Year 2022,
Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 1091 - 1100, 01.09.2022
Babatunde Bolasodun
,
Stephen Durowaye
,
Theddeus Akano
References
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- [2] Mohammed, M.R., “Study of some mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester filled with the seed shells of sunflower and watermelon”, Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences, 4(21): 1270-1277, (2013).
- [3] Deli, D., Kandola, B.K., “Blends on unsaturated polyester and phenolic resins for application as fire resistant in fiber reinforced composites part 1: identifying compatible, co-curable resin mixtures”, Journal of Material Science, 48: 6929-6942, (2013).
- [4] Saputra, A.H., Arfiana, A., “Synthesis and characterization of unsaturated polyester resin/aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide fire retardant composite”, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56: 1759-1764, (2017).
- [5] Njoku, R.E., Okona, A.E., Ikpaki, T.C., “Effects of variation of particle size and weight fraction on the tensile strength and modulus of periwinkle shell reinforced polyester composite”, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 30(2): 87-93, (2011).
- [6] Nasif, R.A., “Preparation and characterization of eggshell powder (ESP) and study its effect on unsaturated polyester composites material”, Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics (IJAP), 11(1): 25-28, (2015).
- [7] Shehu, U., Aponbiede, O., Ause, T., Obiodunukwe, E.F., “Effect of particle size on the properties of polyester/palm kernel shell (PKS) particulate composites”, Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 5(2): 366-373, (2014).
- [8] Alewo, A., Isa, M.T., Sanusi, I., “Effect of Particle size and concentration on the mechanical properties of polyester/date palm seed particulate composites”, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 14(26): 65-78, (2015).
- [9] Madueke, C.I., Bolasodun, B., Umunakwe, R., “Mechanical properties of tere-phthalic unsaturated polyester resin reinforced with varying weight fractions of particulate snail shell”, IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering, 1(4): 39-44, (2014).
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- [12] Standard test method for flexural properties of polymer matrix composite materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2015).
- [13] Standard test method for determining the Charpy impact resistance of notched specimens of plastics, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. (2018).
- [14] Standard test method for Rockwell hardness of plastics and electrical insulating materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2015).
- [15] Mechtali, F.Z., Essabir, H., Nekhlaoui, S., Bensalah, M.O., “Mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene reinforced with almond shells particles: impact of chemical treatments”, Journal of Bionic Engineering, 12: 483-494, (2015).
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- [17] Rufai, O.I., Lawal, G.I., Bolasodun, B.O., Durowaye, S.I., Etoh, J.O., “Effect of cow bone and groundnut shell reinforced in epoxy resin on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites”, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 9: 353-359, (2015).
- [18] Durowaye, S., Bolasodun, B., Kuforiji, C., Odina, K., “Effects of alumınıum dross and iron fılıngs partıculates on the mechanıcal propertıes of hybrıd thermoplastıc (nylon) matrıx composıtes”, Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2(2): 86-99, (2019).
- [19] Ashraf, M.A., Peng, W., Zare, Y., Rhee, K.Y., “Effects of size and aggregation/ agglomeration of nanoparticles on the interfacial/interphase properties and tensile strength of polymer nanocomposites”, Nanoscale Research Letters, 13(214): 1-7, (2018).
- [20] Esbati, A., Irani, S., “Effect of functionalized process and CNTs aggregation on fracture mechanism and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposite”, Mechanics of Materials, 118: 106-119 (2018).
- [21] Jouault, N., Vallat, P., Dalmas, F., Said, S., Jestin, J., Boue, F., “Well-dispersed fractal aggregates as filler in polymer-silica nanocomposites: long-range effects in rheology”, Macromolecules, 42(6): 2031–2040, (2009).
- [22] Chen, J., Yu, Y., Chen, J., Li, H., Ji, J., Liu, D., “Chemical modification of palygorskite with maleic anhydride modified polypropylene: mechanical properties, morphology, and crystal structure of
palygorskite/polypropylene nanocomposites”, Applied Clay Science, 115: 230-237, (2015).
- [23] Khan, A., Shamsi, MH., Choi, T.S., “Correlating dynamical mechanical properties with temperature and clay composition of polymer-clay nanocomposites”, Computational Materials Science, 45(2): 257-265, (2009).
- [24] Zare, Y., “Study of nanoparticles aggregation/agglomeration in polymer particulate nanocomposites by mechanical properties”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 84: 158-164, (2016).
- [25] Brkovic, D.V., Pavlovic, V.B., Pavlovic, V.P., Obradovic, N., Mitric, M., Stevanovic, S., “Structural properties of the multiwall carbon nanotubes/poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites: effect of the multiwall carbon nanotubes covalent functionalization”, Polymer Composites, 38(S1): E472-E489, (2017).
- [26] Hassan, S.B., Aigbodion, V.S., Patrick, S.N., “Development of polyester/eggshell particulate composites”, Tribology in Industry, 34(4): 217–225 (2012).
- [27] Bello, S.A., Raheem, I.A., Raji, N.K., “Study of tensile properties, fractography and morphology of aluminium (1xxx)/coconut shell micro particle composites”, Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 29(3): 269-277, (2017).
- [28] Manikandan, A., Rajkumar, R., “Evaluation of mechanical properties of synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites by mixture design analysis”, Polymers & Polymer Composites, 24(7): 455-462, (2016).
Synthesis and Characterisation of Sugarcane Bagasse and Pineapple Leaf Particulate Reinforced Polyester Resin Matrix Composites
Year 2022,
Volume: 35 Issue: 3, 1091 - 1100, 01.09.2022
Babatunde Bolasodun
,
Stephen Durowaye
,
Theddeus Akano
Abstract
In this study, an experimental research was conducted in developing and characterising sugarcane bagasse and pineapple leaf particulate particulate reınforced polyester resın composıtes. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was reinforced with sugarcane bagasse and pineapple leaf particulates in varied proportions (0 – 25 wt. %) by mould casting. Morphology and mechanical properties of the composites were examined. There was a good dispersion of particulates in the polyester resin. The sugarcane bagasse reinforced composite demonstrated the highest tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact energy of 84.94 MPa, 121.16 MPa, and 7.37 J respectively at 20 wt. % reinforcement. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact energy of the composites improved with increasing concentration of the reinforcement. This is an indication of the suitability of the reinforcing materials as fillers for unsaturated polyester resin and an indication of the potential the polymer matrix composite has for low strength applications.
References
- [1] Taj, S., Munawar, M.A., Khan, S.U., “Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites”, Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Science, 44(2): 129-144, (2007).
- [2] Mohammed, M.R., “Study of some mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester filled with the seed shells of sunflower and watermelon”, Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences, 4(21): 1270-1277, (2013).
- [3] Deli, D., Kandola, B.K., “Blends on unsaturated polyester and phenolic resins for application as fire resistant in fiber reinforced composites part 1: identifying compatible, co-curable resin mixtures”, Journal of Material Science, 48: 6929-6942, (2013).
- [4] Saputra, A.H., Arfiana, A., “Synthesis and characterization of unsaturated polyester resin/aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide fire retardant composite”, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56: 1759-1764, (2017).
- [5] Njoku, R.E., Okona, A.E., Ikpaki, T.C., “Effects of variation of particle size and weight fraction on the tensile strength and modulus of periwinkle shell reinforced polyester composite”, Nigerian Journal of Technology, 30(2): 87-93, (2011).
- [6] Nasif, R.A., “Preparation and characterization of eggshell powder (ESP) and study its effect on unsaturated polyester composites material”, Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics (IJAP), 11(1): 25-28, (2015).
- [7] Shehu, U., Aponbiede, O., Ause, T., Obiodunukwe, E.F., “Effect of particle size on the properties of polyester/palm kernel shell (PKS) particulate composites”, Journal of Materials and Environmental Science, 5(2): 366-373, (2014).
- [8] Alewo, A., Isa, M.T., Sanusi, I., “Effect of Particle size and concentration on the mechanical properties of polyester/date palm seed particulate composites”, Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies, 14(26): 65-78, (2015).
- [9] Madueke, C.I., Bolasodun, B., Umunakwe, R., “Mechanical properties of tere-phthalic unsaturated polyester resin reinforced with varying weight fractions of particulate snail shell”, IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering, 1(4): 39-44, (2014).
- [10] Abdullah, O.S., “Experimental study to the effect of natural particles added to unsaturated polyester resin of a polymer matrix composite”, Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal, 13(1): 42-49, (2017).
- [11] Standard test methods for vulcanized rubber and thermoplastic elastomers-tension ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2006).
- [12] Standard test method for flexural properties of polymer matrix composite materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2015).
- [13] Standard test method for determining the Charpy impact resistance of notched specimens of plastics, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. (2018).
- [14] Standard test method for Rockwell hardness of plastics and electrical insulating materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA, (2015).
- [15] Mechtali, F.Z., Essabir, H., Nekhlaoui, S., Bensalah, M.O., “Mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene reinforced with almond shells particles: impact of chemical treatments”, Journal of Bionic Engineering, 12: 483-494, (2015).
- [16] Renner, K., Yang, M.S., Móczó, J., Choi, H.J., Pukánszky, B., “Analysis of the debonding process in polypropylene model composites”, European Polymer Journal, 41: 2520-2529, (2005).
- [17] Rufai, O.I., Lawal, G.I., Bolasodun, B.O., Durowaye, S.I., Etoh, J.O., “Effect of cow bone and groundnut shell reinforced in epoxy resin on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites”, International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 9: 353-359, (2015).
- [18] Durowaye, S., Bolasodun, B., Kuforiji, C., Odina, K., “Effects of alumınıum dross and iron fılıngs partıculates on the mechanıcal propertıes of hybrıd thermoplastıc (nylon) matrıx composıtes”, Usak University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 2(2): 86-99, (2019).
- [19] Ashraf, M.A., Peng, W., Zare, Y., Rhee, K.Y., “Effects of size and aggregation/ agglomeration of nanoparticles on the interfacial/interphase properties and tensile strength of polymer nanocomposites”, Nanoscale Research Letters, 13(214): 1-7, (2018).
- [20] Esbati, A., Irani, S., “Effect of functionalized process and CNTs aggregation on fracture mechanism and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposite”, Mechanics of Materials, 118: 106-119 (2018).
- [21] Jouault, N., Vallat, P., Dalmas, F., Said, S., Jestin, J., Boue, F., “Well-dispersed fractal aggregates as filler in polymer-silica nanocomposites: long-range effects in rheology”, Macromolecules, 42(6): 2031–2040, (2009).
- [22] Chen, J., Yu, Y., Chen, J., Li, H., Ji, J., Liu, D., “Chemical modification of palygorskite with maleic anhydride modified polypropylene: mechanical properties, morphology, and crystal structure of
palygorskite/polypropylene nanocomposites”, Applied Clay Science, 115: 230-237, (2015).
- [23] Khan, A., Shamsi, MH., Choi, T.S., “Correlating dynamical mechanical properties with temperature and clay composition of polymer-clay nanocomposites”, Computational Materials Science, 45(2): 257-265, (2009).
- [24] Zare, Y., “Study of nanoparticles aggregation/agglomeration in polymer particulate nanocomposites by mechanical properties”, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 84: 158-164, (2016).
- [25] Brkovic, D.V., Pavlovic, V.B., Pavlovic, V.P., Obradovic, N., Mitric, M., Stevanovic, S., “Structural properties of the multiwall carbon nanotubes/poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites: effect of the multiwall carbon nanotubes covalent functionalization”, Polymer Composites, 38(S1): E472-E489, (2017).
- [26] Hassan, S.B., Aigbodion, V.S., Patrick, S.N., “Development of polyester/eggshell particulate composites”, Tribology in Industry, 34(4): 217–225 (2012).
- [27] Bello, S.A., Raheem, I.A., Raji, N.K., “Study of tensile properties, fractography and morphology of aluminium (1xxx)/coconut shell micro particle composites”, Journal of King Saud University – Engineering Sciences, 29(3): 269-277, (2017).
- [28] Manikandan, A., Rajkumar, R., “Evaluation of mechanical properties of synthetic fiber reinforced polymer composites by mixture design analysis”, Polymers & Polymer Composites, 24(7): 455-462, (2016).