Sporda Beslenme Farkındalığı Envanterinin Geliştirilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 1377 - 1392, 26.09.2024

Dicle Aras , Bijen Filiz , Tuğçe Nur Erdoğmuş , Özge Yavaş , Çağla Aras , Abdulkadir Birol

https://doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1506969

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı; sporcuların sporda beslenme farkındalık düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik güvenirliği ve geçerliği yüksek bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla rasyonel ve istatiksel kapsamda geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Geçerlik kapsamında; uzman değerlendirmelerine dayalı kapsam ve yapı geçerliği, istatiksel olarak; açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) çalışmaları yürütülmüştür. Güvenirlik analizlerinde Cronbach alfa ve eşdeğer yarılar tekniklerinden yararlanılmıştır. Toplamda 415 sporcuyla gerçekleştirilen çalışmada yapının açımlanmasına ilişkin analizler dışında toplam varyansın %60,5’ini açıklayan 27 maddelik ölçek elde edilmiştir. DFA ile AFA’nın uygulandığı birbirinden tamamen bağımsız iki grup üzerinde test edilen modelde maddelerin yol katsayısı değerlerinin 0,51 ile 1,05 arasında değiştiği, t değerlerinin istatiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu ve sınanan ölçme modelinin uyum indekslerinin kabul edilebilir aralık içerisinde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Beş faktörlü yapıda Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı 0,93 iken eş değer yarılar yöntemi ile elde edilen sonuçlarda ölçeğin tümü ve alt boyutları 0,70’in üzerinde elde edilmiştir. Bu bulgular doğrultusunda; enerji kaynakları, vitamin ve mineraller, ergojenik yardımcılar, beslenmeyi etkileyen faktörler ve spora özgü beslenme olarak beş alt ölçekten oluşan sporda beslenme farkındalığı ölçeğinin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

Beslenme, Beslenme Farkındalığı, Ölçek Geliştirme, Sporda Beslenme

Ethical Statement

Üniversitemiz Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğretim elemanı Doç. Dr. Bijen FİLİZ tarafından yürütülen (Diğer Araştırmacılar: Doç. Dr. Dicle ARAS, Dr. Hadi NOBARİ, Dr. Özge YAVAŞ TEZ, Mekki ABDİOĞLU), "Sporda Beslenme Farkındalığı Envanteri (SBFE) Geliştirme: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması" başlıklı öğretim elemanı araştırması kapsamında kullanılacak veri toplama araçlarının, etik açıdan sakıncalı olmadığına, katılanların oy birliği ile karar verildi.

Development of Nutrition Awareness Inventory in Sports

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to develop a highly reliable and valid measurement tool to determine athletes' nutrition awareness levels in sports. For this purpose, validity and reliability studies were carried out in a rational and statistical context. Within the scope of validity; content and structure validity based on expert evaluations, statistically; exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) studies were conducted. Cronbach's alpha and equivalent halves techniques were used in reliability analyses. In the study conducted with a total of 415 athletes, a 27-item scale was obtained that explained 60.5% of the total variance, apart from the analyzes regarding the explanation of the structure. In the model tested on two completely independent groups, where CFA and EFA were applied, it was concluded that the path coefficient values of the items varied between 0.51 and 1.05, the t values were statistically significant, and the fit indices of the tested measurement model were within the acceptable range. While the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was 0.93 in the five-factor structure, the entire scale and its sub-dimensions were above 0.70 in the results obtained with the equivalent halves method. In line with these findings; It can be said that the sports nutrition awareness scale, which consists of five subscales as energy sources, vitamins and minerals, ergogenic aids, factors affecting nutrition and sports-specific nutrition, is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Keywords

Nutrition, Nutrition Awareness, Scale Development, Sports Nutrition

References

• 1. World Health Organization (2024). “Nutrition”. Erişim adresi: http://www.who.int/topics/nutrition/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 01.01.2024).
• 2. Beauman, C. (2005). “The Principles, Definition and Dimensions of the New Nutrition Science”. Public Health Nutrition, 8 (6a), 695-698.
• 3. American College of Sports Medicine, American Dietetic Association, Dieticians of Canada. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(3):709–731.
• 4. Irandoust, K. (2023). “The Interplay of Nutrition, Physiology, and Performance in Sports: A Comprehensive Review”. Health Nexus, 1 (3), 21-30.
• 5. Potgieter, S. (2013). “Sport nutrition: A Review of the Latest Guidelines for Exercise and Sport Nutrition from the American College of Sport Nutrition, the International Olympic Committee and the International Society for Sports Nutrition”. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 26 (1), 6-16.
• 6. Gleeson, M. (2016). “Immunological Aspects of Sport Nutrition”. Immunology and Cell Biology, 94 (2), 117-123.
• 7. Close, G.L, Hamilton, D.L, Philp, A, Burke, L.M. and Morton, J.P. (2016). “New Strategies in Sport Nutrition to İncrease Exercise Performance”. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 98, 144-158.
• 8. Snijders, T, Trommelen, J, Kouw, I, Holwerda, A.M, Verdijk, L.B. and van Loon, L. (2019). “The Impact of Presleep Protein Ingestion on the Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Response to Exercise in Humans: An Update”. Frontiers in Nutrition, 6, 17.
• 9. Taghiyar, M, Darvishi, L, Askari, G, Feizi, A, Hariri, M, Mashhadi, N.S. and Ghiasvand, R. (2013). “The Effect of Vitamin C and e Supplementation on Muscle Damage and Oxidative Stress in Female Athletes: A Clinical Trial”. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4 (1), 16.
• 10. McArdle, W.D, Katch, F.I. and Katch, V.L. (2012). “Sports and Exercise Nutrition”. (4 Edition), Fourth North American, LWW.
• 11. Mitchell, J.W, Nadel, E.R. and Stolwijk, J.A. (1972). “Respiratory Weight Losses During Exercise”. Journal of Applied Physiology, 32, 474–476.
• 12. Kashani, A, Keshavarz, S.A, Jafari-Vayghan, H, Azam, K, Hozoori, M, Alinavaz, M. and Djafarian, K. (2022). “Preventive Effects of Spirulina Platensis on Exercise-induced Muscle Damage, Oxidative Stress and İnflammation in Taekwondo Athletes: A Randomized Cross-over Trial”. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28 (4), 89–595.
• 13. Pinckaers, P.J, Hendriks, F.K, Hermans, W.J, Goessens, J.P, Senden, J.M, Van Kranenburg, J.M. and Van Loon, L.J. (2022). “Potato Protein İngestion İncreases Muscle Protein Synthesis Rates at Rest and During Recovery from Exercise in Humans”. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 54 (9), 1572.
• 14. Sureda, A, Mestre-Alfaro, A, Banquells, M, Riera, J, Drobnic, F., Camps, J, Joven, J, Tur, J.A. and Pons, A. (2015). “Exercise in a Hot Environment İnfluences Plasma Anti-İnflammatory and Antioxidant Status in Well-trained Athletes”. Journal of Thermal Biology, 47, 91-98.
• 15. Rebold, M.J, Kobak, M.S. and Otterstetter, R. (2013). “The İnfluence of a Tabata İnterval Training Program Using an Aquatic Underwater Treadmill on Various Performance Variables”. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27 (12), 3419-3425.
• 16. Grout, A, McClave, S.A, Jampolis, M.B, Krueger, K, Hurt, R.T, Landes, S. and Kiraly, L. (2016). “Basic Principles of Sports Nutrition”. Current Nutrition Reports, 5, 213-222.
• 17. Mcanulty, S.R, Nieman, D.C, Mcanulty, L.S, Lynch, W.S, Jin, F. and Henson, D.A. (2011). “Effect Of Mixed Flavonoids, n-3 Fatty Acids, And Vitamin C On Oxidative Stressand Antioxidant Capacity Before And After İntense Cycling”. International Journal Of Sport Nutrition And Exercise Metabolism, 21, 328–337.
• 18. Burkhart, S.J. and Coad, J. (2010). “Assessment of Nutritional Knowledge and Food Skills in Talented Adolescent Athletes”. In Proceeding of the Nutrition Society of New Zealand, 34, 77-80.
• 19. Spronk, I, Heaney, S.E, Prvan, T. and O'Connor, H.T. (2015). “Relationship Between General Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Quality in Elite Athletes”. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25 (3), 243-51.
• 20. Supriya, V. and Ramaswami, L. (2013). “Knowledge, Attitude and Dietary Practices of Track and Field Athletic Men and Women Aged 18-22 Years”. International Journal of İnnovative Research and Development, 2 (11), 399-404.
• 21. Froiland, K, Koszewski, W, Hingst, J. and Kopecky, L. (2004). “Nutritional Supplement Use Among College Athletes and Their Sources of İnformation”. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14, 104-120.
• 22. Rosenbloom, C.A, Jonnalagadda, S.S. and Skinner, R. (2002). “Nutrition Knowledge of Collegiate Athletes in a Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association İnstitution”. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102 (3), 418–420.
• 23. Zawila, L.G, Steib, C.M. and Hoogenboom, B. (2003). “The Female Collegiate Cross-Country Runner: Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes”. Journal of Athletic Training, 38 (1), 67–74.
• 24. Jessri, M, Jessri, M, Rashidkhani, B. and Zinn, C. (2010). “Evaluation of Iranian College Athletes’ Sport Nutrition Knowledge”. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 20, 257-263.
• 25. Spendlove, J.L, Heaney, S.E, Gifford, J.A, Pvan, T, Denyer, G.S. and O’Connor, H.T. (2012). “Evaluation of General Nutrition Knowledge in Elite Australian Athletes”. British Journal of Nutrition, 107, 1871-1880.
• 26. Zinn, C, Schofield, G. and Wall, C. (2005). Development of a Psychometrically Valid and Reliable Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire”. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 8 (3), 346-351
• 27. Torres-McGehee, T.M, Pritchett, K.L, Zippel, D, Minton, D.M, Cellamare, A. and Sibilia, M. (2012). “Sports Nutrition Knowledge Among Collegiate Athletes, Coaches, Athletic Trainers, and Strength and Conditioning Specialists”. Journal of Athletic Training, 47 (2), 205-211.
• 28. Trakman, G.L, Forsyth, A, Hoye, R. and Belski, R. (2018). “Development and Validation of a Brief General and Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire and Assessment of Athletes’ Nutrition Knowledge”. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15, 1-8.
• 29. Blennerhassett, C, McNaughton, L.R, Cronin, L. and Sparks, S.A. (2019). “Development and İmplementation of a Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Ultraendurance Athletes”. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29 (1), 39-45.
• 30. Karpinski, C.A, Dolins, K.R. and Bachman, J. (2019). “Development and Validation of a 49-Item Sports Nutrition Knowledge Instrument (49-SNKI) for Adult Athletes”. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 34 (3), 174-185.
• 31. Cattell, R.B. (1978). “The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis”. New York: Plenum Press.
• 32. Comrey, A.L. and Lee, H.B. (1992). “Interpretation and Application of Factor Analytic Results”. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum Associates.
• 33. Burns, N. and Susan, K.G. (2005). “The Practice of Nursing Research Conduct”. Philadelphia: Saunders
• 34. Tabachnick, B.G. and Fidell, L.S. (2001). “Using Multivariate Statistics”. California State Universirt: Pearson Education Company.
• 35. Hair, J.F, Black, W.C, Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2009). “Multivariate Data Analysis”. NJ: Prentice Hall.
• 36. Preacher, K.J. and MacCallum, R.C. (2002). “Exploratory Factor Analysis in Behavior Genetics Research: Factor Recovery with Small Sample Sizes”. Behavior Genetics, 32 (2), 153-161.
• 37. DeVellis, R.F. and Thorpe, C.T. (2021). “Scale Development: Theory and Applications. London: Sage publications.
• 38. Bryman, A. and Cramer, D. (1999). “Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 8 for Windows”. London: Routledge.
• 39. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). “Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni, SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum”. (12. baskı), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• 40. Kline, R.B. (2011). “Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling”. (3nd ed.), New York London: The Guilford.
• 41. Hu, L. T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). “Cutoff Criteria for Fit İndexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria Versus New Alternatives”. Structural Quation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1-55.
• 42. Cole, D.A. (1987). “Utility of Confirmatory Factor Analysis in Test Validation Research”. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 1019-1031.
• 43. DeVellis, R.F. (2022). “Güvenirlik”. T. Totan (Çev. Ed.). “Ölçek Geliştirme Kuram ve Uygulamalar”. Ankara: Nobel Akademi Yayınları.
• 44. Ozener, B, Karabulut, E, Kocahan, T. and Bılgıc, P. (2021). “Validity and Reliability of the Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for the Turkish athletes”. Marmara Medical Journal, 34 (1), 45-50.
• 45. Trakman, G.L, Forsyth, A, Devlin, B.L. and Belski, R. (2016). “A Systematic Review of Athletes’ and Coaches’ Nutrition Knowledge and Reflections on the Quality of Current Nutrition Knowledge Measures”. Nutrients, 8 (9), 570.
• 46. Calella, P, Iacullo, V.M. and Valerio, G. (2017). “Validation of a General and Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire in Adolescents and Young Adults. GeSNK”. Nutrients, 9 (5), 439.
• 47. Bauhaus, H, Jensen, P.M, Braun, H. and Thevis, M. (2023). “Evaluation of Validity and Reliability of a German General and Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes and Coaches (GSNKQ-AC)”. Nutrients, 15 (22), 4844.
• 48. Vázquez-Espino, K, Fernández-Tena, C, Lizarraga-Dallo, M.A. and Farran-Codina, A. (2020). “Development and Validation of a Short Sport Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes”. Nutrients, 12 (11), 3561.
• 49. Trakman, G.L, Forsyth, A, Hoye, R. and Belski, R. (2017). “The Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (NSKQ): Development and Validation Using Classical Test Theory and Rasch Analysis”. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 1-11.
• 50. Fan, W. and Yan, Z. (2010). “Factors Affecting Response Rates of the Web Survey: A Systematic Review”. Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (2), 132-139.
• 51. Edmonds, C, Tam, R, Madigan, S, Gubb, L, Beck, K.L, Gifford, J.A, Flood, V.M, Prvan, T, Gemming, L.N. and O'Connor, H. (2023). “Validation of a Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes in the United Kingdom and Ireland”. Journal of Nutritional Science, 12, e2.