Year 2022,
Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 793 - 806, 01.09.2022
Maghsoud Ghanat Barı
,
Ayse Tekel
References
- [1] Litman, T., “Economic value of walkability”, Transportation Research Board, 10(1): 3-11, (2003).
- [2] Leyden, k., “Social capital and the built environment: the importance of walkable neighborhood”, American Journal of Public Health, 93(9): 1546-1551, (2003).
- [3] Southworth, M., “Designing the walkable city”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131: 246-257, (2005).
- [4] Litman, T., “Evaluating non-motorized transport benefits and costs”, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, (2010).
- [5] Rapoport, A., “Pedestrian street use: culture and perception”, Moudon A.V., ed., Public streets for public use, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY, (1991).
- [6] Carwford, J.,” Car free cities”, The Netherlands: International Books, (2000).
- [7] Ackerson, K.J., “A GIS approach to evaluating streetscape and neighborhood walkability”, Oregon University, unpublished master thesis, (2005).
- [8] Frank, L., Engelke, P. and Schmid, T., “Health and community design: the impact of the built environment on physical activity”, Island Press, Washington. D.C, (2003).
- [9] Leslie, E., Butterworth, L. and Edwards, M., “Measuring the walkability of local communities using geographic information systems data”, The 7th international conference on walking and livable communities, Melbourne, Australia, (2006).
- [10] Leslie, E., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Owen, N., Bauman, A. and Hugo, G., “Walkability of local communities: using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attributes”, Health & Place, 13: 111-122, (2007).
- [11] Owen, N., Cerin, E., Leslie, E., duToit, L., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Bauman, A.E., Hugo, G., Saelens, B., and Sallis, J.F., “Neighborhood walkability and the walking behavior of Australian adults”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(5): 387-395, (2007).
- [12] Saelens, B. and Handy, S., “Built environment correlates of walking: a review”, Journal of The American College of Sport Medicine, 31(8): 550-566, (2008).
- [13] Clifton, J.K., Livi Smith, D.A. and Rodriguez, D., “The development and testing of an audit for the pedestrian environment”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 80: 95-110, (2007).
- [14] Kelly, C.E., Tight, M.R., Hodgson, F.C. and Page, M.W., “A comparison of three methods for assessing the walkability of the pedestrian environment”, Journal of Transport Geography, 19: 1500-1508, (2011).
- [15] Bauman, A., Reis, R., Sallis, J., Wells, J., Loos, R. and Martin, B., “Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?”, Lancet Physical Activity Series, 380: 258-271, (2012).
- [16] Sallis, J., Cervero, R., Ascher, W., Henderson, K., Kraft, K. and Kerr, J., “An ecological approach to creating active living communities”, Annual Revive Public Health, 27: 297-322, (2006).
- [17] Halu, Z. and Yürekli, F., “Yürünebilirlik kavramı ve kentsel mekanlarda yürüme”, İTU Dergisi, 10(2): 29-38, (2011).
- [18] Baranowski, K., Cullen, W., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D. and Baranowski, J., “Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts?”, Obesity Research, 11: 23-43, (2003).
- [19] Sallis, J., “Measuring physical activity environments: a brief history”, Journal prevention Medicine, 23(4s): 86-92, (2009).
- [20] Alfonzo, M.A., “To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs”, Environment and Behavior, 37(6): 808-836, (2005).
- [21] Giles-Corti, B. and Donovan, R. J., “The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity”, Social Science & Medicine, 54: 1793-1812, (2002).
- [22] Handy, S., Boarnet, M., Ewing, R. and Killingsworth, R., “How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning?” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2s): 64-73, (2002).
- [23] Thornton, L.E., Pearce, J.R. and Kavanagh, A.M., “Using geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity”, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:7, (2011).
- [24] Duncan, M., Winkler, E., Sugiyama, T., Cerin, E., duToit, L., Leslie, E. and Owen, N., “Relationship of land use mix with walking for transport: do land uses and geographical scale matter?”, Journal of Urban Health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 87(5): 782-795, (2010).
- [25] Cervero, R. and Kockelman, K., “Travel demand and the 3 Ds: density, diversity, and design”, Transportation Design D, 2: 199-219, (1997).
- [26] Frank, L., Schmid, T., Sallis, J., Chapman, J. and Saelens, B., “Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2S2): 117-125, (2005).
- [27] Moudon, A. V. and Lee, C., “Walking and bicycling: an evaluation of environmental audit instruments”, American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1): 21-37, (2003).
- [28] Lee, C. and Moudon, A., V., “Physical activity and environment research in the health field: implications for urban and transportation planning practice and research”, Journal of Planning Literature, 19(2): 147-181, (2005).
- [29] Lee, C. and Moudon, A., V., “The 3Ds + R: quantifying land use and urban form correlates of walking”, Transportation Research Part D, 11: 204-215, (2006).
- [30] Ewing, R. Hajrasoullha, A., Neckerman, K. M., Purciel-Hill, M. and Greene, W., “Streetscape features related to pedestrian activity”, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 36(1): 5-15, (2016).
- [31] Yin, L., “Street level urban design qualities for walkability: Combining 2D and 3D GIS measures”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64: 288-296, (2017).
- [32] Ramsey, A., “A systematic approach to the planning of urban networks for walking”, The greening of urban transport: Planning for walking and cycling in western cities, R. Tolley, ed., Belhaven Press, London, (1990).
- [33] Adkins, S. A., Dill, J., Luhr, G. and Neal, M., “Unpacking walkability: testing the influence of urban design features on perceptions of walking environment attractiveness”, Journal of Urban Design, 17(4): 499-510, (2012).
- [34] Cervero, R., “Built environments and mode choice: toward a normative framework”, Transportation Research Part D, 7: 265-284, (2002).
- [35] Yin, L., “Assessing walkability in the city of buffalo: application of Agent-Based Simulation”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 139: 166-175, (2013).
- [36] Ewing, R. and Cervero, R., “Travel and the built environment: A synthesis”, Transportation Research Record, 01-3515: 87-144, (2001).
- [37] Relph, E., “The modern urban landscape: 1880 to the present”, Croom Helm, London & Sydney, (1987).
- [38] Jones, P., Marshall, S. and Boujenko, N., “Creating more people-friendly urban streets through ‘link and place’ street planning and design”, IATSS Research, 32(1): 14-25, (2008).
- [39] Jacobs, J., “The death and life of great American cities”, Random House, New York, (1961).
- [40] Lynch, K., “The image of the city”, The MIT Press, (1960).
- [41] Giles-Corti, B., Timperio, A., Bull, F. and Pikora, T., “Understanding physical activity environmental correlates: Increased specificity for ecological models”, Exercise Sport Science Revive, 33(4): 175-181, (2005).
- [42] Spehar, B., Clifford, C.W.G, Newell, B.R. and Taylor, R.P., “Universal aesthetic of fractals”, Computers & Graphics, 27: 813-820, (2003).
- [43] Hagerhall, C.M., Purcell, T. and Taylor, R., “Fractal dimension of landscape silhouette outlines as a predictor of landscape preference”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24: 247-255, (2004).
- [44] Cooper, J. and Watkinson, D., “Fractal analysis and perception of visual quality in everyday street vistas”, Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design, 37: 808-822, (2010).
- [45] Cooper, J. and Oskrochi, R., “Fractal analysis of street vistas: a potential tool for assessing levels of visual variety in everyday street scenes”, Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35: 349-363, (2008).
- [46] El-Darwish, I.I., “Fractal design in streetscape: rethinking the visual aesthetics of building elevation composition”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, (2019).
- [47] Salingaros, N.A., “Twelve lectures on architecture: algorithmich sustainable design.”, Solingen: Urban-Verlag, (2010)
- [48] Lotfi, S. and Koohsari, M.J., “Neighborhood walkability in a city within a developing country”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 137(4), (2011).
Fractal Dimension of Streetscape as a Proxy to the Design Dimension of the Built Environment in Walkability Research
Year 2022,
Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 793 - 806, 01.09.2022
Maghsoud Ghanat Barı
,
Ayse Tekel
Abstract
Multidisciplinary nature of walkability research accelerated its growth through the participation of different disciplines. Different methods of measurement and analysis from varying disciplines created disagreements about how to characterize the built environment dimensions by using appropriate attributes, especially attributes which are used to represent the design dimension of the built environment. Fractal dimension value of streetscape provides solutions to these arguments as it makes the use of both micro-scale and macro-scale attributes of the built environment, especially micro-scale attributes of its design dimension as it relates to the quality of walking. Walkability indices were created then validated by a survey conducted at Dutluk station in Keçiören, Ankara. Results show that using fractal dimension value of streetscape as a variable in the walkability index can identify the factors that influence walking behavior.
References
- [1] Litman, T., “Economic value of walkability”, Transportation Research Board, 10(1): 3-11, (2003).
- [2] Leyden, k., “Social capital and the built environment: the importance of walkable neighborhood”, American Journal of Public Health, 93(9): 1546-1551, (2003).
- [3] Southworth, M., “Designing the walkable city”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131: 246-257, (2005).
- [4] Litman, T., “Evaluating non-motorized transport benefits and costs”, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, (2010).
- [5] Rapoport, A., “Pedestrian street use: culture and perception”, Moudon A.V., ed., Public streets for public use, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, NY, (1991).
- [6] Carwford, J.,” Car free cities”, The Netherlands: International Books, (2000).
- [7] Ackerson, K.J., “A GIS approach to evaluating streetscape and neighborhood walkability”, Oregon University, unpublished master thesis, (2005).
- [8] Frank, L., Engelke, P. and Schmid, T., “Health and community design: the impact of the built environment on physical activity”, Island Press, Washington. D.C, (2003).
- [9] Leslie, E., Butterworth, L. and Edwards, M., “Measuring the walkability of local communities using geographic information systems data”, The 7th international conference on walking and livable communities, Melbourne, Australia, (2006).
- [10] Leslie, E., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Owen, N., Bauman, A. and Hugo, G., “Walkability of local communities: using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attributes”, Health & Place, 13: 111-122, (2007).
- [11] Owen, N., Cerin, E., Leslie, E., duToit, L., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Bauman, A.E., Hugo, G., Saelens, B., and Sallis, J.F., “Neighborhood walkability and the walking behavior of Australian adults”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(5): 387-395, (2007).
- [12] Saelens, B. and Handy, S., “Built environment correlates of walking: a review”, Journal of The American College of Sport Medicine, 31(8): 550-566, (2008).
- [13] Clifton, J.K., Livi Smith, D.A. and Rodriguez, D., “The development and testing of an audit for the pedestrian environment”, Landscape and Urban Planning, 80: 95-110, (2007).
- [14] Kelly, C.E., Tight, M.R., Hodgson, F.C. and Page, M.W., “A comparison of three methods for assessing the walkability of the pedestrian environment”, Journal of Transport Geography, 19: 1500-1508, (2011).
- [15] Bauman, A., Reis, R., Sallis, J., Wells, J., Loos, R. and Martin, B., “Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?”, Lancet Physical Activity Series, 380: 258-271, (2012).
- [16] Sallis, J., Cervero, R., Ascher, W., Henderson, K., Kraft, K. and Kerr, J., “An ecological approach to creating active living communities”, Annual Revive Public Health, 27: 297-322, (2006).
- [17] Halu, Z. and Yürekli, F., “Yürünebilirlik kavramı ve kentsel mekanlarda yürüme”, İTU Dergisi, 10(2): 29-38, (2011).
- [18] Baranowski, K., Cullen, W., Nicklas, T., Thompson, D. and Baranowski, J., “Are current health behavioral change models helpful in guiding prevention of weight gain efforts?”, Obesity Research, 11: 23-43, (2003).
- [19] Sallis, J., “Measuring physical activity environments: a brief history”, Journal prevention Medicine, 23(4s): 86-92, (2009).
- [20] Alfonzo, M.A., “To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs”, Environment and Behavior, 37(6): 808-836, (2005).
- [21] Giles-Corti, B. and Donovan, R. J., “The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity”, Social Science & Medicine, 54: 1793-1812, (2002).
- [22] Handy, S., Boarnet, M., Ewing, R. and Killingsworth, R., “How the built environment affects physical activity: views from urban planning?” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 23(2s): 64-73, (2002).
- [23] Thornton, L.E., Pearce, J.R. and Kavanagh, A.M., “Using geographic information systems (GIS) to assess the role of the built environment in influencing obesity”, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8:7, (2011).
- [24] Duncan, M., Winkler, E., Sugiyama, T., Cerin, E., duToit, L., Leslie, E. and Owen, N., “Relationship of land use mix with walking for transport: do land uses and geographical scale matter?”, Journal of Urban Health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 87(5): 782-795, (2010).
- [25] Cervero, R. and Kockelman, K., “Travel demand and the 3 Ds: density, diversity, and design”, Transportation Design D, 2: 199-219, (1997).
- [26] Frank, L., Schmid, T., Sallis, J., Chapman, J. and Saelens, B., “Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: findings from SMARTRAQ”, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2S2): 117-125, (2005).
- [27] Moudon, A. V. and Lee, C., “Walking and bicycling: an evaluation of environmental audit instruments”, American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1): 21-37, (2003).
- [28] Lee, C. and Moudon, A., V., “Physical activity and environment research in the health field: implications for urban and transportation planning practice and research”, Journal of Planning Literature, 19(2): 147-181, (2005).
- [29] Lee, C. and Moudon, A., V., “The 3Ds + R: quantifying land use and urban form correlates of walking”, Transportation Research Part D, 11: 204-215, (2006).
- [30] Ewing, R. Hajrasoullha, A., Neckerman, K. M., Purciel-Hill, M. and Greene, W., “Streetscape features related to pedestrian activity”, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 36(1): 5-15, (2016).
- [31] Yin, L., “Street level urban design qualities for walkability: Combining 2D and 3D GIS measures”, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64: 288-296, (2017).
- [32] Ramsey, A., “A systematic approach to the planning of urban networks for walking”, The greening of urban transport: Planning for walking and cycling in western cities, R. Tolley, ed., Belhaven Press, London, (1990).
- [33] Adkins, S. A., Dill, J., Luhr, G. and Neal, M., “Unpacking walkability: testing the influence of urban design features on perceptions of walking environment attractiveness”, Journal of Urban Design, 17(4): 499-510, (2012).
- [34] Cervero, R., “Built environments and mode choice: toward a normative framework”, Transportation Research Part D, 7: 265-284, (2002).
- [35] Yin, L., “Assessing walkability in the city of buffalo: application of Agent-Based Simulation”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 139: 166-175, (2013).
- [36] Ewing, R. and Cervero, R., “Travel and the built environment: A synthesis”, Transportation Research Record, 01-3515: 87-144, (2001).
- [37] Relph, E., “The modern urban landscape: 1880 to the present”, Croom Helm, London & Sydney, (1987).
- [38] Jones, P., Marshall, S. and Boujenko, N., “Creating more people-friendly urban streets through ‘link and place’ street planning and design”, IATSS Research, 32(1): 14-25, (2008).
- [39] Jacobs, J., “The death and life of great American cities”, Random House, New York, (1961).
- [40] Lynch, K., “The image of the city”, The MIT Press, (1960).
- [41] Giles-Corti, B., Timperio, A., Bull, F. and Pikora, T., “Understanding physical activity environmental correlates: Increased specificity for ecological models”, Exercise Sport Science Revive, 33(4): 175-181, (2005).
- [42] Spehar, B., Clifford, C.W.G, Newell, B.R. and Taylor, R.P., “Universal aesthetic of fractals”, Computers & Graphics, 27: 813-820, (2003).
- [43] Hagerhall, C.M., Purcell, T. and Taylor, R., “Fractal dimension of landscape silhouette outlines as a predictor of landscape preference”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24: 247-255, (2004).
- [44] Cooper, J. and Watkinson, D., “Fractal analysis and perception of visual quality in everyday street vistas”, Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design, 37: 808-822, (2010).
- [45] Cooper, J. and Oskrochi, R., “Fractal analysis of street vistas: a potential tool for assessing levels of visual variety in everyday street scenes”, Environmental and Planning B: Planning and Design, 35: 349-363, (2008).
- [46] El-Darwish, I.I., “Fractal design in streetscape: rethinking the visual aesthetics of building elevation composition”, Alexandria Engineering Journal, (2019).
- [47] Salingaros, N.A., “Twelve lectures on architecture: algorithmich sustainable design.”, Solingen: Urban-Verlag, (2010)
- [48] Lotfi, S. and Koohsari, M.J., “Neighborhood walkability in a city within a developing country”, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 137(4), (2011).