Campanula aghrica (Campanulaceae) için Yeni IUCN Tehlike Kategorisi Önerisi

Year 2023, Issue: 4, 22 - 28, 23.12.2024

Hasan Yıldırım , Tuğkan Özdöl , Yusuf Altıoğlu , Ademi Fahri Pirhan

https://doi.org/10.26650/HT.2023.1559411

Abstract

Campanulaceae Juss. (Asterales) ailesi dünya genelinde 84 cins ve yaklaşık 2400 türü barındıran kozmopolit bir ailedir. Camapanula cinsi Campanulaceae ailesinin takson sayısı bakımından en büyük cinsidir. Campanula aghrica Kit Tan & Sorger Ağrı ili, Doğubeyazıt ilçesi sınırlarında yayılış gösteren lokal endemik bir türdür. C. aghrica, 1984 yılında bilim dünyasına tanıtılmıştır. Diyagnostik karakterler ve genşletilmiş tam betim burada verilmiştir. Morfolojik özelliklere dayanarak, C. aghrica Campanula subgen. Campanula sect. Rupesters’e aittir. Rupestres’in endemizmi oldukça yüksek olmasının sebeplerinden biri çoğunlukla kazmofitik olmasından dolayı yayılış alanının sınırlı olmasıdır. Oldukça izole bir türdür, yakın akrabası bulunmaz. Oldukça geriye yatık ve basık, yoğun tomentoz tüy yapısı nedeniyle meydana gelen gri’msi görüntüsü, gövdelerinin çok sayıda steril rozet taşıması rozet yapraklarının oldukça küçük oluşu, dip kısmının belirgin odunsulaşmış oluşı, oldukça kırılgan ve fleksouz gövdeleri ve küçük çiçekleri ile, oldukça karakterize bir türdür. Bu türün günümüze kadar bilinen tek lokalitesi tip lokalitesi olmasına karşın Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabında tür “Duyarlı” olarak VU tehlike kategorisinde değerlendirmişlerdir. Fakat, türün IUCN kategorisi bu çalışmada yeniden belirlenerek en güncel IUCN kriterlerine göre Kritik düzeyde tehlikede [CR B1ab(ii,iii,v)+B2ab (ii,iii,v)] olarak güncellenmiştir

Keywords

Ağrı, Endemik, Campanula, IUCN, sect. Rupestres

A New Recommended IUCN Threat Category for Campanula aghrica (Campanulaceae)

Abstract

The family Campanulaceae Juss. (Asterales) is a cosmopolitan family with 84 genera and approximately 2400 species worldwide. The genus Campanula is the largest genus in the Campanulaceae family in terms of taxa number. Campanula aghrica Kit Tan & Sorger is a local endemic species distributed in Doğubeyazıt district of Ağrı province. It was introduced to the scientific world in 1984. Diagnostic characters and an extended full description are given here. Based on morphological characteristics, C. aghrica belongs to the Campanula subgen. Campanula sect. Rupesters. One of the reasons for the high endemism of sect. Rupestres is that its distribution area is limited because it is mostly casmophytic. C. aghrica is a rather isolated species, and it has no close relatives. It is a rather characterised species with its greyish appearance due to its rather receding and flat, densely tomentose hair structure, numerous sterile rosettes on its stems, rather small rosette leaves, distinct lignification of the base, rather fragile and flexible stems and small flowers. Although the only known locality of this species to date is the type locality, in the “Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı”, the species was evaluated as VU endangered category. In this study, the IUCN category of the species was redefined and updated as Critically Endangered [CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+B 2ab (i,ii,iii,v)] according to the most recent IUCN criteria.

Keywords

Ağrı, Endemic, Campanula, IUCN, sect. Rupestres

References

• Akçiçek, E., Vural, M., Açık, L. & Çelebi, A. (2005). Notes On Campanula argaea Group (Campanulaceae) in Turkey and Related Species). Ann. Bot. Fenn., 42(6), 405-410. google scholar
• Alçıtepe, E., Everest, A. & Sungur, M. A. (2011). Some soil parameters in Campanula species (sect. Quinqueloculares) from Mediterranean climate areas in Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(7), 1735-1743. google scholar
• Beaulieu, J.M., Tank, D.C. & Donoghue, M.J. (2013). A Southern Hemisphere origin for campanulid angiosperms, with traces of the break-up of Gondwana, BMC Evol Biol., 13, 80. https:// doi. org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-80. google scholar
• BizimBitkiler (2024, 10 Eylül). Bizim Bitkiler Nezehat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi. https://bizimbitkiler.org.tr/yeni/demos/technical/. google scholar
• Boissier, P. E. (1875). Flora Orientalis, vol. 3. Geneva & Basel:.H.Georg. google scholar
• Borsch, T., Korotkova, N., Raus, T., Lobin, W. & Lohn, C. (2009). The pet D group II intron as a species level marker: utility for tree inference and species identification in the diverse genus Campanula (Campanulaceae). Willdenowia, 39, 7-33. google scholar
• Cellinese, N., Smith, S.A., Edwards, E.J., Kim, S.T., Haberle, R.C., Avramakis, M. & Donoghue, M.J. (2009). Historical biogeography of the endemic Campanulaceae of Crete. J Biogeogr., 36, 12531269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02077.x. google scholar
• CografyaHarita (2024, 10 Eylül). Coğrafya Harita. http:// cografyaharita.com/turkiye-dilsizharitalari. html. google scholar
• Contandriopoulos, J. (1984). Differentiation and evolution of the genus Campanula in the Mediterranean region. In Grant, W.F. (Ed.). Plant biosystematics (ss 140-175). Ontario: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978 0-12-295680-5.50014-7. google scholar
• Cosner, M.E., Jansen, R.K. & Lammers, T.G. (1994). Phylogenetic relationships in the Campanulales based on rbcL sequences. Plant. Syst. Evol., 190(1-2), 79-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF00937860. google scholar
• Cosner, M.E., Raubeson, L.A. & Jansen, R.K. (2004). Chloroplast DNA rearrangements in Campanulaceae: Phylogenetic utility of highly rearranged genomes. BMC Evol. Biol., 4, 27. https:// doi. org/10.1186/1471-2148-4-27. google scholar
• Crowl, A.A., Miles, N.W., Visger, C.J., Hansen, K., Ayers, K., Haberle, R. & Cellinese, N. (2016). A global perspective on Campanulaceae: Biogeographic, genomic, and floral evolution. Am. J. Bot., 103(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500450. google scholar
• Damboldt, J. (1965). Zytotaxonomische Revision der isophyllen Campanulae in Europa. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 84, 302-358. google scholar
• Damboldt, J. (1976). Materials for a flora of Turkey 32: Campanulaceae. Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 35, 39-52. google scholar
• Damboldt, J. (1978). Campanula L. In Davis, P. H. (Ed.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, vol. 6 (ss 2-64). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. google scholar
• Davis, P. H., Mill, R. R., & Tan, K. (1988). Campanula L. In Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R., & Tan, K. (Eds.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Suppl. 1), vol. 10 (ss 177-180). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. google scholar
• Eddie, W.M.M., Shulkina, T., Gaskin, J., Haberle, R.C. & Jansen, R.K. (2003). Phylogeny of Campanulaceae s.str. inferred from ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard., 90(4), 554-575. https://doi.org/10.2307/3298542. google scholar
• Ekim T., Koyuncu M., Vural M., Duman H., Aytaç Z. & Adıgüzel N. (2000). Türkiye Bitkileri Kırmızı Kitabı (Pteridophyta ve Spermatophyta). Ankara: TTKD ve Van 100. Yıl üniversitesi Yayını. google scholar
• Fedorov, A. (1957). Campanula L. In Komarov, V. L. (Ed.). Flora of the USSR, vol. 24 (ss 126-501). Moscow & Leningrad: Academie des Sciences de l’URSS. google scholar
• Fedorov, A. A., & Kovanda, M. (1976). Campanula L. In Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., & Valentine, D.H. (Eds.). Flora Europaea, vol. 4 (ss 74-93). London: Cambridge University Press. google scholar
• Fırat, M., Özüdoğru, B. & Yıldırım, H. (2022). A new bellflower, Campanula dersimensis (Campanulaceae), from E Anatolia, Turkey. Wildenowia, 52(2), 167-177. https://doi.org/10.3372/ wi.52.52202. google scholar
• Güner, A. & Ekim, T. (Ed.). (2014). Resimli Türkiye Florası Cilt 1, İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. google scholar
• Güner, A. (2000). Campanula L. In Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., & Başer, K.H.C. (Eds.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands (Suppl. 2.), vol. 11 (ss 171-175). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. google scholar
• Güner, A., Kandemir, A., Menemen, Y., Yıldırım, H., Aslan, S., Ekşi, G., Güner, I. & Çimen, A.Ö. (Ed.). (2018). Resimli Türkiye Florası Cilt 2. İstanbul: ANG Vakfı Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları. google scholar
• Haberle, R.C., Dang, A., Lee, T., Penaflor, C., Cortes-Burn, H., Oestreich, A., Raubenson, L., Cellinese, N., Edwards, E.J., Kim, S.T., Eddie, W.M.M. & Jansen, R.K. (2009). Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a phylogenetic analysis of the Campanulaceae based on three chloroplast genes. Taxon, 58(3), 715-734. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.583003. google scholar
• IPNI (2024, 10 Eylül). International Plant Names Index. http://www. ipni.org/. [10.09.2024]. google scholar
• IUCN (2024, 10 Eylül). Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland and Cambridge. Available from: https:// www. iucnr edlist. org/ docum ents/ RedLi stGui delin es. pdf. google scholar
• İkinci, N. (2012). Campanula L. In Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M., & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler) (ss 303-311). Istanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. google scholar
• Kandemir, A. (2007). A new Campanula (Campanulaceae) from east Anatolia, Turkey. Nord. J. Bot., 25(1-2), 53-57. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00091_14.x. google scholar
• Khansari, E., Zarrea, S., Alizadehb, K., Attara, F., Aghabeigic, F. & Salmakia, Y. (2011). Pollen morphology of Campanula (Campanulaceae) and allied genera in Iran with special focus on its systematic implication. Flora, 207, 203-211. google scholar
• Lammers, T. G. (2007). Campanulaceae Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 163 (1789), nom. Cons. In Kadereit, J.W. & Jeffrey, C. (Eds.). The families and genera of vascular plants, Vol. VIII, Asterales (ss 26-57). Springer. google scholar
• Liveri, E., Crowl, A.A., Mavrodiev, E., Yıldırım, H., Kamari, G. & Cellinese, N. (2020). Another piece of the puzzle, another brick in the wall: The inevitable fate of Campanula section Quinqueloculares (Campanulaceae: Campanuloideae). Taxon, 69(6), 1239-1258. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12372. google scholar
• Lundberg, J. & Bremer, K. (2003). A phylogenetic study of the order Asterales using one morphological and three molecular data sets. Int. J. Plant. Sci., 164(4), 553-578. https://doi. org/10.1086/374829. google scholar
• Mutlu, B. & Karakuş, Ş. (2015). A new species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) from Turkey. Phytotaxa, 234(3), 287-293. google scholar
• Özdöl, T., Altıoğlu, Y. & Yıldırım, H. (2022a). Türkiye’den Campanula (Campanulaceae) İçin Yeni Bir Varyete. Türler ve Habitatlar, 3(1), 7-16. https://doi.org/10.53803/turvehab.1102036. google scholar
• Özdöl, T., Altıoğlu, Y. & Yıldırım, H. (2022b). Yüzelli Yıla Yakın Süredir Kayıp Bir Taksonun Yeniden Keşfi: Campanula ptarmicifolia var. capitellata’nın Lokasyon Bilmecesi. Herbarium Turcicum, 2, 2733. https://doi.org/10.26650/HT.2022.1204049. google scholar
• Özdöl, T., Altıoğlu, Y., Deniz, I. G. & Yıldırım, H. (2022c). A new variety of Campanula myrtifolia (Campanulaceae) from South Anatolia, Turkiye. Herbarium Turcicum, 1, 37-43. https://doi. org/10.26650/HT.2022.1204. google scholar
• Özdöl, T., Güner, Ö., Sefalı, A., Akçiçek, E., Dirmenci, T., & Yıldırım, H. (2022d). Three new records for the flora of Turkey: Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica (Campanulaceae), Erysimum aureum (Brassicaceae) and Stachys benthamiana (Lamiaceae). Phytotaxa, 531(2), 147-150. google scholar
• Özdöl, T., Sefalı, A. & Yıldırım, H. (2022e). Macro- and Micro-morphological Studies on Campanula lyrata subsp. icarica (Campanulaceae) and Erysimum aureum (Brassicaceae), Recently Given as a New Record from Türkiye. Türler ve Habitatlar, 3(2), 119-136. google scholar
• POWO. (2024, 10 Eylül). Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://www. plantsoftheworldonline.org/ google scholar
• Rechinger, K. H., & Schiman-Czeika, H. (1965). Campanula L. In Rechinger, K.H., & Schiman-Czeika, H. (Eds.). Flora Iranica, vol. 13. (ss 7-38). Graz: Akademische Verlag und Gesellschaft. google scholar
• Roquet, C., Saez, L., Aldasoro, J.J., Susanna, A., Alarcon, M.L., & Garcia-Jacas, N. (2008). Natural delineation molecular phylogeny and floral evolution in Campanula L. Syst. Bot., 33(1), 203-217. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364408783887465. google scholar
• Tan, K. & Sorger, F. (1984). Campanula aghrica Kit & Sorger. Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh, 41(3), 528. google scholar
• Tank, D.C. & Donoghue, M.J. (2010). Phylogeny and phylogenetic nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an expanded sample of genes and taxa. Syst. Bot. 35(2), 425-441. https://doi. org/10.1600/36364410791638306. google scholar
• Thiers, B. (2020). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ ih/ [10.09.2024]. google scholar
• Yıldırım H. & Şenol, S.G. (2014). “Campanula alisan-kilincii (Campanulaceae), a new species from eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38(1), 22-30. google scholar
• Yıldırım, H. & Özdöl, T. (2019). A new suggestion IUCN threat category for Campanula peshmenii Güner (Campanulaceae). Acta Biologica Turcica, 32(3), 168-173. google scholar
• Yıldırım, H. & Özdöl, T. (2024). Asyneuma yildizianum (Campanulaceae), a new species from SW Türkiye. Kew Bulletin, 3, 671-681. 10.1007/s12225-024-10206-3. google scholar
• Yıldırım, H. (2013). Campanula mugeana sp. nov. (Campanulaceae) from western Anatolia, Turkey. Nord. J. Bot., 31, 419-425. google scholar
• Yıldırım, H. (2018). Campanula leblebicii (Campanulaceae), a new chasmophyte species from western Turkey. Phytotaxa, 376(2), 114-122. google scholar
• Y ıldırım, H., Özdöl, T. & Pirhan, A.F. (2023). Campanula quercetorum subsp. densiflora: A New Taxon of Campanula (Campanulaceae) from Eastern Anatolia (Türkiye). Türler ve Habitatlar, 4(2), 79-90. google scholar
• Y ıldırım, H., Şentürk, O., Özdöl, T. & Pirhan, A.F. (2019). A new bellflower, Campanula phitosiana sp. nov. (Campanulaceae) from Western Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa, 399(1), 25-36. 10.11646/phytotaxa.399.1.3. google scholar
• Y oo, K.-O., Crowl, A.A., Kim, K.-A., Cheon, K.-S. & Cellinese, N. (2018). Origins of East Asian Campanuloideae (Campanulaceae) diversity. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 127, 468-474. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.040. google scholar