lake (Kahramanmaras) Using Remote Sensing Techniques”, MS Thesis, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Institute of Social Sciences, Turkiye, (2016). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [44] Gurbuz, M., Korkmaz, H., Gundogan, R., Digrak, M., “Geographical Features and Rehabilitation Plan of Lake Gavur Wetlands (Gavur Golu Bataklıgı Cografi Ozellikleri ve Rehabilitasyon Planı)”, Provincial Directorate of Environment, Kahramanmaras Governorship. Publication No:1, Kahramanmaras, Turkiye, 137, (2003). (in Turkish)
  • [45] Ramsey, C. B., and Lee, S., “Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal”, Radiocarbon, 55(2): 720-730, (2013).
  • [46] Yang, J., Cawood, P. A., Du, Y., Li, W., Yan, J., “Reconstructing Early Permian tropical climates from chemical weathering indices”, Bulletin, 128(5-6): 739-751, (2016)
  • [47] Nesbitt, H. W., and Young, G. M. “Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles”, The Journal of Geology, 97(2): 129-147, (1989).
  • [48] Tuncay, T., Dengiz, O., Bayramin, I., Kilic, S., Baskan, O., “Chemical weathering indices applied to soils developed on old lake sediments in a semi-arid region of Turkiye”, Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 8(1): 60-72, (2019).
  • [49] Dengiz, O., Saglam, M., Ozaytekin, H. H., Baskan, O. “Weathering rates and some physico-chemical characteristics of soils developed on a calcific toposequences”, Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 8(2): 13-24, (2013).
  • [50] Senol, H., Tulay, T., Orhan, D. “Geochemical mass balance applied to the study of weathering and evolution of soils”, IJMS, 47(09): 1851-1865, (2018).
  • [51] Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., “Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance”, Geology, 23: 921– 924, (1995).
  • [52] Roaldset, E. “Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Quaternary Clays in the Numedal Area, Southern Norway”, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 52: 335–369 (1972).
  • [53] Price, J. R., Velbel, M. A. “Chemical weathering indices applied to weathering profiles developed on heterogeneous felsic metamorphic parent rocks”, Chemical Geology, 202(3-4): 397-416, (2003).
  • [54] Sun, Y., F Wu, SC Clemens, DW Oppo., “Processes controlling the geochemical composition of the South China Sea sediments during the last climatic cycle”, Chemical Geology 257: 240–246, (2008).
  • [55] Schellmann, W., “Considerations on the definition and classification of laterites, Proc. of the International seminar on lateritization processes”, IGCP 129 and IAGC, Trivandrum, India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi,1–10, (1981).
  • [56] Parker, A., “An index of weathering for silicate rocks”, Geological Magazine, 107(6): 501-504, (1970).
  • [57] Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., “Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites”, Nature, 299: 715– 717, (1982).
  • [58] Harnois, L., “The CIW index: a new chemical index of weathering”, Sedimentary Geology, 55(3): 319-322, (1988).
  • [59] Vogt, T., “Sulitjelmafeltets geologiog petrografi”, Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, 121: 1-560, (1927), (in Norwegian, with English).
  • [60] Atakoglu Ozer O, Yalcin, F., “Evaluation of the surface water and sediment quality in the Duger basin (Burdur, Turkiye) using multivariate statistical analyses and identification of heavy metals”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(7): 1-25, (2022).
  • [61] Tumuklu, A., Sunkari, E. D., Yalcin, F., Ozer Atakoglu, O., “Data analysis of the Gumusler Dam Lake Reservoir soils using multivariate statistical methods (Nigde, Turkiye)”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-14, (2022).
  • [62] Yalcin, F., Ozer, O., Nyamsari, D. G., Yalcin, M. G., “Statistical evaluation of the geochemical content of beach sand along the Sarisu-Kemer coastline of Antalya, Turkiye”, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2116(1): 100005, (2019).
  • [63] Yalcin, M.G., Nyamsari, D.G., Ozer Atakoglu, O., Yalcin, F., “Chemical and statistical characterization of beach sand sediments: implication for natural and anthropogenic origin and paleo-environment”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(3): 1335–1356, (2022).
  • [64] Kurkcuoglu, B., Sen, E., Aydar, E., Gourgaud, A., Gundogdu, N., “Geochemical approach to magmatic evolution of Mt. Erciyes stratovolcano, Central Anatolia, Turkiye”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 473–494, (1998).
  • [65] Yurteri, E., “Active Volcano of Central Anatolia: Erciyes Mountain (Orta Anadolu’nun Aktif Volkanı: Erciyes Dagı). Natural Resources and Economics Bulletin (Dogal Kaynaklar ve Ekonomi Bulteni)”, 22: 43-55, (2017). (in Turkish)
  • [66] Evans, G., Augustinus, P., Gadd, P., Zawadzki, A., and Ditchfield, A., “A multi-proxy μ-XRF inferred lake sediment record of environmental change spanning the last ca. 2230 years from Lake Kanono, Northland, New Zealand”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 225: 106000, (2019).

Year 2024, , 793 - 811, 01.06.2024

Muhammet Topuz , Muharrem Keskin , Murat Karabulut , Nurgül Karlıoğlu Kılıç

https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1240178

Abstract

Keywords

Dried Gavur Lake sediment geochemical indicator XRF PCA PLSR

Project Number

(Project No: 2017/2-46D).

References

  • [1] Cohen, A.S., “Paleolimnology: the history and evolution of lake systems”, Oxford University Press, New York, 528p, (2003).
  • [2] Bilt, W.G.M., Bakke, J. K., Vasskog, W.J. D'Andrea, Bradley, R.S., Sadis, O., “Reconstruction of glacier variability from lake sediments reveals dynamic Holocene climate in Svalbard”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 126: 201-218, (2015).
  • [3] Kukrer, S., “Comprehensive Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Surface Sediment of Lake Tortum Based on Ecological Indices”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture –Food Science and Technology, 4(12): 1185-1191, (2016). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [4] Alexandrin, M.Y., Darin, A.V., Kalugin, I.A., Dolgova, E.A., Grachev, A.M., Solomina, O., “Annual Sedimentary Record from Lake Donguz-Orun (Central Caucasus) Constrained by High Resolution SR-XRF Analysis and Its Potential for Climate Reconstructions”, Frontiers in Earth Science, 6: 158, (2018).
  • [5] On, Z. B., Akcer-On, S., Ozeren, M. S., Eris, K. K., Greaves, A. M., and Cagatay, M. N., “Climate proxies for the last 17.3 ka from Lake Hazar (Eastern Anatolia), extracted by independent component analysis of μ-XRF data”, Quaternary International, 486: 17-28, (2018).
  • [6] Muller, J., Kylander, M., Martinez-Cortizas, A., Wust, R. A., Weiss, D., Blake, K., Coles, B., and Garcia-Sanchez, R., “The use of principle component analyses in characterizing trace and major elemental distribution in a 55 kyr peat deposit in tropical Australia: implications to paleoclimate”, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72(2): 449-463, (2008).
  • [7] Akcer On, S., Cagatay, N., Sakinc, M., “Sedimentary records of Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period in Kucukcekmece Lagoon”, ITU Journal, 10(4): 131-140, (2011). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [8] Rothwell, R.G., Croudace, I. W., “Twenty Years of XRF Core Scanning Marine Sediments: What Do Geochemical Proxies Tell Us?”, In: W.Croudace, R.G. Rothwell (eds.) Micro-XRF Studies of Sediments Cores, Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research 17, Springer Science+Business Media Dordecht. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9849-5_2, (2015)
  • [9] Davies, S.J., Lamb, H.F., Roberts, S.J., “Micro-XRF core scanning in palaeolimnology: Recent developments, in Micro-XRF Studies of Sediment Cores”, edited by I. W. Croudace and R. G. Rothwell, 189–226, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, (2015).
  • [10] Nazarova, L.B., Subetto, D.A., Syrykh, L.S., Grekov, I.M., Leontev, P.A., “Reconstructions of Paleoecological and Paleoclimatic Conditions of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene according to the Results of Chironomid Analysis of Sediments from Medvedevskoe Lake (Karelian Isthmus)”, Doklady Earth Sciences, 480(2): 710–714, (2018).
  • [11] Mutlu, G., Dogan, U., Atıcı, T., and Senkul, C., “Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes of Engir Lake (Central Anatolia) and its surroundings during the last 1090 years: The fossil diatom record”, Quaternary International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2022.09.011, (2022)
  • [12] Campbell, S., Carter, E., Healey, E., Anderson, S., Kennedy, A., and Whitcher, S. “Emerging complexity on the Kahramanmaras plain, Turkiye: The Domuztepe project, 1995-1997”, American Journal of Archaeology, 395-418, (1999).
  • [13] Gearey, B. R., Fletcher, A., Fletcher, W. G., Campbell, S., Boomer, I., Keen, D., Reed, J., and Tetlow, E., “From site to landscape: assessing the value of geoarchaeological data in understanding the archaeological record of Domuztepe, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkiye”, American Journal of Archaeology, 115(3): 465-482, (2011).
  • [14] Eker, F., “The Overview on Historical Geography of Kahramanmaras”, KSU Journal of Social Sciences, 10(2): 25-38, (2013).
  • [15] Atakuman, C., “Typological Features and Social Function of Halaf Period Seals from Domuztepe”, Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters Journal, 32(1): 59-92, (2015).
  • [16] Tekin, H., “The State of the Late Neolithic Pottery of Domuztepe in the Turkish Eastern Mediterranean”, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 168: 676-686, (2019).
  • [17] Gebregiorgis, D., Giosan, L., Hathorne, E. C., Anand, P., Nilsson-Kerr, K., Plass, A., Luckge A., Clemens S.C., Frank, M., “What can we learn from X-ray fluorescence core scanning data? A paleomonsoon case study”, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 21, e2019GC008414, (2020).
  • [18] Vural, A., “Investigation of the relationship between rare earth elements, trace elements and major oxides in soil geochemistry”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(2): 1-11, (2020).
  • [19] Oyedotun, T.D.T., “X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the investigation of the composition of earth materials: a review and an overview”, Geology, Ecology, and Landscapes, 2(2): 148–154, (2018). doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2018.1452459
  • [20] Amosova, A. A., Chubarov, V. M., Pashkova, G. V., Finkelshtein, A. L., and Bezrukova, E. V. “Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of major oxides in bottom and peat sediments for paleoclimatic studies”, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 144: 118-123, (2019).
  • [21] Topuz, M., Karabulut, M., “An Examination of Paleoclimatic Changes in Gâvur Lake (Kahramanmaras) During the Last 6000 Years Using Geochemical Indicators”, 1st Istanbul International Geography Congress Proceedings Book, 737-745, (2019). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [22] Dugerdil, L., Ménot, G., Peyron, O., Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., Ansanay-Alex, S., Antheaume, I., Behling, H., Boldgiv, B., Develle, A.L., Grossi, V., Magail, J., Makou, M., Robles, M., Unkelbach, J., Vanniere, B., and Joannin, S., “Late Holocene Mongolian climate and environment reconstructions from brGDGTs, NPPs and pollen transfer functions for Lake Ayrag: Paleoclimate implications for Arid Central Asia”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 273: 107235, (2021).
  • [23] Daryin, A. V., Kalugin, I. A., Maksimova, N. V., Smolyaninova, L. G., and Zolotarev, K.V., “Use of a scanning XRF analysis on SR beams from VEPP-3 storage ring for research of core bottom sediments from Teletskoe Lake with the purpose of high resolution quantitative reconstruction of last millennium paleoclimate”, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 43(1), 255-258, (2005).
  • [24] Roberts, N., “The Holocene: an environmental history”, Blackwell, Oxford, Third Edition, 364, (2014).
  • [25] Mir, I. A., Mascarenhas, M.B.L., and Khare, N., “Geochemistry and granulometry as indicators of paleoclimate, weathering, and provenance of sediments for the past 100,000 years in the eastern Arabian Sea”, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 227: 105102, (2022).
  • [26] Kylander, M.E., Klaminder, J., Wohlfarth, B., and Lowemark, L., “Geochemical responses to paleoclimatic changes in southern Sweden since the late glacial: The Hasseldala Port Lake sediment record”, Journal of Paleolimnology, 50(1): 57-70, (2013).
  • [27] Dempster, M., Dunlop, P., Scheib, A., and Cooper, M., “Principal component analysis of the geochemistry of soil developed on till in Northern Ireland”, Journal of Maps, 9(3): 373-389, (2013).
  • [28] Nace, T.E., Baker, P.A., Dwyer, G.S., Silva, C.G., Rigsby, C. A., Burns, S. J., Giosan, L., Bliesner, B.O., Liu, Z., Zhu, J. “The role of North Brazil Current transport in the paleoclimate of the Brazilian Nordeste margin and paleoceanography of the western tropical Atlantic during the late Quaternary”, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 415: 3-13, (2014).
  • [29] Duesing, W., Kaboth-Bahr, S., Asrat, A., Cohen, A. S., Foerster, V., Lamb, H. F., Schaebitz, F., Trauth, M.H., Viehberg, F., and Viehberg, F. “Changes in the cyclicity and variability of the eastern African paleoclimate over the last 620 kyrs.”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 273: 107219, (2021).
  • [30] Esbensen, K. H., “Multivariate data analysis - In practice (5th ed.)”, Camo Software AS, (2009).
  • [31] Keskin, M., Arslan, A., Soysal, Y., Sekerli, Y. E., and Celiktas, N., “Feasibility of a chromameter and chemometric techniques to discriminate pure and mixed organic and conventional red pepper powders: A pilot study”, Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(6): e15846, (2022).
  • [32] Erturac, M. K., Astruc, L., Balkan-Atlı, N., Gratuze, B., Mouralis, D., Kuzucuoglu, C., Dincer, B., and Kayacan, N., “Characterization of Obsidian Sources in Golludag Volcanic Complex”, First National Geography Conference, Proceedings Book, Cappadocia, Turkiye, 28-30, (2012).
  • [33] Demsar, U., Harris, P., Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A. S., and McLoone, S., “Principal component analysis on spatial data: an overview”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1): 106-128, (2013).
  • [34] Karabulut, M., and Kucukonder, M., “An examination of temporal changes in Goksu Delta (Turkiye) using principle component analysis”, International Journal of Geography and Geography Education, 39: 279-299, (2019).
  • [35] Holmslykke H.D., N.H. Schovsbo, L. Kristensen, R Weibel, L.H. Nielsen., “Characterizing brines in deep Mesozoic sandstone reservoirs, Denmark”, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin, 43, e2019430104, (2019).
  • [36] Keskin, M., Karanlik, S., Keskin, S. G., and Soysal, Y., “Utilization of color parameters to estimate moisture content and nutrient levels of peanut leaves”, Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37(5): 604-612, (2013).
  • [37] Korkmaz, H., “Geomorphology of Kahramanmaras Basin (Kahramanmaras Havzası’nın Jeomorfolojisi)”, Provincial Directorate of Culture of Kahramanmaras Governorship (Kahramanmaras Valiligi Il Kultur Mudurlugu). Publication No: 3, (2001). (in Turkish).
  • [38] Gurbuz, M., Karabulut, M., and Korkmaz, H., “Cultural Ecology of Lake Gavur Wetlands Before Drying (Gâvur Golu Batakliginin Kurutulmadan Onceki Kulturel Ekolojisi)”, Proceedings of Conference on Wetlands (Sulak Alan Konferansı Bildiri Kitabı), 57, 72, (2008). (in Turkish)
  • [39] Davis, P. H., “Flora of Turkiye and East Aegean Islands”, Edinburg University Press, Edinburg, 1-9, (1965–1985).
  • [40] Atalay, I., “Turkiye‟nin Ekolojik Bolgeleri”, Meta Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri, Izmir-Turkiye, 496, (2014). (in Turkish).
  • [41] Karabulut, M. and Cosun, F., “Precipitation trend analyses in Kahramanmaras”, Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences, 7(1): 65-83, (2009). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [42] Topuz, M., “An Investigation on the Late Quaternary Paleogeography of Gavur Lake (Kahramanmaras)”, PhD Thesis. Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Unıversity, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Geography, Turkiye, (2019).
  • [43] Ceylan, E., “An Examination of the Temporal Changes in Gavur Lake (Kahramanmaras) Using Remote Sensing Techniques”, MS Thesis, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Institute of Social Sciences, Turkiye, (2016). (in Turkish with English abstract).
  • [44] Gurbuz, M., Korkmaz, H., Gundogan, R., Digrak, M., “Geographical Features and Rehabilitation Plan of Lake Gavur Wetlands (Gavur Golu Bataklıgı Cografi Ozellikleri ve Rehabilitasyon Planı)”, Provincial Directorate of Environment, Kahramanmaras Governorship. Publication No:1, Kahramanmaras, Turkiye, 137, (2003). (in Turkish)
  • [45] Ramsey, C. B., and Lee, S., “Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal”, Radiocarbon, 55(2): 720-730, (2013).
  • [46] Yang, J., Cawood, P. A., Du, Y., Li, W., Yan, J., “Reconstructing Early Permian tropical climates from chemical weathering indices”, Bulletin, 128(5-6): 739-751, (2016)
  • [47] Nesbitt, H. W., and Young, G. M. “Formation and diagenesis of weathering profiles”, The Journal of Geology, 97(2): 129-147, (1989).
  • [48] Tuncay, T., Dengiz, O., Bayramin, I., Kilic, S., Baskan, O., “Chemical weathering indices applied to soils developed on old lake sediments in a semi-arid region of Turkiye”, Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 8(1): 60-72, (2019).
  • [49] Dengiz, O., Saglam, M., Ozaytekin, H. H., Baskan, O. “Weathering rates and some physico-chemical characteristics of soils developed on a calcific toposequences”, Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 8(2): 13-24, (2013).
  • [50] Senol, H., Tulay, T., Orhan, D. “Geochemical mass balance applied to the study of weathering and evolution of soils”, IJMS, 47(09): 1851-1865, (2018).
  • [51] Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., “Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance”, Geology, 23: 921– 924, (1995).
  • [52] Roaldset, E. “Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Quaternary Clays in the Numedal Area, Southern Norway”, Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 52: 335–369 (1972).
  • [53] Price, J. R., Velbel, M. A. “Chemical weathering indices applied to weathering profiles developed on heterogeneous felsic metamorphic parent rocks”, Chemical Geology, 202(3-4): 397-416, (2003).
  • [54] Sun, Y., F Wu, SC Clemens, DW Oppo., “Processes controlling the geochemical composition of the South China Sea sediments during the last climatic cycle”, Chemical Geology 257: 240–246, (2008).
  • [55] Schellmann, W., “Considerations on the definition and classification of laterites, Proc. of the International seminar on lateritization processes”, IGCP 129 and IAGC, Trivandrum, India, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi,1–10, (1981).
  • [56] Parker, A., “An index of weathering for silicate rocks”, Geological Magazine, 107(6): 501-504, (1970).
  • [57] Nesbitt, H.W., Young, G.M., “Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites”, Nature, 299: 715– 717, (1982).
  • [58] Harnois, L., “The CIW index: a new chemical index of weathering”, Sedimentary Geology, 55(3): 319-322, (1988).
  • [59] Vogt, T., “Sulitjelmafeltets geologiog petrografi”, Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, 121: 1-560, (1927), (in Norwegian, with English).
  • [60] Atakoglu Ozer O, Yalcin, F., “Evaluation of the surface water and sediment quality in the Duger basin (Burdur, Turkiye) using multivariate statistical analyses and identification of heavy metals”, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(7): 1-25, (2022).
  • [61] Tumuklu, A., Sunkari, E. D., Yalcin, F., Ozer Atakoglu, O., “Data analysis of the Gumusler Dam Lake Reservoir soils using multivariate statistical methods (Nigde, Turkiye)”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1-14, (2022).
  • [62] Yalcin, F., Ozer, O., Nyamsari, D. G., Yalcin, M. G., “Statistical evaluation of the geochemical content of beach sand along the Sarisu-Kemer coastline of Antalya, Turkiye”, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2116(1): 100005, (2019).
  • [63] Yalcin, M.G., Nyamsari, D.G., Ozer Atakoglu, O., Yalcin, F., “Chemical and statistical characterization of beach sand sediments: implication for natural and anthropogenic origin and paleo-environment”, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 19(3): 1335–1356, (2022).
  • [64] Kurkcuoglu, B., Sen, E., Aydar, E., Gourgaud, A., Gundogdu, N., “Geochemical approach to magmatic evolution of Mt. Erciyes stratovolcano, Central Anatolia, Turkiye”, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 85, 473–494, (1998).
  • [65] Yurteri, E., “Active Volcano of Central Anatolia: Erciyes Mountain (Orta Anadolu’nun Aktif Volkanı: Erciyes Dagı). Natural Resources and Economics Bulletin (Dogal Kaynaklar ve Ekonomi Bulteni)”, 22: 43-55, (2017). (in Turkish)
  • [66] Evans, G., Augustinus, P., Gadd, P., Zawadzki, A., and Ditchfield, A., “A multi-proxy μ-XRF inferred lake sediment record of environmental change spanning the last ca. 2230 years from Lake Kanono, Northland, New Zealand”, Quaternary Science Reviews, 225: 106000, (2019).
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Environmental Science
Authors

Muhammet Topuz 0000-0001-5526-3797

Muharrem Keskin 0000-0002-2649-6855

Murat Karabulut 0000-0002-1456-6908

Nurgül Karlıoğlu Kılıç 0000-0002-6255-6819

Project Number (Project No: 2017/2-46D).
Early Pub Date December 9, 2023
Publication Date June 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Topuz, M., Keskin, M., Karabulut, M., Karlıoğlu Kılıç, N. (2024). An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis. Gazi University Journal of Science, 37(2), 793-811. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1240178
AMA Topuz M, Keskin M, Karabulut M, Karlıoğlu Kılıç N. An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis. Gazi University Journal of Science. June 2024;37(2):793-811. doi:10.35378/gujs.1240178
Chicago Topuz, Muhammet, Muharrem Keskin, Murat Karabulut, and Nurgül Karlıoğlu Kılıç. “An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis”. Gazi University Journal of Science 37, no. 2 (June 2024): 793-811. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1240178.
EndNote Topuz M, Keskin M, Karabulut M, Karlıoğlu Kılıç N (June 1, 2024) An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis. Gazi University Journal of Science 37 2 793–811.
IEEE M. Topuz, M. Keskin, M. Karabulut, and N. Karlıoğlu Kılıç, “An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 793–811, 2024, doi: 10.35378/gujs.1240178.
ISNAD Topuz, Muhammet et al. “An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis”. Gazi University Journal of Science 37/2 (June 2024), 793-811. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1240178.
JAMA Topuz M, Keskin M, Karabulut M, Karlıoğlu Kılıç N. An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2024;37:793–811.
MLA Topuz, Muhammet et al. “An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 37, no. 2, 2024, pp. 793-11, doi:10.35378/gujs.1240178.
Vancouver Topuz M, Keskin M, Karabulut M, Karlıoğlu Kılıç N. An Investigation of the Chemical Composition of Bottom Sediments from Dried Lake Gavur of Turkiye by Using XRF and Multivariate Data Analysis. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2024;37(2):793-811.