β-Glukanlar ve İmmün Sistem

Year 2015, Issue: 2, 103 - 115, 01.06.2015

Didem Şöhretoğlu , Ayşe Kuruüzüm Uz

Abstract

β-glukan, D-glukoz monomerlerinin değişik şekillerde bağlanmasıyla oluşan, bitki, mantar, alg, maya ve bazı bakterilerin hücre duvarının komponenti olan doğal polimerlere verilen genel bir isimdir. Buğday, arpa, yulaf, pirinç gibi çok sık tükettiğimiz tahıllar, Shiitake, Reishi ölümsüzlük mantarı , Maitake, Blazei mantarı gibi yiyecek olarak da tüketilebilen tıbbi mantarlar ve Saccharomyces cerevisiae ekmek mayası başlıca β-glukan kaynaklarıdır. Bunların haricinde Agrobacterium radiobacter, A. rhizogenes gibi bakteriler ve Laminaria sp. gibi algler de β-glukan kaynaklarına örnek olarak verilebilir. β-glukanların bağışıklık stimülanı, antitümoral, antienflamatuvar, kolesterol düşürücü, antidiyabetik, antimikrobiyal, antiviral, hepatoprotektif, antiallerjik, radyoprotektif, antioksidan, antikoagülan etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, β-glukan özellikle Japonya’da kanser hastalarında adjuvan olarak kullanılmakta ve oral β-glukan uygulamasının monoklonal antikorların etkisini artırdığı bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada çok çeşitli biyolojik etkileri bulunan ve gerek besinlerle gerek gıda desteği olarak kullanılan β-glukanların özellikle bağışıklık sistemindeki ve kanserdeki etkileri ile ilgili çalışmaları ve bu bileşikler üzerinde yapılmış olan toksisite çalışmalarını derlenmiştir. Ülkemizde piyasada bulunan yoğun olarak β-glukan içeren ekstrelerin ve saflaştırılmış β-glukan içeren ticari preparatların β 1→3 ; β 1→6 yapısı taşıması nedeniyle, araştırmamızda daha çok bu tip β-glukanlar üzerindeki çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

β-glukanlar, bağışıklık sistemi, kanser

β-glucans and the Immune System

Abstract

β-glucan is a common name for natural polymers which consist of D-glucose monomers binding to each other at different positions. They are components of cell walls of plants, fungi, algae, yeasts and some bacteria. Grains like wheat, barley, oat, and rice consumed frequently in daily diet; medicinal fungi also consumed as food like Shiitake, Reishi, Maitake, Blazei fungi; and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Baker’s yeast are the most common β-glucan sources. Moreover, some bacteria such as Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and some algae like Laminaria sp. are other examples of β-glucan sources. β-glucans possess immunostimulant, antitumor, antiinflammatory, cholestrol lowering, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antiallergic, radioprotective, antioxidant and anticoagulant activities. Furthermore, β-glucans are used as adjuvant for cancer patients, especially in Japan, and it is reported that oral administration of β-glucans enhances effects of monoclonal antibodies. In this study, we reviewed the effects of β-glucans which possess a wide range of biological activities especially on immune system and cancer cells when consumed both in diet and as dietary supplement. We also reviewed the toxicity studies on β-glucans. Because the extensively β-glucan containing extracts and purified β-glucan products on the market in Turkey contain the structure of β 1→3 ; β 1→6 , we mainly reviewed the studies on this type of β-glucans.

Keywords

β-glucans, immune system, cancer

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