Content Analysis of Locally Marketed Energy Drinks: Turkish Market

Year 2023, Volume: 51 Issue: 4, 341 - 349, 07.11.2023

Zafer Peker Dursun Ali Köse

https://doi.org/10.15671/hjbc.1279376

Abstract

In the Turkish Food Codex Communique on Energy Drinks, energy drinks are defined as "flavored non-alcoholic beverage containing caffeine, containing taurine, glucuronolactone, inositol, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other food and components". The amount of caffeine in the composition of the energy drink cannot be more than 150 mg/L, inositol 100 mg/L, glucuronolactone 20 mg/L, and taurine 800 mg/L. It has been reported that the consumption of beverages containing caffeine, taurine, and glucuronolactone in healthy young adults increases arterial blood pressure and platelet aggregation and decreases endothelial function. For healthy adults, consuming more than 400 mg of caffeine daily and consuming more than 500 ml of energy drinks in energy drinks, as well as consuming energy drinks with or together with alcohol, is risky and not recommended. Energy drinks are risky for children, people under the age of 18, the elderly, diabetics, those with high blood pressure, pregnant and lactating women, those with metabolic diseases, kidney failure, and people who are sensitive to caffeine. The use of energy drinks has been increasing rapidly in the world and in our country in recent years. Usually, energy drinks are used by young people, athletes, and people who live actively. Energy drinks are also preferred as a pleasure or to increase mental, physical, and cognitive performance.
The aim of our study is to analyze the components of the content and the effectiveness of the components by making a qualitative analysis with the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Analysis) device of many energy drinks used in the market. In addition, it is the evaluation of the energy drinks available in the market by examining the effects of the determined substances and their amounts on human health.

Keywords

energy drinks, GC-MS analysis, caffeine, trehalose, forensic science

References

• C.J. Reissig, E.C. Strain, R.R. Griffiths, Caffeinated energy drinks--a growing problem, Drug Alcohol Depend. 99 (2009) 1–10.
• S. Dikici, L.Y. Aydın, A. Kutlucan, N. Ercan, Enerji içecekleri hakkında neler biliyoruz? Dicle Med. J., 39(4) (2012) 609-613.
• B.J. Wolk, M. Ganetsky, K.M. Babu, Toxicity of Energy Drinks. Curr. Opin. Pediatr., 24 (2012) 243-251.
• J.A. Timbrell, V. Seabra, C.J. Waterfield, The in vivo and in vitro protective properties of taurine, Gen. Pharmacol., 26 (1995) 453-462.
• R. Cozzi, R. Ricordy, F. Bartolini, L. Ramadori, P. Perticone, R. De Salvia, Taurine and ellagic acid: Two differently-acting natural antioxidants, Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 26 (1995) 248-254.
• B. Giray, P. Erkekoğlu, G. Şahin, Zayıflama amacıyla kullanılan çok etken maddeli bazı preparatların toksikolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi: Fen-Phen ve Usnik Asit. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 2 (2009) 131-148.
• E.G. De Mejia, M.V. Ramirez- Mares, Impact of caffeine and coffee on our health, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 25 (2014) 489-492.
• M.A. Heckman, K. Sherry, E.G. De Mejia, Energy Drinks: An Assessment of Their Market Size, Consumer Demographics, Ingredient Profile, Functionality, and Regulations in the United States, Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 9 (2010) 303-317.
• J.S. Coombes, K.L. Hamilton, The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks, Sports Med., 29 (2000) 181-209.
• K.J. Acheson, B. Zahorska-Markiewicz, P. Pittet, K. Anantharaman, E. Jéquier, (1980). Caffeine and coffee: their influence on metabolic rate and substrate utilization in normal weight and obese individuals, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 33 (1980) 989-997.
• A.G. Dulloo, C.A. Geissler, T. Horton, A. Collins, D.S. Miller, Normal caffeine consumption: influence on thermogenesis and daily energy expenditure in lean and postobese human volunteers, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 49 (1989) 44-50.
• P. Koot, P. Deurenberg, Comparison of changes in energy expenditure and body temperatures after caffeine consumption, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 39 (1995) 135-42.
• M.A. Howard, C.A. Marczinski, Acute effects of a glucose energy drink on behavioral control, Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 18 (2010) 553–561.
• M.A. Mets, S. Ketzer, C. Blom, M.H. Van Gerven, G.M. Van Willigenburg, B. Olivier, J.C. Verster, Positive effects of Red Bull® Energy Drink on driving performance during prolonged driving, Psychopharmacology, 214 (2011) 737-745.
• Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji içecekleri Tebliği No:2017/4. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 30110, 30 Haziran 2017, 2017.
• M.I. Worthley, A. Prabhu, P. De Sciscio, C. Schultz, P. Sanders, S.R. Willoughby, Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function, Am. J. Med., 123 (2010) 184-187.
• N. Arpacı, G. Ersoy, Enerji içeceklerinin gücü nedir? İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8 (2011) 809-819.
• L. Tretter, A. Patocs, C. Chinopoulos, Succinate, an intermediate in metabolism, signal transduction, ROS, hypoxia, and tumorigenesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Bioenerg., 1857 (2016) 1086-1101.
• S. Dröse, Differential effects of complex II on mitochondrial ROS production and their relation to cardioprotective pre- and postconditioning, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Bioenerg., 1827 (2013) 578-587.
• E. Peynaud, Knowing and making wine. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1984. ISBN-13:9780471881490.
• J.W. Parr, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and the athlete: new advances and understanding, Clin. Sports Med., 30 (2011) 591-610.
• B. Roelands, J. de Koning, C. Foster, F. Hettinga, R. Meeusen, Neurophysiological determinants of theoretical concepts and mechanisms involved in pacing, Sports Med., 43 (2013) 301-311.
• K.L. Parker, D. Lamichhane, M.S. Caetano, N.S. Narayanan, Executive dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease and tming deficits, Front. Integr. Neurosci., 7 (2013) Article ID 75.
• G.M. Miller, The emerging role of trace amine‐associated receptor 1 in the functional regulation of monoamine transporters and dopaminergic activity, J. Neurochem., 116(2) (2011) 164-176.
• M.Z. Khan, W. Nawaz, The emerging roles of human trace amines and human trace amine-associated receptors (hTAARs) in central nervous system, Biomed. Pharmacother., 83 (2016) 439-449.
• L. Lindemann, M.C. Hoener, A renaissance in trace amines inspired by a novel GPCR family, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 5 (2005) 274-281.
• P.R. Gruber, M. Kamm, B. Kamm, (Eds.) Biorefineries: Industrial Processes and Products: Status Quo and Future Directions. Wiley-VCH, 2006. ISBN: 978-3-527-32953-3
• J.F.L. Silva, R. Grekin, A.P. Mariano, R.M. Filho, Making levulinic acid and ethyl levulinate economically viable: A worldwide technoeconomic and environmental assessment of possible routes, Energy Technol., 6 (2018) 613-639.
• F.D. Klingler, W. Ebertz, Oxocarboxylic acids. In: Ull-mann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 6th Edn, vol 24. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, (2003) pp. 545–552.
• J.G. Zeikus, M.K. Jain, P. Elankovan, Biotechnology of succinic acid production and markets for derived industrial products, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 51 (1999) 545–552.
• I.T. Horváth, M. Malacria, (Eds.). Advanced Green Chemistry - Part 1: Greener Organic Reactions And Processes (Series On Chemistry, Energy And The Environment): vol 3. World Scientific Publishing Company, (2017). ISBN-13:978-9813228108.
• K.K. Cheng, G.Y. Wang, J. Zeng, J.A. Zhang, Improved Succinate Production by Metabolic Engineering, BioMed Res. Intern., (2013) Article ID 538790.
• T. Javorský, GABAergic neurotransmission in the brain development. Bachelor Thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physiology, Prague, 2018.
• J. Snel, M.M. Lorist, Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition, Prog. Brain Res., 190 (2011) 105-117.
• S. Bolton, G. Null, Caffeine: Psychological effects, use and abuse, J. Orthomol. Psyc., 10 (1981) 202–211.
• A. Nehlig, Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer? J. Alzheimers Dis., 20(1) (2010) S85-S94.
• A. Szopa, E. Wyska, W. Kukuła-Koch, A. Serefko, S. Wośko, K. Bogatko, A. Wrobel, P. Wlaź, Caffeine augments the antidepressant-like activity of mianserin and agomelatine in forced swim and tail suspension tests in mice, Pharmacol. Rep., 68 (2016) 56-61.
• S.A. Conger, G.L. Warren, M.A. Hardy, M.L. Millard-Stafford, Does caffeine added to carbohydrate provide additional ergogenic benefit for endurance?, Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab., 21 (2011) 71-84.
• D.G. Liddle, D.J. Connor, Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS, Prim. Care - Clin. Off. Pract., 40 (2013) 487-505.
• E. Mills, L.A. O’Neill, Succinate: a metabolic signal in inflammation, Trends Cell Biol., 24 (2014) 313-320.
• E.T. Chouchani, V.R. Pell, E. Gaude, D. Aksentijević, S.Y. Sundier, et al. Ischaemic accumulation of succinate controls reperfusion injury through mitochondrial ROS, Nature, 515 (2014) 431-435.
• J. Huang, Y. Wang, Y. Ren, X. Wang, H. Li, Z. Liu, T. Yue, Z. Gao, Effect of inoculation method on the quality and nutritional characteristics of low-alcohol kiwi wine, LWT- Food Sc. Technol., 156 (2022) Article ID 113049.