Nadir toprak elementlerinin birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan üretimi

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 264 - 280, 15.01.2021

Oktay Celep , Ersin Yener Yazıcı , Hacı Deveci

https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.765981

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Nadir toprak elementleri (NTE), yüksek sıcaklığa, aşınmaya, korozyona karşı dirençli olan yüksek teknolojik ürünlerin üretiminde kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek ekonomik değere ve temin edilme riskine sahip olmaları nedeniyle kritik hammaddeler olarak listelenmektedirler. Elektrikli-elektronik cihazlar (cep telefonu, bilgisayar, TV gibi), şarj edilebilir piller (NiMH piller), modern tıp cihazları (MR cihazı gibi), rüzgâr türbinleri, katalitik dönüştürücüler, motorlar (uçak, elektrikli araç motorları), cam ve seramik sanayi, petrol rafinerisi, güneş panelleri gibi ileri teknolojik ürünlerin uygulandığı pek çok alanda kullanılmaktadırlar. Hibrit ve elektrikli araçların ve rüzgâr türbinlerin yaygınlaşmasıyla beraber nadir toprak elementlerine olan talep giderek artmaktadır. NTE içeren pek çok mineral bulunmasına karşın endüstriyel öneme sahip en yaygın mineraller bastnazit, monazit ve ksenotimdir. Bu minerallerin dışında mıknatıslar, floresan lambalar, katalizörler ve şarj edilebilir piller de, nadir toprak elementi içeren önemli ikincil kaynaklardır. Bu çalışmada, NTE’nin kritik hammadde olarak önemi, potansiyeli, birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan üretim teknolojileri değerlendirilmiştir. Minerallerden ve ikincil kaynaklardan geri kazanım yöntemleri akım şemalarıyla beraber tartışılmıştır. Önemli bir ikincil kaynak olan Nd-Fe-B mıknatıslar, nikel-metal hidrür piller ve floresan lamba atıkları detaylı olarak irdelenmiştir.

Keywords

Cevher zenginleştirme, Geri kazanım, Hidrometalurji, Kritik hammadde, Liç, Nadir toprak elementleri (NTE)

Production of rare earth elements from primary and secondary resources

Abstract

Rare earth elements (REE) are utilized in the production of high-tech products that are resistant to high temperature, abrasion, and corrosion. They are termed critical raw materials due to their high economic value and risk of availability. REE are used in many fields where advanced technological products such as electric-electronic devices (mobile phones, computers, TVs), rechargeable batteries (NiMH batteries), modern medical devices (MR), wind turbines, catalytic converters, engines (aircraft, electric vehicle engines), glass and ceramic industry oil refinery, solar panels are applied. With the widespread use of hybrid and electric vehicles and wind turbines, the demand for rare earth elements is increasing. Although there are many REE-bearing minerals, the most common minerals of industrial interest are bastnäzite, monazite and xenotime. In addition to these minerals, magnets, fluorescent lamps, catalysts and rechargeable batteries are also secondary sources containing important rare earth elements. In this study, their importance, potential, and production technologies of primary and secondary sources are evaluated. Recovery methods from minerals and secondary sources are discussed with flow charts. Important secondary sources such as Nd-Fe-B magnets, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and fluorescent lamp waste are discussed in detail.

Keywords

Mineral processing, Recycling, Hydrometallurgy, Critical raw material, Leaching, Rare earth elements (REE)

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