Odak Grup Tartışmaları için Zor Konular Tekniğinin Kullanımına İlişkin Yöntemsel Tartışmalar
Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 195 - 204, 14.08.2023
Ozlem Erden-basaran
,
Merih Uğurel Kamışlı
,
Hilal Seda Yıldız
,
S. Burcu Üçok
,
Zehra Yeler
Abstract
Bu çalışma nitel araştırmalarda veri toplama yöntemi olarak Zor Konular Tekniği’nin odak grup görüşmelerinde kullanımını incelemektedir.
Bu yöntem çalışması, Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik programında son sınıf öğrencisi olan 23 öğrencinin çevrimiçi psikolojik danışma
deneyimlerine ilişkin bakış açılarının incelendiği iki aşamalı bir keşif çalışmasından çıkarılmıştır. Orijinal çalışmanın verileri, odak grup
toplantılarında Zor Konular Tekniği kullanılarak erişilen derinlemesine konuşmaları içermektedir. Toplanan veri setleri MAXQDA 2022
veri analizi programı kullanılarak tematik olarak analiz edilmiştir. Zor Konular Tekniği; zorluklar, etik konular ve olası çözüm önerileri
gibi eşik kavramları içeren, katılımcılara ve araştırma ekibine çalışma hakkında daha fazla düşünme zamanı tanıyan bir keşif sürecidir.
Bu teknikle yürütülen çalışmalarda her katılımcı odak grup sırasında ele alınan konuyu incelerken ve analiz ederken konuyu diğerlerinin
görüşlerinin üstüne ekleme yaparak geliştirir. Bu çalışmada, katılımcılar odak grup çalışmalarında Zor Konular Tekniği’ni kullanarak, bir
kavramı derinlemesine anlamalarını önleyen engelleri de keşfetme fırsatı bulmuşlardır. Katılımcılar bireysel olarak çevrimiçi psikolojik
danışma ile ilgili deneyimlerinde daha aktif ve etkili olmalarını engelleyen durumları belirlerken, diğerlerinin de zorlandığını, tereddüt
ettiğini ve duraksadığını görmüş, bu paylaşım yoluyla cesaretlenmiş, motive olmuşlardır. Bu çalışma, odak grup görüşmelerinde kullanılan
Zor Konular Tekniği’ne ilişkin metodolojik çıkarımlar önermektedir. Zor Konular Tekniği odak grup araştırmalarında kullanıldığında
katılımcıların her birine kendisi dışındaki katılımcıların tartışma konularına nasıl tepki verdiklerini analiz etmeleri için ek süre sağlar. Bu
çalışmada, katılımcılar, çevrimiçi danışmanlık uygulamalarını güçlendirmek için işbirlikçi söylemlere katılmış ve birlikte pratik yöntemler
oluşturmuşlardır. Bu etkileşimler Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik öğrencilerinde çevrimiçi danışmanlık algılarının gelişmesine zemin
hazırlamıştır. Bu çalışma, odak grup görüşmelerinde zor konular tekniğini benimsemenin olası faydalarını, bu tekniği kullanmanın verilerin
derinliğine ulaşma açısından önemini açıklamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçların farklı alanlarda benzer sorunları araştırmayı hedefleyen
çalışmalara nasıl yol gösterebileceği de ayrıca tartışılmıştır.
Supporting Institution
TED Üniversitesi
Project Number
T-21-B2010-90083
Thanks
Bu çalışma TED Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Desteği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.
References
- Arnout, A. B., Al-Dabbagh, Z. S., Al Eid, N. A., Al Eid, M. A., Al-
Musaibeh, S. S., Al-Miqtiq, M. N., ... & Al-Zeyad, G. M.
(2020). The effects of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on
the individuals’ mental health and on the decision makers: A
comparative epidemiological study. International Journal of
Medical Research & Health Sciences, 9(3), 26-47.
- Aslan, Ş., Akşab, G., Korkmaz, K., Türk, F. & Hamamcı, Z. (2021).
Çevrimiçi grupla psikolojik danışmada yaşanan güçlükler ve
çözüm önerileri. Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi,
1(2), 207-239.
- Baştemur, S., & Baştemur, E. (2015). Technology based counseling:
Perspectives of Turkish counselors. Procedia-Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 176(2015), 431-438.
- Boechler, V., Neufeld, A., & McKim, R. (2002). Evaluation of client
satisfaction in a community health centre: Selection of a tool.
The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 17(1), 97-117.
- Burgess-Allen, J., & Owen-Smith, V. (2010). Using mind mapping
techniques for rapid qualitative data analysis in public
participation processes. Health Expectations, 13(4), 406-415.
- Caillaud, S., & Flick, U. (2017). Focus groups in triangulation
contexts. In R. S. Barbour & D. L. Morgan (Eds.), A new era
in focus group research (pp. 155-177). London: Palgrave
Macmillan.
- Colucci, E. (2007). “Focus groups can be fun”: The use of activityoriented
questions in focus group discussions. Qualitative
Health Research, 17(10), 1422-1433.
- Cruz, S., Lencastre, J. A., Coutinho, C., Clough, G., & Adams, A.
(2016). Threshold concepts vs. tricky topics-exploring the
causes of student’s misunderstandings with the problem
distiller tool. In Proceedings of CSEDU 2016, 8th International
Conference on Computer Supported Education (Vol. 1, pp. 205-
215). SCITEPRESS–Science and Technology Publications. Rome.
- Erzen, E. (2021). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde psikolojik danışmanlık.
Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1(2), 332-374.
- Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: introducing focus groups.
Bmj, 311(7000), 299-302.
- Kiye, S. (2021). Dijitalleşme sürecinde çevrimiçi psikolojik danışma.
Sosyal Bilimlerde Uluslararası Dijital Dönüşüm Konferansı Tam
Metin Bildiri Kitabı, 2, 226-234.
- Koçyiğit Özyiğit, M. K., & Erkan Atik, Z. (2021). COVID-19 sürecinde
psikolojik danışma ve süpervizyon:# evdekal deneyimi. Başkent
University Journal of Education, 8(1), 253-274.
- Kress, V. E. & Shoffner, M. F. (2007). Focus Groups: A practical
and applied research approach for counselors. Journal of
Counseling & Development, 85(2), 189-195.
- Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied
research. Minnesota: Sage Publications.
- Liebrenz, M., Bhugra, D., Buadze, A., & Schleifer, R. (2020). Caring
for persons in detention suffering with mental illness during
the COVID-19 outbreak. Forensic Science International: Mind
and Law 1, 100013.
- Meyer, J., & Land, R. (2003). Threshold concepts and troublesome
knowledge: Linkages to ways of thinking and practising
within the disciplines (pp. 412-424). Edinburgh: University of
Edinburgh.
- Morgan, D. L. (1997). Qualitative research methods: Focus groups
as qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications,
Inc.
- Nyumba, T. O., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018).
The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights
from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in
Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 20– 32.
- Race, K. E. H., Hotch, D. F., & Packer, T. (1994). Rehabilitation
program evaluation: Use of focus groups to empower clients.
Evaluation Review, 18(6), 730–740.
- Seal, D. W., Bogart, L. M., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1998). Small group
dynamics: The utility of focus group discussions as a research
method. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,
2(4), 253–266.
- Situmorang, D. D. B. (2020). Online/cyber counseling services
in the COVID-19 outbreak: Are they really new?. Journal of
Pastoral Care & Counseling, 74(3), 166-174.
- Stewart, D. W., & Shamdasani, P. N. (2014). Focus groups: Theory
and practice (Vol. 20). Sage publications.
Tanrıkulu, İ. (2009). Counselors-in-training students’ attitudes
towards online counseling. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 1(1), 785-788.
- Tausch, A. P., & Menold, N. (2016). Methodological aspects
of focus groups in health research: Results of qualitative
interviews with focus group moderators. Global Qualitative
Nursing Research, 3, 1-12.
- Tomlin, E. B. (2021). The lived experiences of counselors-in-training
transitioning to clinical video teleconferencing (CVT) during
Covid-19: An interpretive phenomenological analysis (Doctoral
dissertation, Adams State University).
- Urkmez, B., Pinkney, C., Amparbeng, D. B., Gunawan, N., Isiko, J.
O., Tomlinson, B., & Bhat, C. S. (2021). Experience of graduate
counseling students during COVID-19: Application for group
counseling training. Professional Counselor, 11(4), 475-492.
- Varga-Atkins, T., McIsaac, J., & Willis, I. (2017). Focus group
meets nominal group technique: An effective combination for
student evaluation?. Innovations in Education and Teaching
International, 54(4), 289-300.
- Williams, A., & Katz, L. (2001). The use of focus group methodology
in education: Some theoretical and practical considerations.
IEJLL: International Electronic Journal for Leadership in
Learning, 5(3).
- Zeren, Ş. G. (2017). Therapeutic alliance in face-to-face and online
counseling: Opinions of counselor candidates. Journal of
Human Sciences, 14(3), 2278-2307.
Methodological Discussions on the Use of Tricky Topics Technique for the Focus Group Discussions
Year 2023,
Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 195 - 204, 14.08.2023
Ozlem Erden-basaran
,
Merih Uğurel Kamışlı
,
Hilal Seda Yıldız
,
S. Burcu Üçok
,
Zehra Yeler
Abstract
This paper examines the use of the Tricky Topics (TTs) technique in focus groups as a data collection method in qualitative research.
This methodological study originated from a two-phase exploratory study that explored the perspectives of 23 senior Psychological
Counseling and Guidance students on their online psychological counseling experiences. The data of the original study comprised indepth
conversations via focus group meetings using the TTs technique. The collected data sets were analyzed through thematic analysis
using MAXQDA 2022. During the data collection with the TTs technique, each participant builds on the opinions of others as they
investigate and analyze the issues covered during the focus group. The experiences of the senior Psychological Counseling and Guidance
program students on the use of the TTs technique indicated that using this technique helped them explore the barriers that stop them from
understanding a concept in greater depth. The TTs technique encouraged and motivated participants to further explore the issues of online
counseling when they observed others struggling, hesitating, and pausing to conceptualize what prevented them from being more active
and effective in their practices and learning. This study suggests methodological implications for the TTs technique. When used in focus
group research, the TTs technique provides participants with additional time to analyze how others reacted to the main discussion points.
In this study, participants engaged in collaborative discourse and co-created practical measures to strengthen online counseling practices.
These interactions resulted in the enhancement of Psychological Counseling and Guidance students’ perceptions of online counseling.
This study explains the possible benefits of adopting the TTs technique in focus group interviews in terms of revealing the depth of the
data. The implications of this methodology are further discussed, including how the findings could inform other studies that investigate
specific concerns within a profession.
Project Number
T-21-B2010-90083
References
- Arnout, A. B., Al-Dabbagh, Z. S., Al Eid, N. A., Al Eid, M. A., Al-
Musaibeh, S. S., Al-Miqtiq, M. N., ... & Al-Zeyad, G. M.
(2020). The effects of coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on
the individuals’ mental health and on the decision makers: A
comparative epidemiological study. International Journal of
Medical Research & Health Sciences, 9(3), 26-47.
- Aslan, Ş., Akşab, G., Korkmaz, K., Türk, F. & Hamamcı, Z. (2021).
Çevrimiçi grupla psikolojik danışmada yaşanan güçlükler ve
çözüm önerileri. Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi,
1(2), 207-239.
- Baştemur, S., & Baştemur, E. (2015). Technology based counseling:
Perspectives of Turkish counselors. Procedia-Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 176(2015), 431-438.
- Boechler, V., Neufeld, A., & McKim, R. (2002). Evaluation of client
satisfaction in a community health centre: Selection of a tool.
The Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 17(1), 97-117.
- Burgess-Allen, J., & Owen-Smith, V. (2010). Using mind mapping
techniques for rapid qualitative data analysis in public
participation processes. Health Expectations, 13(4), 406-415.
- Caillaud, S., & Flick, U. (2017). Focus groups in triangulation
contexts. In R. S. Barbour & D. L. Morgan (Eds.), A new era
in focus group research (pp. 155-177). London: Palgrave
Macmillan.
- Colucci, E. (2007). “Focus groups can be fun”: The use of activityoriented
questions in focus group discussions. Qualitative
Health Research, 17(10), 1422-1433.
- Cruz, S., Lencastre, J. A., Coutinho, C., Clough, G., & Adams, A.
(2016). Threshold concepts vs. tricky topics-exploring the
causes of student’s misunderstandings with the problem
distiller tool. In Proceedings of CSEDU 2016, 8th International
Conference on Computer Supported Education (Vol. 1, pp. 205-
215). SCITEPRESS–Science and Technology Publications. Rome.
- Erzen, E. (2021). COVID-19 salgını sürecinde psikolojik danışmanlık.
Milli Eğitim Özel Eğitim ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 1(2), 332-374.
- Kitzinger, J. (1995). Qualitative research: introducing focus groups.
Bmj, 311(7000), 299-302.
- Kiye, S. (2021). Dijitalleşme sürecinde çevrimiçi psikolojik danışma.
Sosyal Bilimlerde Uluslararası Dijital Dönüşüm Konferansı Tam
Metin Bildiri Kitabı, 2, 226-234.
- Koçyiğit Özyiğit, M. K., & Erkan Atik, Z. (2021). COVID-19 sürecinde
psikolojik danışma ve süpervizyon:# evdekal deneyimi. Başkent
University Journal of Education, 8(1), 253-274.
- Kress, V. E. & Shoffner, M. F. (2007). Focus Groups: A practical
and applied research approach for counselors. Journal of
Counseling & Development, 85(2), 189-195.
- Krueger, R. A. (2014). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied
research. Minnesota: Sage Publications.
- Liebrenz, M., Bhugra, D., Buadze, A., & Schleifer, R. (2020). Caring
for persons in detention suffering with mental illness during
the COVID-19 outbreak. Forensic Science International: Mind
and Law 1, 100013.
- Meyer, J., & Land, R. (2003). Threshold concepts and troublesome
knowledge: Linkages to ways of thinking and practising
within the disciplines (pp. 412-424). Edinburgh: University of
Edinburgh.
- Morgan, D. L. (1997). Qualitative research methods: Focus groups
as qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications,
Inc.
- Nyumba, T. O., Wilson, K., Derrick, C. J., & Mukherjee, N. (2018).
The use of focus group discussion methodology: Insights
from two decades of application in conservation. Methods in
Ecology and Evolution, 9(1), 20– 32.
- Race, K. E. H., Hotch, D. F., & Packer, T. (1994). Rehabilitation
program evaluation: Use of focus groups to empower clients.
Evaluation Review, 18(6), 730–740.
- Seal, D. W., Bogart, L. M., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1998). Small group
dynamics: The utility of focus group discussions as a research
method. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice,
2(4), 253–266.
- Situmorang, D. D. B. (2020). Online/cyber counseling services
in the COVID-19 outbreak: Are they really new?. Journal of
Pastoral Care & Counseling, 74(3), 166-174.
- Stewart, D. W., & Shamdasani, P. N. (2014). Focus groups: Theory
and practice (Vol. 20). Sage publications.
Tanrıkulu, İ. (2009). Counselors-in-training students’ attitudes
towards online counseling. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 1(1), 785-788.
- Tausch, A. P., & Menold, N. (2016). Methodological aspects
of focus groups in health research: Results of qualitative
interviews with focus group moderators. Global Qualitative
Nursing Research, 3, 1-12.
- Tomlin, E. B. (2021). The lived experiences of counselors-in-training
transitioning to clinical video teleconferencing (CVT) during
Covid-19: An interpretive phenomenological analysis (Doctoral
dissertation, Adams State University).
- Urkmez, B., Pinkney, C., Amparbeng, D. B., Gunawan, N., Isiko, J.
O., Tomlinson, B., & Bhat, C. S. (2021). Experience of graduate
counseling students during COVID-19: Application for group
counseling training. Professional Counselor, 11(4), 475-492.
- Varga-Atkins, T., McIsaac, J., & Willis, I. (2017). Focus group
meets nominal group technique: An effective combination for
student evaluation?. Innovations in Education and Teaching
International, 54(4), 289-300.
- Williams, A., & Katz, L. (2001). The use of focus group methodology
in education: Some theoretical and practical considerations.
IEJLL: International Electronic Journal for Leadership in
Learning, 5(3).
- Zeren, Ş. G. (2017). Therapeutic alliance in face-to-face and online
counseling: Opinions of counselor candidates. Journal of
Human Sciences, 14(3), 2278-2307.