Tarım topraklarının jeoistatistiksel modelleme ile kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi

Year 2019, , 489 - 499, 23.12.2019

Yakup Kenan Koca , Mert Acar , Yavuz Şahin Turgut

https://doi.org/10.29050/harranziraat.556103

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Tarımsal
üretimde sürdürülebilirlik son yıllarda daha fazla önem verilen konulardan
birisidir. Bu kapsamda toprakların mevcut durumunu bilmek ve uygun olmayan
toprak özelliklerini belirlemek ve iyileştirmek en önemli adımdır. Mevcut
duruma yapılacak her türlü etki kısa sürede kendini göstermese de uzun sürede
olumlu veya olumsuz olarak toprak kalitesine yansıyacaktır. Bu sebeple,
Türkiye’nin Çukurova Bölgesi sahil kesiminde yer alan Yumurtalık ilçe merkezi
ve yakın çevresindeki toprakların verimlilik düzeyleri göz önünde
bulundurularak toprak kalitesinin belirlenmesi ve dağılım haritasının
oluşturulması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç için, daha önceden toprak etüdü yapılmış
olan çalışma alanında rastgele belirlenen 110 noktaya ait toprakların pH,
elektriksel iletkenlik, kireç, katyon değişim kapasitesi, organik madde, kum,
silt ve kil değerleri dikkate alınmıştır. Toprak kalite indeksi standart
skorlama fonksiyonları ile skorlanan göstergelere analitik hiyerarşi süreci ile
ağırlık verilerek belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, yaklaşık 7694 ha arazinin toprak
kalite sınıfları elde edilmiş ve jeoistatistiksel modelleme ile
haritalanmıştır. Kalite düzeyleri bakımından beş sınıfta değerlendirilen
topraklarda en fazla %68.3 ile orta kaliteli topraklar belirlenmiştir. Buna
karşın, çok düşük kaliteye sahip topraklar ise 82 ha ile çalışma alanının
yalnızca %1.1’inde yayılım göstermektedir. Çok yüksek kaliteli olarak
tanımlanan topraklar ise çalışma alanında bulunmamaktadır. Çalışma alanında yer
alan toprakların kalitesinin ilerleyen yıllarda tekrardan belirlenmesi ve
zamanla meydana gelen değişimlerin ortaya çıkarılması, tarımda
sürdürülebilirliğin sağlanması açısından oldukça önemlidir.

Keywords

Verimlilik, Toprak kalitesi, Analitik hiyerarşi süreci, Standart skorlama fonksiyonu

Evaluation of quality of agricultural soils with geostatistical modeling

Abstract

Sustainability
in agricultural production is one of the issues that are given more importance
in recent years. In this context, to know the current situation of soils and to
determine and improve the inappropriate soil properties are the most important
step. Although any impact to the current situation doesn’t appear in a short
period, it will be reflected to the soil quality as positive or negative for a
long time. For this reason, it is aimed to determine soil quality and spatial distribution
map by considering the productivity levels of the soils in the Yumurtalık
county center and its vicinity in the coastal area of Çukurova region, Turkey.
pH, electrical conductivity, lime, cation exchange capacity, organic matter,
sand, silt and clay values of the soils for this purpose were taken into
consideration as the productivity indicator of 110 points which were randomly
determined in the study area which was previously surveyed. The soil quality
index was determined by giving weight with analytic hierarchy process to
scoring indicators with standard scoring functions. In this study, soil quality
classes of approximately 7694 ha of land were obtained and mapped with
geostatistical modeling. Soils with medium quality were determined with 68.3%
at most in the soils evaluated in five classes in terms of quality  levels. On the other hand, very low quality
soils showed only 1.1% of the study area with 82 ha. Soils identified as very
high quality weren’t in the study area. The determination of the quality of the
soils in the study area in the following years and revealing the changes taking
place over time are very important in terms of ensuring sustainability in
agriculture.

Keywords

Productivity, soil quality, analytic hierarchy process, standard scoring Function, geostatistic

References

• Allison, L. E. (1965). Organic Carbon. In: Methods of Soil Analysis (Ed. Black, C.A.). Amer. Soc. Agron. Mon. 9. Madison, Wis.
• Andrews, S. S., Karlen, D. L., ve Cambardella, C. A. (2004). The soil management assessment framework: a quantitative soil quality evaluation method. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68(6), 1945-1962.
• Anonim, 2019. https://tr.climate-data.org/asya/tuerkiye/adana/yumurtalık-847384/
• Armenise, E., Redmile-Gordon, M. A., Stellacci, A. M., Ciccarese, A., ve Rubino, P. (2013). Developing a soil quality index to compare soil fitness for agricultural use under different managements in the Mediterranean environment. Soil & Tillage Research, 130:91–98.
• Bayman, S., Turgut, M. M. (2018). The effect of different tillage practices on the soil bacteria microflora in winter wheat cultivation. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, 61(2), 109-114.
• Bouyoucus, G.J. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal, 43, 434-438.
• Bunemann, E. K., Bongiorno, G., Bai, Z., Creamer, R. E., de Deyn, G., de Goede, R., … Brussaard, L. (2018). Soil quality – A critical review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 120, 105-125.
• Cambardella, C. A., Moorman, T. B., Novak, J. M., Parkin, T. B., Karlen, D. L., Turco, R. F. ve Konopka, A. E. (1994). Field-scale variability soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 58, 1501-1511.
• Cherubin, M. R., Karlen, D. L., Franco, A. L. C., Cerri, C. E. P., Tormena, C. A., ve Cerri, C. C. (2016). A soil management assessment framework (SMAF) evaluation of brazilian sugarcane expansion on soil quality. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 80, 215–226. Celik, İ., Turgut, M. M., Acir, N. (2012). Crop rotation and tillage effects on selected soil Physical properties of a Typic Haploxerert in an irrigated semi-arid Mediterranean region. International Journal of Plant Production, 6(4), 457-480.
• Celik, I., Barut Bereket, Z., Ortas, I., Gok, M., Demirbas, A., Tulun, Y., Akpinar, C. (2011). Impacts of different tillage practices on some soil microbiological properties and crop yield under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions. International Journal of Plant Production, 5(3), 237–254.
• Dinç, U., Sarı, M., Şenol, S., Kapur, S., Sayın, M., Derici, R., … Ağca, N. (1995). Çukurova Bölgesi Toprakları, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Yardımcı Ders Kitabı No:26 sayfa 172.
• Gugino, B. K., Abawi, G. S., Idowu, O. J., Schindelbeck, R. R., Smith, L. L., Thies, J. E., … Van Es, H. M. (2009). Cornell soil health assessment training manual, Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, NY.
• Karlen, D. L., Andrews, S. S., ve Doran, J. W. (2001). Soil quality: Current concepts and applications. In: Advances in Agronomy, Academic Press, Volume 74, Pages 1-40, DOİ: 10.1016/S0065-2113(01)74029-1.
• Karlen, D. L., Mausbach, M. J., Doran, J. W., Cline, R. G., Harris, R. F., ve Schumann, G. E. (1997). Soil quality: A concept, definition, and framework for evaluation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61, 4–10.
• Karlen, D. L., ve Stott, D.E. (1994). A framework for evaluating physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. In Doran, J.W., Coleman, D.C., Bezdicek, D.F., and Stewart, B.A., (Eds). Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. Soil Science Society of America pecial Publication No. 35, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. p. 53–72.
• Koca, Y. K. (2014). Toprak Etüdlerinde Uzman Gereksinimini Azaltacak Yöntemlerin Adana İli Örneğinde Araştırılması. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora tezi, 214 sayfa.
• Koca, Y.K., ve Şenol, S. (2018). The possibilities of using stereo satellite datas on soil surveys. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28, 176-179.
• Liebig, M. A., Varvel, G., ve Doran, J. (2001). A simple performance-based index for assessing multiple agroecosystem functions. Agronomy Journal, 93, 313–318.
• Liu, J., Wu, L., Chen, D., Yu, Z., ve Wei, C. (2018). Development of a soil quality index for Camellia oleifera forestland yield under three different parent materials in Southern China. Soil & Tillage Research, 176, 45-50.
• Marschner, H. (2011). Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 3rd Edition, London: Academic Press.
• Mohammad, S. N. ve Mohd M. A. (2014). Land suitability analysis for sustainable agricultural and use planning in Bulandshahr District of Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(3), 1-11.
• Masto, R. E., Chhonkar, P. K., Singh, D., Patra, A. K. (2008). Alternative soil quality indices for evaluating the effect of intensive cropping, fertilisation and manuring for 31 years in the semi-arid soils of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136, 419–435.
• Saaty, T. L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Planning, Priority Setting and Resource Allocation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Saaty, R. W. (1987). The analytic hierarchy process—what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling, 9(3–5), 161-176.
• Schlichting, E., ve Blume, E. (1966). Bodenkundliches Praktikum. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin: Preis: Kartoniert.
• U. S. Salinity Laboratory Staff (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Editor: Richards, L.A., USDA Agriculture Handbook. No: 60, US: Goverment Print Office.
• Wymore, A. W. (1993). Model-Based Systems Engineering: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Discrete Systems and to the Tricotyledon Theory of System Design. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.