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Elit Sporcuların Akıl Dışı Performans İnançları ile Sporda Kaygı Seviyeleri Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1967 - 1978, 26.12.2023

İbrahim Orkun Akcan , Pınar Yılmaz , Halit Şar , Cengiz Ölmez

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, elit sporcuların akıldışı performans inançları ile kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırma, yaşları 15 ile 55 arasında değişen 285 erkek ve kadın elit sporcunun gönüllü katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sürecinde sporcuların sporda akıldışı performans inançları ve kaygı düzeyleri incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla Akıldışı Performans İnançları Envanteri-2 ve Sporda Kaygı Ölçeği-2 kullanılmıştır. Sporcuların kaygı düzeyleri ve akıldışı performans inançları, cinsiyet ve spor türü değişkenleri dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Karşılaştırmalı analizler için tek yönlü ANOVA testi, ilişkisel incelemeler için ise Pearson Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular, kadın sporcuların daha kaygılı olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, spor disiplinlerine göre yapılan incelemede, sporcuların kaygı düzeyleri ile akıldışı performans inançları arasındaki farklılıkların spor türüne bağlı olarak değiştiği bulunmuştur. Genel incelemede, sporcuların kaygı düzeyleri ile akıldışı performans inançları arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, sporcuların kaygı düzeyleri akıldışı performans inançlarını etkilemekte ve bu ilişki cinsiyetler ve spor disiplinleri arasında farklılık göstermektedir.

Keywords

Akıldışı performans inançları Elit sporcular Sporda kaygı seviyesi

References

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  • 2. Trecroci, A, Longo, S, Perri, E, Iaia, F.M. and Alberti, G. (2019). “Field-Based Physical Performance of Elite and Sub-Elite Middle-Adolescent Soccer Players”. Research in Sports Medicine, 27 (1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10,1080/15438627,2018,1504217
  • 3. Nixdorf, I, Beckmann, J. and Nixdorf, R. (2020). “Psychological Predictors for Depression and Burnout Among German Junior Elite Athletes”. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 601. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2020,00601
  • 4. Swann, C, Moran, A. and Piggott, D. (2015). “Defining Elite Athletes: Issues in The Study of Expert Performance in Sport Psychology”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 3–14. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2014,07,004
  • 5. Anshel, M.H. (1990). “Toward Validation of a Model for Coping with Acute Stress in Sport”. international Journal of Sport Psychology, 21 (1) 58–83.
  • 6. Zakrajsek, R.A, Raabe, J. and Blanton, J.E. (2019). “Psychological Characteristics of Elite Athletes”. In: M. H. ANSHEL, T. A. PETRIE, and J. A. STEINFELDT (Ed.). APA Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 1, Sport Psychology (129–148). USA/ Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10,1037/0000123-008
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  • 9. Gustafsson, H, Sagar, S.S. and Stenling, A. (2017). “Fear of Failure, Psychological Stress, and Burnout Among Adolescent Athletes Competing in High Level Sport”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 27 (12), 2091–2102. https://doi.org/10,1111/sms.12797
  • 10. Sagar, S.S, Lavallee, D. and Spray, C.M. (2009). “Coping With the Effects of Fear of Failure: A Preliminary Investigation of Young Elite Athletes”. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3 (1), 73–98. https://doi.org/10,1123/jcsp.3,1,73
  • 11. Urfa, O. and Asci, F.H. (2018). “Examination of Psychometric Properties of The Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2”. Studies in Psychology, 38 (2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10,26650/sp2018-0004
  • 12. Turner, M.J. (2016). “Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Irrational and Rational Beliefs, and The Mental Health of Athletes”. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2016,01423
  • 13. Deen, S, Turner, M.J. and Wong, R.S.K. (2017). “The Effects of REBT, and The Use of Credos, on Irrational Beliefs and Resilience Qualities in Athletes”. The Sport Psychologist, 31 (3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10,1123/tsp.2016-0057
  • 14. Ellis, A. (2001). “Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors”. Amherst/New York: Prometheus Books.
  • 15. Digiuseppe, R.A, Digiuseppe, R, Doyle, K.A, Dryden, W. and Backx, W. (2013). “A Practitioner’s Guide to Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy”. USA/New York: Oxford University Press.
  • 16. King, A.M, Turner, M.J, Plateau, C.R. and Barker, J.B. (2023). “The Socialisation of Athlete Irrational Beliefs”. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 41 (2), 290–313. https://doi.org/10,1007/s10942-022-00460-4
  • 17. Michel-Kröhler, A. and Turner, M.J. (2022). “Link Between Irrational Beliefs and Important Markers of Mental Health in A German Sample of Athletes: Differences Between Gender, Sport-Type, and Performance Level”. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 918329. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2022,918329
  • 18. Mansell, P.C. and Turner, M.J. (2022). “Testing the REBT-I Model in Athletes: Investigating the Role of Self-Confidence Between Irrational Beliefs and Psychological Distress”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102284. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2022,102284
  • 19. Ford, J.L, Ildefonso, K, Jones, M.L. and Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2017). “Sport-Related Anxiety: Current Insights”. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 205–212. https://doi.org/10,2147/oajsm.s125845
  • 20. Martens, R, Vealey, R.S. and Burton, D. (1990). “Competitive Anxiety in Sport”. Champaign/Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.
  • 21. Ong, N.C.H. and Chua, J.H.E. (2021). “Effects of Psychological Interventions on Competitive Anxiety in Sport: A Meta-Analysis”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101836. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2020,101836 22. Panza, M.J, Graupensperger, S, Agans, J.P, Doré, I, Vella, S. A. and Evans, M.B. (2020). “Adolescent Sport Participation and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42 (3), 201–218. https://doi.org/10,1123/jsep.2019-0235
  • 23. Segal, D.L. (2010). “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)”. In: G. STRICKER (Ed.). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (1-3). USA:Wiley. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10,1002/9780470479216,corpsy0271
  • 24. Patel, D.R, Omar, H. and Terry, M. (2010). “Sport-Related Performance Anxiety in Young Female Athletes”. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23 (6), 325–335. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.jpag.2010,04,004
  • 25. Jones, G, Swain, A. and Hardy, L. (1993). “Intensity and Direction Dimensions of Competitive State Anxiety and Relationships With Performance”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11 (6), 525–532. https://doi.org/10,1080/02640419308730023
  • 26. Saint-Martin, S.V, Turner, M.J. and Ruiz, M.C. (2020). “Mental Preparation of Olympic and Paralympic Swimmers: Performance-Related Cognitions and Emotions, and The Techniques Used to Manage Them”. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20 (6), 3569–3578. https://doi.org/10,7752/jpes.2020,06481
  • 27. World Medical Association. (2013). “World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects”. JAMA, 310 (20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10,1001/jama.2013,281053
  • 28. Karadağ, D. and Aşçi, F.H. (2020). “Evaluation of Multidimensional Anxiety in Adolescent Athletes: Validity and Reliability of Sport Anxiety Scale-2”. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 12 (3), 330–338. https://doi.org/10,5336/sportsci.2020-75226
  • 29. Turner, M.J. and Allen, M.S. (2018). “Confirmatory Factor Analysis of The Irrational Performance Beliefs Inventory (Ipbi) in A Sample of Amateur and Semi-Professional Athletes”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 126–130. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2017,11,017
  • 30. Smith, R.E, Smoll, F.L. and Schutz, R.W. (1990). “Measurement and Correlates of Sport-Specific Cognitive and Somatic Trait Anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale”. Anxiety Research, 2 (4), 263–280. https://doi.org/10,1080/08917779008248733
  • 31. Smith, R.E, Smoll, F.L, Cumming, S.P. and Grossbard, J.R. (2006). “Measurement of Multidimensional Sport Performance Anxiety in Children and Adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2”. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28 (4), 479–501. https://doi.org/10,1123/jsep.28,4,479
  • 32. Hopkins, W.G, Marshall, S.W, Batterham, A.M. and Hanin, J. (2009). “Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41 (1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10,1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278
  • 33. Akoglu, H. (2018). “User’s Guide to Correlation Coefficients”. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18 (3), 91–93. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.tjem.2018,08,001
  • 34. Turner, M.J, Aspin, G. and Gillman, J. (2019). “Maladaptive Schemas As A Potential Mechanism Through Which Irrational Beliefs Relate to Psychological Distress in Athletes”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 44, 9–16. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2019,04,015
  • 35. Jooste, J, Wolfson, S. and Kruger, A. (2022). “Irrational Performance Beliefs and Mental Well-Being Upon Returning to Sport During the Covıd-19 Pandemic: A Test of Mediation By Intolerance of Uncertainty”. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 0 (0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10,1080/02701367,2022,2056117
  • 36. Tóth, R, Turner, M.J, Kökény, T. and Tóth, L. (2022). “I Must Be Perfect: The Role of Irrational Beliefs and Perfectionism on The Competitive Anxiety of Hungarian Athletes”. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2022,994126
  • 37. Mesagno, C, Tibbert, S.J, Buchanan, E, Harvey, J.T. and Turner, M.J. (2021). “Irrational Beliefs and Choking Under Pressure: A Preliminary Investigation”. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33 (6), 569–589. https://doi.org/10,1080/10413200,2020,1737273
  • 38. Bahrami, F. and Yousefi, N. (2011). “Females Are More Anxious Than Males: A Metacognitive Perspective”. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5 (2), 83–90.
  • 39. Mclean, C.P, Asnaani, A, Litz, B.T. and Hofmann, S.G. (2011). “Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders: Prevalence, Course of Illness, Comorbidity and Burden of Illness”. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45 (8), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.jpsychires.2011,03,006
  • 40. Bangasser, D.A. and Cuarenta, A. (2021). “Sex Differences in Anxiety and Depression: Circuits and Mechanisms”. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22 (11), 11. https://doi.org/10,1038/s41583-021-00513-0

Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 4, 1967 - 1978, 26.12.2023

İbrahim Orkun Akcan , Pınar Yılmaz , Halit Şar , Cengiz Ölmez

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between irrational performance beliefs and anxiety levels in elite athletes. The research was conducted with the voluntary participation of 285 male and female elite athletes between the ages of 15 and 55, During the research process, athletes' irrational performance beliefs and anxiety levels in sports were investigated. For this purpose, the Irrational Performance Beliefs inventory-2 and the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 were used. Athletes' anxiety levels and irrational performance beliefs were examined considering gender and sport type variables. One-way ANOVA test was used for comparative analysis, and Pearson Correlation analysis was employed for relational examinations. The findings revealed that female athletes were more anxious. Furthermore, in the examination conducted based on sports disciplines, it was found that the differences between athletes' anxiety levels and irrational performance beliefs varied depending on the sport type. in the overall examination, significant relationships were found between athletes' anxiety levels and irrational performance beliefs. in conclusion, athletes' anxiety levels affect their irrational performance beliefs, and this relationship differs among genders and sports disciplines.

Keywords

Anxiety levels in sports Elite athletes Irrational performance beliefs

References

  • 1. Liu, G, Fekete, G, Yang, H, Ma, J, Sun, D, Mei, Q. and Gu, Y. (2018). “Comparative 3-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis of Snatch Technique Between Top-Elite and Sub-Elite Male Weightlifters in 69-Kg Category”. Heliyon, 4 (7), E00658. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.heliyon.2018,e00658
  • 2. Trecroci, A, Longo, S, Perri, E, Iaia, F.M. and Alberti, G. (2019). “Field-Based Physical Performance of Elite and Sub-Elite Middle-Adolescent Soccer Players”. Research in Sports Medicine, 27 (1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10,1080/15438627,2018,1504217
  • 3. Nixdorf, I, Beckmann, J. and Nixdorf, R. (2020). “Psychological Predictors for Depression and Burnout Among German Junior Elite Athletes”. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 601. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2020,00601
  • 4. Swann, C, Moran, A. and Piggott, D. (2015). “Defining Elite Athletes: Issues in The Study of Expert Performance in Sport Psychology”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 3–14. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2014,07,004
  • 5. Anshel, M.H. (1990). “Toward Validation of a Model for Coping with Acute Stress in Sport”. international Journal of Sport Psychology, 21 (1) 58–83.
  • 6. Zakrajsek, R.A, Raabe, J. and Blanton, J.E. (2019). “Psychological Characteristics of Elite Athletes”. In: M. H. ANSHEL, T. A. PETRIE, and J. A. STEINFELDT (Ed.). APA Handbook of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Vol. 1, Sport Psychology (129–148). USA/ Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10,1037/0000123-008
  • 7. Singh, A. and Yadav, S.S. and B. B. (2011). “A Study of Pre and Post-Competitive Anxiety Level of Inter-University Basketball Players”. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4 (6), 650–651. https://doi.org/10,17485/ijst/2011/v4i6,8
  • 8. Gabrys, K. and Wontorczyk, A. (2023). “Sport Anxiety, Fear of Negative Evaluation, Stress and Coping as Predictors of Athlete’s Sensitivity to The Behavior of Supporters”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 (12), 12. https://doi.org/10,3390/ijerph20126084
  • 9. Gustafsson, H, Sagar, S.S. and Stenling, A. (2017). “Fear of Failure, Psychological Stress, and Burnout Among Adolescent Athletes Competing in High Level Sport”. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 27 (12), 2091–2102. https://doi.org/10,1111/sms.12797
  • 10. Sagar, S.S, Lavallee, D. and Spray, C.M. (2009). “Coping With the Effects of Fear of Failure: A Preliminary Investigation of Young Elite Athletes”. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3 (1), 73–98. https://doi.org/10,1123/jcsp.3,1,73
  • 11. Urfa, O. and Asci, F.H. (2018). “Examination of Psychometric Properties of The Irrational Performance Belief Inventory-2”. Studies in Psychology, 38 (2), 219–236. https://doi.org/10,26650/sp2018-0004
  • 12. Turner, M.J. (2016). “Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), Irrational and Rational Beliefs, and The Mental Health of Athletes”. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2016,01423
  • 13. Deen, S, Turner, M.J. and Wong, R.S.K. (2017). “The Effects of REBT, and The Use of Credos, on Irrational Beliefs and Resilience Qualities in Athletes”. The Sport Psychologist, 31 (3), 249–263. https://doi.org/10,1123/tsp.2016-0057
  • 14. Ellis, A. (2001). “Overcoming Destructive Beliefs, Feelings, and Behaviors”. Amherst/New York: Prometheus Books.
  • 15. Digiuseppe, R.A, Digiuseppe, R, Doyle, K.A, Dryden, W. and Backx, W. (2013). “A Practitioner’s Guide to Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy”. USA/New York: Oxford University Press.
  • 16. King, A.M, Turner, M.J, Plateau, C.R. and Barker, J.B. (2023). “The Socialisation of Athlete Irrational Beliefs”. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 41 (2), 290–313. https://doi.org/10,1007/s10942-022-00460-4
  • 17. Michel-Kröhler, A. and Turner, M.J. (2022). “Link Between Irrational Beliefs and Important Markers of Mental Health in A German Sample of Athletes: Differences Between Gender, Sport-Type, and Performance Level”. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 918329. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2022,918329
  • 18. Mansell, P.C. and Turner, M.J. (2022). “Testing the REBT-I Model in Athletes: Investigating the Role of Self-Confidence Between Irrational Beliefs and Psychological Distress”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63, 102284. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2022,102284
  • 19. Ford, J.L, Ildefonso, K, Jones, M.L. and Arvinen-Barrow, M. (2017). “Sport-Related Anxiety: Current Insights”. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 8, 205–212. https://doi.org/10,2147/oajsm.s125845
  • 20. Martens, R, Vealey, R.S. and Burton, D. (1990). “Competitive Anxiety in Sport”. Champaign/Illinois: Human Kinetics Books.
  • 21. Ong, N.C.H. and Chua, J.H.E. (2021). “Effects of Psychological Interventions on Competitive Anxiety in Sport: A Meta-Analysis”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101836. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2020,101836 22. Panza, M.J, Graupensperger, S, Agans, J.P, Doré, I, Vella, S. A. and Evans, M.B. (2020). “Adolescent Sport Participation and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42 (3), 201–218. https://doi.org/10,1123/jsep.2019-0235
  • 23. Segal, D.L. (2010). “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)”. In: G. STRICKER (Ed.). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology (1-3). USA:Wiley. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10,1002/9780470479216,corpsy0271
  • 24. Patel, D.R, Omar, H. and Terry, M. (2010). “Sport-Related Performance Anxiety in Young Female Athletes”. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 23 (6), 325–335. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.jpag.2010,04,004
  • 25. Jones, G, Swain, A. and Hardy, L. (1993). “Intensity and Direction Dimensions of Competitive State Anxiety and Relationships With Performance”. Journal of Sports Sciences, 11 (6), 525–532. https://doi.org/10,1080/02640419308730023
  • 26. Saint-Martin, S.V, Turner, M.J. and Ruiz, M.C. (2020). “Mental Preparation of Olympic and Paralympic Swimmers: Performance-Related Cognitions and Emotions, and The Techniques Used to Manage Them”. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20 (6), 3569–3578. https://doi.org/10,7752/jpes.2020,06481
  • 27. World Medical Association. (2013). “World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects”. JAMA, 310 (20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10,1001/jama.2013,281053
  • 28. Karadağ, D. and Aşçi, F.H. (2020). “Evaluation of Multidimensional Anxiety in Adolescent Athletes: Validity and Reliability of Sport Anxiety Scale-2”. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 12 (3), 330–338. https://doi.org/10,5336/sportsci.2020-75226
  • 29. Turner, M.J. and Allen, M.S. (2018). “Confirmatory Factor Analysis of The Irrational Performance Beliefs Inventory (Ipbi) in A Sample of Amateur and Semi-Professional Athletes”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 126–130. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2017,11,017
  • 30. Smith, R.E, Smoll, F.L. and Schutz, R.W. (1990). “Measurement and Correlates of Sport-Specific Cognitive and Somatic Trait Anxiety: The Sport Anxiety Scale”. Anxiety Research, 2 (4), 263–280. https://doi.org/10,1080/08917779008248733
  • 31. Smith, R.E, Smoll, F.L, Cumming, S.P. and Grossbard, J.R. (2006). “Measurement of Multidimensional Sport Performance Anxiety in Children and Adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2”. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 28 (4), 479–501. https://doi.org/10,1123/jsep.28,4,479
  • 32. Hopkins, W.G, Marshall, S.W, Batterham, A.M. and Hanin, J. (2009). “Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41 (1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10,1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278
  • 33. Akoglu, H. (2018). “User’s Guide to Correlation Coefficients”. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine, 18 (3), 91–93. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.tjem.2018,08,001
  • 34. Turner, M.J, Aspin, G. and Gillman, J. (2019). “Maladaptive Schemas As A Potential Mechanism Through Which Irrational Beliefs Relate to Psychological Distress in Athletes”. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 44, 9–16. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.psychsport.2019,04,015
  • 35. Jooste, J, Wolfson, S. and Kruger, A. (2022). “Irrational Performance Beliefs and Mental Well-Being Upon Returning to Sport During the Covıd-19 Pandemic: A Test of Mediation By Intolerance of Uncertainty”. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 0 (0), 1–10. https://doi.org/10,1080/02701367,2022,2056117
  • 36. Tóth, R, Turner, M.J, Kökény, T. and Tóth, L. (2022). “I Must Be Perfect: The Role of Irrational Beliefs and Perfectionism on The Competitive Anxiety of Hungarian Athletes”. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10,3389/fpsyg.2022,994126
  • 37. Mesagno, C, Tibbert, S.J, Buchanan, E, Harvey, J.T. and Turner, M.J. (2021). “Irrational Beliefs and Choking Under Pressure: A Preliminary Investigation”. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33 (6), 569–589. https://doi.org/10,1080/10413200,2020,1737273
  • 38. Bahrami, F. and Yousefi, N. (2011). “Females Are More Anxious Than Males: A Metacognitive Perspective”. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 5 (2), 83–90.
  • 39. Mclean, C.P, Asnaani, A, Litz, B.T. and Hofmann, S.G. (2011). “Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders: Prevalence, Course of Illness, Comorbidity and Burden of Illness”. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45 (8), 1027–1035. https://doi.org/10,1016/j.jpsychires.2011,03,006
  • 40. Bangasser, D.A. and Cuarenta, A. (2021). “Sex Differences in Anxiety and Depression: Circuits and Mechanisms”. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 22 (11), 11. https://doi.org/10,1038/s41583-021-00513-0
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sport and Exercise Psychology
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

İbrahim Orkun Akcan 0000-0001-6983-2145

Pınar Yılmaz 0009-0009-8687-5038

Halit Şar 0000-0001-9866-5403

Cengiz Ölmez 0000-0001-8584-6272

Publication Date December 26, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Akcan, İ. O., Yılmaz, P., Şar, H., Ölmez, C. (2023). Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(4), 1967-1978. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923
AMA Akcan İO, Yılmaz P, Şar H, Ölmez C. Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. December 2023;12(4):1967-1978. doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923
Chicago Akcan, İbrahim Orkun, Pınar Yılmaz, Halit Şar, and Cengiz Ölmez. “Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 12, no. 4 (December 2023): 1967-78. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923.
EndNote Akcan İO, Yılmaz P, Şar H, Ölmez C (December 1, 2023) Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 12 4 1967–1978.
IEEE İ. O. Akcan, P. Yılmaz, H. Şar, and C. Ölmez, “Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports”, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 1967–1978, 2023, doi: 10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923.
ISNAD Akcan, İbrahim Orkun et al. “Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 12/4 (December 2023), 1967-1978. https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923.
JAMA Akcan İO, Yılmaz P, Şar H, Ölmez C. Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;12:1967–1978.
MLA Akcan, İbrahim Orkun et al. “Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 4, 2023, pp. 1967-78, doi:10.37989/gumussagbil.1366923.
Vancouver Akcan İO, Yılmaz P, Şar H, Ölmez C. Examination of the Relationship Between Irrational Performance Beliefs and Levels of Anxiety of Elite Athletes in Sports. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2023;12(4):1967-78.
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