Burnout in Critical Care Nurses in the Covid-19 Pandemic
Year 2022,
Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1051 - 1057, 27.09.2022
Yesim Yaman Aktaş
,
Hatice Oğuzhan
,
Sedanur Çatal
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the burnout levels of critical care nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic. The descriptive and cross-sectional research data were obtained between June and July 2021. The sample of the study consisted of 112 nurses working in the critical care units of a university hospital and meeting the sample criteria. In the data collection, “Information Form” developed by the researchers and the “Covid-19 Burnout Scale” were used. The mean score of the critical care nurses from the Covid-19 burnout scale was 35.26±11.08, which was above the average. In this study, it was determined that the level of burnout was higher in female nurses, nurses who graduated from health vocational high school, were not satisfied with the unit they worked in, had a chronic disease and had Covid-19 infection.
References
- 1. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Situation Report – 51.
- 2. Zu, Z.Y, Jiang, M.D, Xu, P.P, Chen, W, Ni, Q.Q, Lu, G.M. and Zhang, L.J. (2020)." Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". A Perspective from China. Radiology, 296 (2), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200490
- 3. Dror, A.A, Eisenbach, N, Taiber, S, Morozov, N.G, Mizrachi, M, Zigron, A. and Sela, E. (2020). "Vaccine Hesitancy: The Next Challenge in the Fight against COVID-19". European Journal of Epidemiology, 35 (8), 775-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y.
- 4. Bruyneel, A, Smith, P, Tack, J. and Pirson, M. (2021). "Prevalence of Burnout Risk and Factors Associated with Burnout Risk among Icu Nurses during the Covid-19 Outbreak ın French Speaking Belgium". Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 65, 103059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. iccn.2021.103059
- 5. Jalili, M, Niroomand, M, Hadavand, F, Zeinali, K. and Fotouhi, A. (2021). "Burnout among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94, 1345-1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01695-x
- 6. Morgantini, L.A, Naha, U, Wang, H, Francavilla, S, Acar, Ö, Flores, J.M. and Weine, S.M. (2020). "Factors Contributing to Healthcare Professional Purnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Turnaround Global Survey". Plos One, 15(9), e0238217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.02382 17
- 7. Que, J, Le Shi, J.D, Liu, J, Zhang, L, Wu, S, Gong, Y. and Lu, L. (2020). "Psychological İmpact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in China". General Psychiatry, 33 (3), e100259. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100259
- 8. Das, S, Singh, T, Varma, R. and Arya, Y.K. (2021). "Death and Mourning Process ın Frontline Health Care Professionals and Their Families during COVID-19". Frontiers Psychiatry, 12, 624428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624428
- 9. Chen, Q, Liang, M, Li, Y, Guo, J, Fei, D, Wang, L, He, L, Sheng, C, Cai, Y. and Li, X. (2020). "Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China during The COVID-19 Outbreak". The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 15-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X
- 10. Tsamakis, K, Rizos, E, Manolis, A.J, Chaidou, S, Kympouropoulos, S, Spartalis, E. and Triantafyllis, A.S. (2020). "COVID-19 Pandemic and İts İmpact on Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19 (6), 3451-3453.
- 11. Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E. (1981). "The Measurement of Experienced Burnout". Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.
- 12. Olgun, N. (2019). "Dünden Bugüne Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği". In: N. Özer (Ed.). Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği, (1-5). Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.
- 13. Zengın, H, Tıryakı, Ö. ve Çınar, N. (2019). "Hemşirelikte Yenilikçilik ve İlişkili Faktörler". Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 6 (3), 207-217.
- 14. Kiraner, E, Terzi, B, Yayik, A.K, Aydoğan, S, Doğanay, Ö, Yakut, T. ve Kars, D.G. "Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Yoğun Bakım Hemşiresinin Rolü". İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 (1), 45-48.
- 15. Hu, D, Kong, Y, Li, W, Han, Q, Zhang, X, Zhu, L.X, Wan, S.W, Liu, Z, Shen, Q, Yang, J, He, H.G. and Zhu, J. (2020). "Frontline Nurses’ Burnout, Anxiety, Depression, and Fear Statuses and Their Associated Factors during The COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study". EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424
- 16. Hardiyono, H, Aiyul, I, Ifah, F, Wahdaniah, W. and Reni, F. (2020). "Effect Covid-19: Burnout on Nurse". Espacios, 41 (42), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n42 p02
- 17. Galanis, P, Vraka, I, Fragkou, D, Bilali, A. and Kaitelidou, D. (2021). "Nurses' Burnout and Associated Risk Factors during The COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis". Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77 (8), 3286-3302.
- 18. Jackson, D, Bradbury‐Jones, C, Baptiste, D, Gelling, L, Morin, K. and Neville, S. (2020). "Life in The Pandemic: Some Reflections on Nursing in the Context of COVID‐19". Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29, 2041-2043. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15257
- 19. Malach-Pines, A. (2005). "The Burnout Measure, Short Version". International Journal of Stress Management, 12 (1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78
- 20. Yıldırım, M. and Solmaz, F. (2020). "COVID-19 Burnout, COVID-19 Stress and Resilience: Initial Psychometric Properties of COVID-19 Burnout Scale". Death Studies, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1818885
- 21. Conti, C, Fontanesi, L, Lanzara, R, Rosa, I, Doyle, R.L. and Porcelli, P. (2021). Burnout Status of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First COVID-19 Pandemic Peak Period. In Healthcare Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 9 (5), 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050510
- 22. Sayilan, A.A, Kulakaç, N. ve Uzun, S. (2020). "Burnout Levels and Sleep Quality of COVID-19 Heroes". Perspective Psychiatrics Care, 57 (3), 1231-6. https://doi.org/10.3892/ etm.2020.8646
- 23. Weilenmann, S, Ernst, J, Petry, H, Pfaltz, M.C, Sazpinar, O, Gehrke, S, Francesca, P, Känel, R. and Spiller, T.R. (2020)." Health Care Worker’s Mental Health During the First Weeks of the Sars-CoV-2 Pandemic in Switzerland: Two-Cross-Sectional Studies". Psychological Medicine, 1. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0033291720003128
- 24. Sagherian, K, Steege, L.M, Cobb, S.J. and Cho, H. (2020). "Insomnia, Fatigue and Psychosocial Well‐Being during COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Cross‐Sectional Survey of Hospital Nursing Staff in the United States". Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15566
- 25. Duarte, I, Teixeira, A, Castro, L, Marina, S, Ribeiro, C, Jácome, C. and Serrão, C. (2020). "Burnout among Portuguese Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic". BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09980-z
- 26. Barello, S, Palamenghi, L. and Graffigna, G. (2020). "Burnout and Somatic Symptoms among Frontline Healthcare Professionals at the Peak of the Italian COVID-19 Pandemic". Psychiatry Research, 290, 113129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129
- 27. Karagöl, A. ve Kaya, Z.T. (2022). "Healthcare Workers’ Burnout, Hopelessness, Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived Social Support Levels". The European Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2022.01.001
- 28. Günüşen, N. ve Üstün, B. (2010). "Türkiye'de İkinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Çalışan Hemşire ve Hekimlerde Tükenmişlik: Literatür incelemesi". Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 3 (1), 40-51.
- 29. Arpacıoğlu, M.S, Baltacı, Z. ve Ünübol, B. (2021). "COVID-19 Pandemisin de Sağlık Çalışanlarında Tükenmişlik, Covid Korkusu, Depresyon, Mesleki Doyum Düzeyleri ve Ilişkili Faktörler". Çukurova Medical Journal, 46 (1), 88-100. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.785609
- 30. Camci, G. ve Kavuran, E. (2021). "Hemşirelerin Iş Stresi ve Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri Ile Meslek ve Yaşam Doyumu Düzeyleri Arasinda ki Ilişkinin Belirlenmesi". Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 24 (2), 274-283. https://doi.org/10.17049/ataunihem.930846
- 31. Findik, Ü.Y, Özgül, E, Nejdet, S. ve Motör, D. (2011). "Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Tükenmişlik Düzeyi". Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 27, 55-65.
- 32. Shah, M.K, Gandrakota, N, Cimiotti, J.P, Ghose, N, Moore, M. and Ali, M.K. (2021). "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Nurse Burnout in the US". JAMA Network Open, 4 (2), e2036469-e2036469.
- 33. Akalın, B. ve Modanlıoğlu, A. (2021) "Covid-19 Sürecinde Yoğun Bakımda Çalışan Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Duygu-Durum ve Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi". Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12 (2), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.850978
- 34. Dall’Ora, C, Griffiths, P, Ball, J, Simon, M. and Aiken, L.H. (2015). "Association of 12 h shifts and nurses’ job Satisfaction, burnout and İntention to Leave: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study of 12 European Countries". British Medical Journal Open, 5 (9), 008331. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1136/bmjopen-2015-008331
- 35. Moroń, M, Yildirim, M, Jach, Ł, Nowakowska, J. and Atlas, K. (2021). "Exhausted due to the Pandemic: Validation of Coronavirus Stress Measure and COVID-19 Burnout Scale in a Polish Sample". Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12144-021-02543-4
- 36. Hoşgör, D.G, Tanyel, T.Ç, Saadet, C.İ.N. ve Demirsoy, S.B. (2021). "COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Sağlik Çalişanlarinda Tükenmişlik: İstanbul Ili Örneği". Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (2), 372-386.
- 37. Cai, X, Hu, X, Otte, E.I, Wang, J, An, Y, Li, Z. and Yuan, B. (2020). "Psychological Distress and İts Correlates among COVID-19 Survivors during Early Convalescence Across age Groups". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28 (10), 1030–1039. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jagp. 2020. 07. 003
- 38. Gallagher, M.W, Smith, L.J, Richardson, A.L, D’Souza, J.M. and Long, L.J. (2021). "Examining the Longitudinal Effects and Potentialmechanisms of Hope on COVID-19 Stress, Anxiety, and Wellbeing". Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50 (3), 234–245. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 16506 073. 2021. 18773 41.
Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Yoğun Bakım Hemşirelerinde Tükenmişlik
Year 2022,
Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1051 - 1057, 27.09.2022
Yesim Yaman Aktaş
,
Hatice Oğuzhan
,
Sedanur Çatal
Abstract
Bu çalışma Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde yoğun bakım hemşirelerinin tükenmişlik düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel özellikteki araştırma verileri Haziran - Temmuz 2021 tarihleri arasında elde edildi. Araştırmanın örneklemini, bir üniversite hastanesinin yoğun bakım ünitelerinde çalışan ve örneklem ölçütlerini karşılayan 112 hemşire oluşturdu. Verilerin toplanmasında; araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu” ve “Covid-19 Tükenmişlik Ölçeği” kullanıldı. Yoğun bakım hemşirelerinin Covid-19 tükenmişlik ölçeğinden aldıkları puan ortalaması 35.26±11.08 ile ortalamanın üzerinde bulundu. Çalışmada kadın hemşirelerde, sağlık meslek lisesi mezunu olanlarda, çalıştığı birimden memnun olmayanlarda, kronik hastalığı olanlarda ve Covid-19 enfeksiyonu geçiren hemşirelerde tükenmişlik düzeyinin daha yüksek olduğu saptandı.
References
- 1. World Health Organization (WHO) (2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Situation Report – 51.
- 2. Zu, Z.Y, Jiang, M.D, Xu, P.P, Chen, W, Ni, Q.Q, Lu, G.M. and Zhang, L.J. (2020)." Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". A Perspective from China. Radiology, 296 (2), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200490
- 3. Dror, A.A, Eisenbach, N, Taiber, S, Morozov, N.G, Mizrachi, M, Zigron, A. and Sela, E. (2020). "Vaccine Hesitancy: The Next Challenge in the Fight against COVID-19". European Journal of Epidemiology, 35 (8), 775-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y.
- 4. Bruyneel, A, Smith, P, Tack, J. and Pirson, M. (2021). "Prevalence of Burnout Risk and Factors Associated with Burnout Risk among Icu Nurses during the Covid-19 Outbreak ın French Speaking Belgium". Intensive and Critical Care Nursing, 65, 103059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. iccn.2021.103059
- 5. Jalili, M, Niroomand, M, Hadavand, F, Zeinali, K. and Fotouhi, A. (2021). "Burnout among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study". International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94, 1345-1352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01695-x
- 6. Morgantini, L.A, Naha, U, Wang, H, Francavilla, S, Acar, Ö, Flores, J.M. and Weine, S.M. (2020). "Factors Contributing to Healthcare Professional Purnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Turnaround Global Survey". Plos One, 15(9), e0238217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.02382 17
- 7. Que, J, Le Shi, J.D, Liu, J, Zhang, L, Wu, S, Gong, Y. and Lu, L. (2020). "Psychological İmpact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study in China". General Psychiatry, 33 (3), e100259. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100259
- 8. Das, S, Singh, T, Varma, R. and Arya, Y.K. (2021). "Death and Mourning Process ın Frontline Health Care Professionals and Their Families during COVID-19". Frontiers Psychiatry, 12, 624428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.624428
- 9. Chen, Q, Liang, M, Li, Y, Guo, J, Fei, D, Wang, L, He, L, Sheng, C, Cai, Y. and Li, X. (2020). "Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China during The COVID-19 Outbreak". The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 15-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30078-X
- 10. Tsamakis, K, Rizos, E, Manolis, A.J, Chaidou, S, Kympouropoulos, S, Spartalis, E. and Triantafyllis, A.S. (2020). "COVID-19 Pandemic and İts İmpact on Mental Health of Healthcare Professionals". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 19 (6), 3451-3453.
- 11. Maslach, C. and Jackson, S.E. (1981). "The Measurement of Experienced Burnout". Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.
- 12. Olgun, N. (2019). "Dünden Bugüne Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği". In: N. Özer (Ed.). Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği, (1-5). Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.
- 13. Zengın, H, Tıryakı, Ö. ve Çınar, N. (2019). "Hemşirelikte Yenilikçilik ve İlişkili Faktörler". Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi, 6 (3), 207-217.
- 14. Kiraner, E, Terzi, B, Yayik, A.K, Aydoğan, S, Doğanay, Ö, Yakut, T. ve Kars, D.G. "Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Yoğun Bakım Hemşiresinin Rolü". İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 (1), 45-48.
- 15. Hu, D, Kong, Y, Li, W, Han, Q, Zhang, X, Zhu, L.X, Wan, S.W, Liu, Z, Shen, Q, Yang, J, He, H.G. and Zhu, J. (2020). "Frontline Nurses’ Burnout, Anxiety, Depression, and Fear Statuses and Their Associated Factors during The COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study". EClinicalMedicine, 24, 100424. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424
- 16. Hardiyono, H, Aiyul, I, Ifah, F, Wahdaniah, W. and Reni, F. (2020). "Effect Covid-19: Burnout on Nurse". Espacios, 41 (42), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a20v41n42 p02
- 17. Galanis, P, Vraka, I, Fragkou, D, Bilali, A. and Kaitelidou, D. (2021). "Nurses' Burnout and Associated Risk Factors during The COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis". Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77 (8), 3286-3302.
- 18. Jackson, D, Bradbury‐Jones, C, Baptiste, D, Gelling, L, Morin, K. and Neville, S. (2020). "Life in The Pandemic: Some Reflections on Nursing in the Context of COVID‐19". Journal of Clinical Nursing, 29, 2041-2043. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15257
- 19. Malach-Pines, A. (2005). "The Burnout Measure, Short Version". International Journal of Stress Management, 12 (1), 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.12.1.78
- 20. Yıldırım, M. and Solmaz, F. (2020). "COVID-19 Burnout, COVID-19 Stress and Resilience: Initial Psychometric Properties of COVID-19 Burnout Scale". Death Studies, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1818885
- 21. Conti, C, Fontanesi, L, Lanzara, R, Rosa, I, Doyle, R.L. and Porcelli, P. (2021). Burnout Status of Italian Healthcare Workers during the First COVID-19 Pandemic Peak Period. In Healthcare Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 9 (5), 510. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050510
- 22. Sayilan, A.A, Kulakaç, N. ve Uzun, S. (2020). "Burnout Levels and Sleep Quality of COVID-19 Heroes". Perspective Psychiatrics Care, 57 (3), 1231-6. https://doi.org/10.3892/ etm.2020.8646
- 23. Weilenmann, S, Ernst, J, Petry, H, Pfaltz, M.C, Sazpinar, O, Gehrke, S, Francesca, P, Känel, R. and Spiller, T.R. (2020)." Health Care Worker’s Mental Health During the First Weeks of the Sars-CoV-2 Pandemic in Switzerland: Two-Cross-Sectional Studies". Psychological Medicine, 1. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0033291720003128
- 24. Sagherian, K, Steege, L.M, Cobb, S.J. and Cho, H. (2020). "Insomnia, Fatigue and Psychosocial Well‐Being during COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Cross‐Sectional Survey of Hospital Nursing Staff in the United States". Journal of Clinical Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15566
- 25. Duarte, I, Teixeira, A, Castro, L, Marina, S, Ribeiro, C, Jácome, C. and Serrão, C. (2020). "Burnout among Portuguese Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic". BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09980-z
- 26. Barello, S, Palamenghi, L. and Graffigna, G. (2020). "Burnout and Somatic Symptoms among Frontline Healthcare Professionals at the Peak of the Italian COVID-19 Pandemic". Psychiatry Research, 290, 113129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113129
- 27. Karagöl, A. ve Kaya, Z.T. (2022). "Healthcare Workers’ Burnout, Hopelessness, Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived Social Support Levels". The European Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpsy.2022.01.001
- 28. Günüşen, N. ve Üstün, B. (2010). "Türkiye'de İkinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetlerinde Çalışan Hemşire ve Hekimlerde Tükenmişlik: Literatür incelemesi". Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Elektronik Dergisi, 3 (1), 40-51.
- 29. Arpacıoğlu, M.S, Baltacı, Z. ve Ünübol, B. (2021). "COVID-19 Pandemisin de Sağlık Çalışanlarında Tükenmişlik, Covid Korkusu, Depresyon, Mesleki Doyum Düzeyleri ve Ilişkili Faktörler". Çukurova Medical Journal, 46 (1), 88-100. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.785609
- 30. Camci, G. ve Kavuran, E. (2021). "Hemşirelerin Iş Stresi ve Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri Ile Meslek ve Yaşam Doyumu Düzeyleri Arasinda ki Ilişkinin Belirlenmesi". Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 24 (2), 274-283. https://doi.org/10.17049/ataunihem.930846
- 31. Findik, Ü.Y, Özgül, E, Nejdet, S. ve Motör, D. (2011). "Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Çalışan Hemşirelerin Tükenmişlik Düzeyi". Ege Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 27, 55-65.
- 32. Shah, M.K, Gandrakota, N, Cimiotti, J.P, Ghose, N, Moore, M. and Ali, M.K. (2021). "Prevalence of and Factors Associated with Nurse Burnout in the US". JAMA Network Open, 4 (2), e2036469-e2036469.
- 33. Akalın, B. ve Modanlıoğlu, A. (2021) "Covid-19 Sürecinde Yoğun Bakımda Çalışan Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Duygu-Durum ve Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi". Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12 (2), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.31067/acusaglik.850978
- 34. Dall’Ora, C, Griffiths, P, Ball, J, Simon, M. and Aiken, L.H. (2015). "Association of 12 h shifts and nurses’ job Satisfaction, burnout and İntention to Leave: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study of 12 European Countries". British Medical Journal Open, 5 (9), 008331. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1136/bmjopen-2015-008331
- 35. Moroń, M, Yildirim, M, Jach, Ł, Nowakowska, J. and Atlas, K. (2021). "Exhausted due to the Pandemic: Validation of Coronavirus Stress Measure and COVID-19 Burnout Scale in a Polish Sample". Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12144-021-02543-4
- 36. Hoşgör, D.G, Tanyel, T.Ç, Saadet, C.İ.N. ve Demirsoy, S.B. (2021). "COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Sağlik Çalişanlarinda Tükenmişlik: İstanbul Ili Örneği". Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (2), 372-386.
- 37. Cai, X, Hu, X, Otte, E.I, Wang, J, An, Y, Li, Z. and Yuan, B. (2020). "Psychological Distress and İts Correlates among COVID-19 Survivors during Early Convalescence Across age Groups". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28 (10), 1030–1039. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1016/j. jagp. 2020. 07. 003
- 38. Gallagher, M.W, Smith, L.J, Richardson, A.L, D’Souza, J.M. and Long, L.J. (2021). "Examining the Longitudinal Effects and Potentialmechanisms of Hope on COVID-19 Stress, Anxiety, and Wellbeing". Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50 (3), 234–245. https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 16506 073. 2021. 18773 41.