Abstract
This article analyzes the work of British orientalist George Sale, The Koran, which is known as the first Qurʾān translation from its Arabic original to English. The assumption of the study is that the English translations of the Qurʾān, the main source of Islam, will provide important data on the perception of Islam and the Qurʾān in the period in which it emerged, and that this literature has the potential to influence the following period. From this point of view, considering the need of a chronological reading, it is aimed to examine The Koran with its 187-page introduction. In addition to the chronological priority of Sale's translation, the data that it influenced the subsequent literature stood out as the issues that reveal the importance of this article. Thus, it has emerged as a justified thesis that works that are likely to have an impact on orientalistic research on Islam and the Qurʾān, which were carried out on a more academic basis in the later periods, deserve to be scrutinized. In this background, first, we will touch on the limited information available about Sale's life and the extensive literature that he refers to in his translation. Many references are made in the translation in Latin, Arabic, English and French. Besides, we have found out that not all of the mentioned sources are at Sale's disposal, and that these sources were given along with the Latin translation written by Ludovico Marracci. To a great extent, Sale adheres to the literal translation and gives additional explanations to the verses in italics in order to distinguish them from the original text. However, it is seen that he occasionally fails to do so. The work has a “translation-commentary” format with detailed footnotes on each page. In addition, the references to the Bible and some mythological narratives in the elucidation of the verses show that Sale also makes intertextual explanations. The introduction part of the work does not give any information about the method followed in the translation of the Qurʾān. Instead, it includes the religious, socio-cultural, and economic situation of the Arabs of the Jāhiliyya period, the developments that emerged with the advent of Islam, the pillars of faith (īmān) and Islām, the lexical meaning of the Qurʾān, its general characteristics, literary structure, its collection (jamʿ) and istinsākh. In this regard, we can say that the introduction comprises of more than a content just written for the translation of the Qurʾān. Focusing on his considerations about the Qurʾān in the introduction part, we can highlight Sale’s claim, i.e., that the Qurʾān was influenced by Judaism in terms of various topics from its structural features to rituals. In this context, one of the important findings of the article is that the claims of Qurʾān’s Jewish origin made in the introduction part are hardly reflected in the translation and its footnotes. For example, in the footnotes given for the verses on several matters such as wuḍūʾ, tayammum, and al-ḥurūf al-muqattaʿa, there is not even a brief reference to such kind of claims except referring to the relevant section in the introduction part. On the other hand, in the explanation of verses, Sale shares the information available in tafsīrs such as Bayḍāwī, Jalālayn, and Kashshāf, almost without any comment. Sale adopts the same attitude even in the explanation of the verses related to Trinity and the Gharānīḳ event. It is understood that both in the italicized explanations in the translation part and in the references he gave to Bayḍāwī in the footnotes, the translator used the Baydāwī tafsīr that he had. The fact that Sale's references to other tafsīrs which he did not have while making the translation coincide with the citations in Marracci's work emerges as an important finding showing the Marracci effect in Sale. Despite all, it would be unfair to reduce Sale's work to the English translation of Marracci's, which was written for the purpose of “refutation of the Qurʾān”. For, unlike Marracci, who adds a “refutation” to every sura, Sale attempts at a scholarly style not only in the translated text but also in the footnotes. In this context, it seems there are two different Sale, one in the Preliminary Discourse and the other in the translation part: The orientalist Sale versus the translator Sale. As the first endeavor of a study on the historical significance of the English Qurʾān translations, this article argues that the impact of Sale's translation is a significant subject in the orientalistic literature that deserves to be investigated. We anticipate that the subsequent studies on the translation literature will provide more extensive knowledge about the place of the Qurʾān translations in the Western perceptions of the Qurʾān.