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Türk Stratejik Kültüründe Çözümü Çerçevelemek: Katmanlı Bir Harekât Tasarımı Önerisi

Year 2021, , 157 - 201, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.905936

Abstract

Harpte kullanılan araç ve yöntemlerin değişmesi hususunda esas belirleyici olan şey “maksattır”. Maksat, stratejik seviyede siyasi/askerî elitin, operatif seviyede ise komutanın zihninde oluşan, muhasamatın sonucuna dair bir görüdür. Mevcut durumun ve istenen son durumun anlaşılması ise harekât tasarımı olarak adlandırılan bir sürecin sonucunda ortaya çıkar. Stratejik ve operatif seviyede harekâta ilişkin meseleler, karmaşık, bulanık ve kötü yapılandırılmışlardır. Günümüz hibrit harekât ortamında, lineer bir bakış açısına bağımlı kalmamak gerektiği ve tasarımın pragmatik yaklaşımla çok katmanlı bir hale getirilmesinin karar alıcılara bilişsel bir esneklik sağlayabileceği değerlendirilmektedir. Pragmatik katmanlı yaklaşım stratejik kültür yazarlarınca da benimsenir ve Türk stratejik kültüründe de problem çözmede pragmatik yaklaşımın izlerine sıklıkla rastlanır. Bu makalede, harekât tasarımı, katmanlı yaklaşımla, bir tür bulanık mantık çerçevesinde yeniden ele alındı. Harekât tasarımının geliştirilmesi için kullanılan diğer yöntemler ortaya koyuldu ve yaygın olarak uygulanan ağırlık merkezi temelli zihin haritalaması yaklaşımının eksiklikleri gösterildi. Bunun yerine yeni bir harekât tasarımı yöntemi önerildi.

References

  • Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri I-III (Açıklamalı Dizin İle), Ankara 2006.
  • ATATÜRK, Mustafa Kemal, Anafartalar Muharebeleri’ne Ait Tarihçe, yay.krl. Abdullah Atay, Sertif Demir, Yusuf Serdar Demirtaş, Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 2011.
  • ATATÜRK, Mustafa Kemal, Nutuk, yay. haz. Zeynep Korkmaz. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2005.
  • ATATÜRK, Mustafa Kemal, Taktik Meselesinin Çözümüne ve Emirlerin Yazılmasına İlişkin Öğütler, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara 2011.
  • BROCKMAN, John. Gelecek 50 Yıl: 21. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Sanat ve Bilim. Çev.: Nurettin Elhüseyni. NTV Yayınları. İstanbul 2008.
  • CLAUSEWITZ, Carl von, Savaş Üzerine, (Çev. H. Fahri Çelikel), Özne Yayınları, İstanbul 1999.
  • DAVISON, Ketti, C., Systemic Operational Design (SOD): Gaining and Maintaining the Cognitive Initiative, BiblioScholar, Washington DC, USA 2011.
  • Department of Defense, FM 3-0 Operations, Washington DC, USA, 2017.
  • Department of Defense, FM 5-0, Operations Process, Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
  • Department of Defense, FMI 5-2 Design, Washington DC, USA, 2009.
  • FRANKS, Tommy R. American Soldier, William Morrow Paperbacks, New York, NY, USA 2005.
  • HOFFMAN, Frank G. Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. Virginia, USA. 2007.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair I. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, 1998.
  • Joint Warfighting Center, Design in Military Operations, JWFC Publication, Norfolk, Virginia, USA 2011.
  • KARDEŞ, M. Ertan. Yönsüzleşmiş Savaşlar: Politik Felsefenin Bir Sınır Meselesi Olarak Savaşa Dair. Pinhan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2019.
  • KEM, Jack D., Campaign Planning: Tools of the Trade (Department of Joint and Multinational Operations), U.S. Army Command General Staff College, Kansas, USA 2002.
  • KIRIK, Hikmet ve Oya Morva, Cumhuriyet ve Pragmatizm: Yazılmamış Kuram, Doruk Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2016.
  • KÖRPE, Özgür. Cesur ve Pragmatik: Atatürk ve Türk Stratejik Kültüründeki İnce Ayar. İlgi Kültür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2021.
  • LONGHURST, Kerry, Germany and the Use of Force: The Evolution of Germany Security Policy 1990-2003 (Issues in German Politics), Manchester University Press, Mancherster, UK, 2005.
  • MORGAN, Forrest E., Compellence and the Strategic Culture of Imperial Japan: Implications for Coercive Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, USA, 2003.
  • NAVEH, Shimon. In Pursuit of Military Excellence, Routledge, Cambridge, USA, 1997.
  • REILLY, Jeffrey M., Operational Design: Distilling Clarity from Complexity for Decisive Action, Air University Press, Alabama, USA, 2021.
  • STRANGE, Joe, Iron, Richard, Understanding Centers of Gravity and Critical Vulnerabilities, Department of War Studies, Swedish National Defence College, 2005.
  • TYLER, Brian J., Intelligence and Design: Thinking about Operational Art, Air University Press, Alabama, USA, 2014.
  • WALDROP, Melanie Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour. Oxford University Press. New York, NY, USA, 2009.
  • BASRUR, Rajesh M., “Nuclear Weapons and Indian Strategic Culture,” Journal of Peace Research, 2001, Vol. 38, 181-198.
  • FENG, Huiyun. “The Operational Code of Mao Zedong: Defensive or Offensive Realist”, Security Studies, c. 14 (4), October-December 2005, 637-662.
  • KÖRPE, Özgür. “Stratejik Kültür ve Güncel Kuramsal Tartışmalar”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Kasım 2016, Yıl: 12, Sayı: 24, 147-182.
  • SCHMITT, John F., “A Systemic Concept for Operational Design”, the Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Concepts and Plans Division, Marine Corps Warfighting Lab, August 2006.
  • WALKER, Stephen G. “The Motivational Foundations of Political Belief Systems”, International Studies Quarterly, c. 27. 1983, 179-201.
  • YAYLA, Yasin. “Türkiye Türkçesinde mana birleşmesi problemi: “Gaye”, “Hedef”, “Maksat”, “Amaç” örneği”, Rumelide Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, (20), 145-156.
  • AXELROD, Robert, “Decision for Neoimperialism: The Deliberations of the British Eastern Committee in 1918” in Structure of Decision: Cognitive Maps of Political Elites, Robert Axelrod, (ed.), Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA, 1976, 77-95.
  • HODGKINSON, Gerard P. and A. John Maule, “The Individual in the Strategy Process: Insights from Behavioural Decision Research and Cognitive Mapping” in Mapping Strategic Knowledge, Anne S. Huff, Mark Jenkins, (ed.), Sage Publishing, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2002, 196-219.
  • SNYDER, Jack L. “The Concept of Strategic Culture: Caveat Emptor,” in C.G. Jacobsen, (ed.), Strategic Power: USA/USSR, St Martin’s Press, New York, NY, USA, 1990, 3-9.
  • MATTIS, James N., Memorandum for US Joint Forces Command: Vision for a Joint Approach to Operational Design.” Norfolk, VA: US Joint Forces Command, 6 October 2009. JFCOM web sitesi, http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2009/ aod_2009.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 30.01.2021).
  • WARDEN, John A. III, “The Enemy as a System,” Airpower Journal, Airpower Journal sitesi www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj95/spr95files /warden.htm, (Erişim Tarihi 28.12.2020).

Framing the Solution in Turkish Strategic Culture: A Suggestion of Layered Operational Design

Year 2021, , 157 - 201, 30.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.905936

Abstract

The main determinant in terms of changing the means and methods used in war is the "purpose". The aim is a vision of the outcome of the hostility, formed in the mind of the political / military elite at the strategic level and the commander at the operative level. The understanding of the current situation and the desired final state emerges as a result of a process called operational design. Operational issues at the strategic and operative level are complex, blurred and poorly structured. In today's complex operational environment, it is considered that one should not be dependent on a linear perspective and that multi-layered design can provide cognitive flexibility to decision-makers. Pragmatic layered approach is also adopted by strategic culture writers and traces of pragmatic approach to problem solving are frequently encountered in Turkish strategic culture. In this article, the operational design is reconsidered with a layered approach, in a kind of fuzzy logic. Other methods used to improve the operational design were introduced and the shortcomings of the widely applied center of gravity-based mind mapping approach were demonstrated. Instead, a new method of operation design was proposed.

References

  • Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi, Atatürk'ün Söylev ve Demeçleri I-III (Açıklamalı Dizin İle), Ankara 2006.
  • ATATÜRK, Mustafa Kemal, Anafartalar Muharebeleri’ne Ait Tarihçe, yay.krl. Abdullah Atay, Sertif Demir, Yusuf Serdar Demirtaş, Genelkurmay Askerî Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Yayınları, Ankara 2011.
  • ATATÜRK, Mustafa Kemal, Nutuk, yay. haz. Zeynep Korkmaz. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2005.
  • ATATÜRK, Mustafa Kemal, Taktik Meselesinin Çözümüne ve Emirlerin Yazılmasına İlişkin Öğütler, Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara 2011.
  • BROCKMAN, John. Gelecek 50 Yıl: 21. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Sanat ve Bilim. Çev.: Nurettin Elhüseyni. NTV Yayınları. İstanbul 2008.
  • CLAUSEWITZ, Carl von, Savaş Üzerine, (Çev. H. Fahri Çelikel), Özne Yayınları, İstanbul 1999.
  • DAVISON, Ketti, C., Systemic Operational Design (SOD): Gaining and Maintaining the Cognitive Initiative, BiblioScholar, Washington DC, USA 2011.
  • Department of Defense, FM 3-0 Operations, Washington DC, USA, 2017.
  • Department of Defense, FM 5-0, Operations Process, Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
  • Department of Defense, FMI 5-2 Design, Washington DC, USA, 2009.
  • FRANKS, Tommy R. American Soldier, William Morrow Paperbacks, New York, NY, USA 2005.
  • HOFFMAN, Frank G. Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. Virginia, USA. 2007.
  • JOHNSTON, Alastair I. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History, Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press, 1998.
  • Joint Warfighting Center, Design in Military Operations, JWFC Publication, Norfolk, Virginia, USA 2011.
  • KARDEŞ, M. Ertan. Yönsüzleşmiş Savaşlar: Politik Felsefenin Bir Sınır Meselesi Olarak Savaşa Dair. Pinhan Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2019.
  • KEM, Jack D., Campaign Planning: Tools of the Trade (Department of Joint and Multinational Operations), U.S. Army Command General Staff College, Kansas, USA 2002.
  • KIRIK, Hikmet ve Oya Morva, Cumhuriyet ve Pragmatizm: Yazılmamış Kuram, Doruk Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2016.
  • KÖRPE, Özgür. Cesur ve Pragmatik: Atatürk ve Türk Stratejik Kültüründeki İnce Ayar. İlgi Kültür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2021.
  • LONGHURST, Kerry, Germany and the Use of Force: The Evolution of Germany Security Policy 1990-2003 (Issues in German Politics), Manchester University Press, Mancherster, UK, 2005.
  • MORGAN, Forrest E., Compellence and the Strategic Culture of Imperial Japan: Implications for Coercive Diplomacy in the Twenty-First Century, Praeger Publishers, Westport, CT, USA, 2003.
  • NAVEH, Shimon. In Pursuit of Military Excellence, Routledge, Cambridge, USA, 1997.
  • REILLY, Jeffrey M., Operational Design: Distilling Clarity from Complexity for Decisive Action, Air University Press, Alabama, USA, 2021.
  • STRANGE, Joe, Iron, Richard, Understanding Centers of Gravity and Critical Vulnerabilities, Department of War Studies, Swedish National Defence College, 2005.
  • TYLER, Brian J., Intelligence and Design: Thinking about Operational Art, Air University Press, Alabama, USA, 2014.
  • WALDROP, Melanie Mitchell, Complexity: A Guided Tour. Oxford University Press. New York, NY, USA, 2009.
  • BASRUR, Rajesh M., “Nuclear Weapons and Indian Strategic Culture,” Journal of Peace Research, 2001, Vol. 38, 181-198.
  • FENG, Huiyun. “The Operational Code of Mao Zedong: Defensive or Offensive Realist”, Security Studies, c. 14 (4), October-December 2005, 637-662.
  • KÖRPE, Özgür. “Stratejik Kültür ve Güncel Kuramsal Tartışmalar”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Kasım 2016, Yıl: 12, Sayı: 24, 147-182.
  • SCHMITT, John F., “A Systemic Concept for Operational Design”, the Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Concepts and Plans Division, Marine Corps Warfighting Lab, August 2006.
  • WALKER, Stephen G. “The Motivational Foundations of Political Belief Systems”, International Studies Quarterly, c. 27. 1983, 179-201.
  • YAYLA, Yasin. “Türkiye Türkçesinde mana birleşmesi problemi: “Gaye”, “Hedef”, “Maksat”, “Amaç” örneği”, Rumelide Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, (20), 145-156.
  • AXELROD, Robert, “Decision for Neoimperialism: The Deliberations of the British Eastern Committee in 1918” in Structure of Decision: Cognitive Maps of Political Elites, Robert Axelrod, (ed.), Princeton University Press, New Jersey, USA, 1976, 77-95.
  • HODGKINSON, Gerard P. and A. John Maule, “The Individual in the Strategy Process: Insights from Behavioural Decision Research and Cognitive Mapping” in Mapping Strategic Knowledge, Anne S. Huff, Mark Jenkins, (ed.), Sage Publishing, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2002, 196-219.
  • SNYDER, Jack L. “The Concept of Strategic Culture: Caveat Emptor,” in C.G. Jacobsen, (ed.), Strategic Power: USA/USSR, St Martin’s Press, New York, NY, USA, 1990, 3-9.
  • MATTIS, James N., Memorandum for US Joint Forces Command: Vision for a Joint Approach to Operational Design.” Norfolk, VA: US Joint Forces Command, 6 October 2009. JFCOM web sitesi, http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2009/ aod_2009.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi 30.01.2021).
  • WARDEN, John A. III, “The Enemy as a System,” Airpower Journal, Airpower Journal sitesi www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj95/spr95files /warden.htm, (Erişim Tarihi 28.12.2020).
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Özgür Körpe This is me 0000-0002-7633-7596

Publication Date March 30, 2021
Submission Date February 4, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

Chicago Körpe, Özgür. “Türk Stratejik Kültüründe Çözümü Çerçevelemek: Katmanlı Bir Harekât Tasarımı Önerisi”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi 17, no. 37 (March 2021): 157-201. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.905936.