Abstract
To understand
Islam correctly depends on the correct understanding of the Quran and hadiths.
The Prophet, who knew this truth very well, paid attention to deliver the true
meaning of his remarks. As a result of his endowers, some of his Companions
could obtain a skill that is the Narration-Understanding integrity which
provides the true meanings of hadiths. After the death of the Prophet, as a
result of new circumstances, many unexpected events occurred and different
religious understandings have emerged. Therefore, the need to understand and
interpret the meanings of hadiths to draw new rules for ongoing issues. Hadiths
learning becomes a sıignificant field of science that new schools of Hadiths
have emerged based on different methodological approaches to understand the
hadiths. In this context, each school that emerged tried to understand the
hadiths within the framework of their own principles. Ahl al-hadîth scholars
spent most of their time with hadith memorization, hadith writing, collecting
hadiths and classification. Hence, they were subjected to some criticism
that they did not understand the narrations correctly. They were even accused
of conveying hadiths without knowing the content and carrying unnecessary
information. On the other hand, Ahl al-hadîth scholars also showed a defense
reflex and they wrote both narration and Dirâyah/Usul studies to prove that
they are competent in this field. As a matter of fact, in these works they have
written, they aimed to reveal fiqh al-hadîth studies, which continue to be
carried out before them, and also tried to show that they can have a say in
this scientific field. This article is about how the subject of fiqh al-hadîth
is handled in this book, based on the first methodology of hadith work named al‐Muhaddith al‐fâsil bayna al‐râwî wa l‐wâî.
Summary
While the
Prophet wanted his utterances to be understood, memorized and conveyed as they
were heard from him, he actually encouraged the proper understanding of the
hadiths. Indeed, as a result of the suggestions of the Prophet, some of his
companions, who were his first addressees, meticulously approached this issue
and there were some prominent names for acting skills and they showed examples
of their understanding activities and fiqh al-hadîth. Thus, efforts to make
sense of hadiths started with the suggestions of the Prophet and the practices
of the Companions.
The Ahl
al-hadîth also contributed to this field by recording the narrations as they
were in the writing and compilation stages, thus preventing the
misunderstanding of the hadiths and putting forward studies that will
constitute a part of the fiqh al-hadîth. However, the meticulous attitudes of
the hadith scholars about this issue in the first place have not been
adequately understood by their opponents and they have been subjected to
criticism that they cannot dominate the content of the hadiths, but only
portrayed. Although these criticisms were accepted by some circles engaged in
hadith and qualified themselves as pharmacists, the aforementioned approach was
not accepted by all of the hadith scholars. In this context, especially with
the end of the compilation process, the narration-type works put forward in the
classification period and the books of royalty/procedure, which were royalty in
the following periods, proved that the hadith scholars had a say in the subject
of fiqh al-hadîth. One of the works in question is the first usul al-hadîth
work by Râmhurmuzî named al‐Muhaddith al‐fâsil bayna al‐râwi wa l‐wâî.
Accordingly, Râmhurmuzî opened a chapter on the fiqh al-hadîth, in which he
narrated the relationship between the riwaya-dirâya, and opposed the character
of the Companions as ignorant and knowledgeable in terms of making sense of the
hadiths. He made explanations that those who recorded the narrations without
making any changes do not deserve the aforementioned accusations. In his work,
Râmhurmuzî revealed the need for the râvi and the faqih for each other. In
fact, he also included news that would indicate that the ahl al-hadîth
acquainted with the narrations were also sufficient in terms of fiqh al-hadîth.
As a matter of fact, he pointed out that if the riwaya-dirâya integrity is
reached, the essence of the sunnah can be understood. He advised hadith
scholars to envision the meanings of hadiths. For this purpose, he brought the
subject of fiqh al-hadîth composed of sixty-eight paragraphs with the title of
hadith scholars who united riwaya and dirâya. At this point, it would be
appropriate to state what should be understood from the concept of fiqh-hadîth.
Râmhurmuzî
discussed the issue in two stages in the mentioned section. In the first place,
he gave place many examples keeping riwaya and dirâya together such as Abdullah
Ibn Abbas and Abdullah Ibn Omer among the companions and Alkame b. Kays,
Abîde/Ubeyde es-Selmânî, Sufyân es-Sevrî, Şerîk b. Abdullah, Sufyân b. Uyeyne,
Abdurrahman Ibn Mehdî, Yahya b. Saîd al-Kattân, Imam Mâlik, Imam Shâfiî, Ahmed
b. Hanbel. He has included many names such as Hanbel and Abu Sevr among the
tabiîn and tabau’t-tabiîn. In addition, he extended the subject by supporting
the information about each of the aforementioned ulema with the narrations that
the relevant names lived or made sense of. The author also mentioned the names
of people who came to the fore in this issue in various cities of the Islamic
districts and who were qualified as leaders because of these qualities in their
regions. Thus, Râmhurmuzî stated that having only the accumulation of narration
would not be enough for fiqh-hadîth. In addition, he mentioned the examples
that the dirâya was also important. In the second part of the relevant chapter
on Râmhurmuzî, fiq al-hadîth, in the first stage, he mentioned thirteen
examples of how some narratives that cannot be understood must be understood.
At this point, he carried out some fiq al-hadîth trials related to a few news
he analyzed.
The author also
took into account the narrower, i.e. procedural aspect of fiq al-hadîth/
dirâyatu'l-hadîth. He also expressed the meticulous attitudes of the hadith
researchers about the isnad and mentioned that some confusion that may occur in
the determination of their identity is put forward in this way. In this
context, he pointed out the importance of the knowledge of the narrators; He
also gave examples of people who were referred to their mothers and
grandparents from the Companions and other narrators, and who were also known
for their grandfather's tag. He also talked about contemporary and complex tags
and names as well as the people who lived and transported in the same period
and those who conveyed them from the same names. He also mentioned the issues
that are similar to the identities and those with complexity about their
personalities, accompanied by examples.
As a result,
Râmhurmuzî did not specifically mention the procedures and principles regarding
fiqh-hadîth due to the characteristics of the works of the period of the
muteqaddimun. However, he addressed this issue in two stages. First of all, he
included many names that have the characteristics of riwaya and dirâya,
starting from the Companions. In the second stage, he brought some narrations
into the agenda to show the skills of the hadith researchers in this field.
Thus, he emphasized both the qualities that those who will engage in this field
should bear and the dimensions of fiq al-hadîth. In a sense, he also referred
to the principles that will constitute the academic basis of the subject
matter.
İslâm’ın doğru anlaşılması, temel kaynakları olan Kur’an-ı
Kerim ve hadislerin maksatlarına uygun bir şekilde kavranmalarına bağlıdır. Bu
gerçeği çok iyi bilen Hz. Peygamber, sözlerindeki amaçların kavranması yönünde
çok vurgulu telkin ve teşviklerde bulunmuş, neticede sahâbe-i kirâm arasından
hadislerin maksatlarına nüfuz edip rivayet-dirâyet bütünlüğünü sağlayan
kimseler ortaya çıkmıştır. Resûl-i Ekrem’in vefatından sonra ise daha öncesinde
var olmayan pek çok olay vuku bulmuş, farklı dinî anlayışlar zuhur etmiş ve bu
durum fıkhü’l-hadîse/dirâyetü’l-hadîse olan ihtiyacı arttırmış; hatta
hadislerin manalarını anlamak, ilmin yarısı kabul edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda zuhur
eden her bir ekol de kendi prensipleri çerçevesinde rivayetleri anlama gayreti
içinde olmuştur. Mesailerinin çoğunu hıfz, kitâbet, tedvin ve tasnîf
faaliyetleri ile geçiren ehl-i hadîs ise rivayetleri idrak noktasında birtakım
eleştirilere maruz kalmışlar hatta muhtevasını bilmeden hadis nakletmek ve
bilgi hamallığı yapmak ile itham edilmişler, buna mukabil onlar da savunma
refleksi ile kendilerinin de bu alanda yetkin olduklarını ispat için gerek
rivayet gerekse dirâyet/usul türü çalışmalar kaleme almışlardır. Nitekim telif
ettikleri bu eserlerde, bir taraftan daha öncesinde yapageldikleri
fıkhü’l-hadîs çalışmalarını günyüzüne çıkarmaya diğer taraftan ilgili alanda
kendilerinin de söz sahibi olabileceklerini göstermeye çalışmışlardır. İşte bu
makale, alanında ilk olma niteliği taşıyan el-Muhaddisü’l-fâsıl beyne’r-râvî
ve’l-vâî adlı usul eseri çerçevesinde fıkhü’l-hadîs meselesinin nasıl ele
alınıp incelendiğini konu edinmektedir.
Primary Language | Turkish |
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Journal Section | Articles |
Authors | |
Publication Date | June 30, 2020 |
Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 19 Issue: 1 |