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The Use of Valproic Acid in the Treatment of Epilepsy and Its Determination in Biological Matrices

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 199 - 207, 01.09.2022

Oğuz Özbek , Ömer Işıldak

https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1062609

Abstract

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease and its treatment is long–term or lifelong. Anti–epileptic drugs are important pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epilepsy. The anti–epileptic agent selected to be used in the epilepsy treatment should have as little as possible side effects and prevent the development of seizures. Valproic acid is a broad spectrum drug that is highly effective in the treatment of almost all epileptic seizures. It is widely used around the world due to its reliable profile. The therapeutic level of valproic acid in the human blood should be monitored throughout treatment. Therefore, valproic acid testing procedures in different biological samples have been proposed using various analytical methods. In this review, the analytical methods reported for the determination of valproic acid in biological samples and the performance characteristics of these methods are mentioned.

Keywords

Epilepsy valproic acid anti–epileptic analytical methods

References

  • Özbek O, Gürdere MB: A review on the synthesis and applications of molecules as anticonvulsant drug agent candidates. Medicinal Chemistry Research 2020, 29(9): 1553–1578.
  • Benlier N, Ozer G, Orhan N: Relation between serum amylin level and epilepsy. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 2020, 56(1): 1–5.
  • Yeni S, Bora, Yeni S, Gürses C: Epilepsi insidansı, prevalansı ve risk faktörleri, Epilepsi, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, İstanbul. 2008: pp. 65–73.
  • Shakirullah Ali N, Khan A, Nabi M: The prevalence, incidence and etiology of epilepsy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 2014, 2(2): 29–39.
  • Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O'Brien T, Jette N, Scheffer IE, Curtis M, Perucca P: Epilepsy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2018, 4: 18024.
  • Mayuri B, Kumar DS, Kishore P: A review on epilepsy. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research 2019, 7(3): 1362–1369.
  • Beghi E: The epidemiology of epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology, 2020, 54(2): 185–191.
  • Fisher RS, Cross JH, D'souza C, French JA, Haut SR, Higurashi N, et al: Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 531–542.
  • Vollmar C, Noachtar S: Neuroimaging in epilepsy. Turk J Neurol 2004, 10: 185–200.
  • Şener N, Akbulut G:Dirençli Epilepside erişkin uygulamaları ile birlikte ketojenik tıbbi beslenme tedavisine güncel yaklaşım. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2021, 5(2): 431–441.
  • Singh G, Bell GS, Herna´iz-Driever P, Sander JW: Cancer risk in people with epilepsy using valproate-sodium. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2012, 125: 234–240.
  • Haznedar P: Çocukluk Çağı Epilepsilerinde Levetirasetam ve Valproik Asit Tedavisinin Karaciğer Fonksiyonları, Plazma Serbest Karnitin ve Lipid Peroksidasyonu İle Oksidatif Dna Hasarı Üzerine Etkileri. (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara, 2017.
  • Gül G, Çokar Ö: Epilepsi tanısı almış hastada tedavi yaklaşımı. Epilepsi Çalışma Grubu Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi, 2015, 27–33.
  • Davies JA: Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 1995, 4: 267–272.
  • Davydov OS: Antiepileptic Drugs Beyond Epilepsy (use of anticonvulsants in the treatment of pain syndromes). Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 2014, 44(7): 772.
  • Hanaya R, Arita K: The new antiepileptic drugs: their neuropharmacology and clinical indications. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2016, 55(5): 205–220.
  • White HS, Smith MD, Wilcox KS. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. International Review of Neurobiology 2007, 81: 85–110.
  • Hildenbrand S: Levetiracetam and brivaracetam: synthesis of radioligands as pharmacological tools for studying their ınteractions with target proteins. (PhD Thesis), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany, 2012.
  • Methaneethorn J: A systematic review of population pharmacokinetics of valproic acid. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2018, 84(5): 816–834.
  • Burton B: On the propyl derivatives and decomposition products of ethylacetoacetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1882, 3: 385–395.
  • Meunier H, Carraz G, Neunier Y, Eymard P, Aimard M: Pharmacodynamic properties of N-dipropylacetic acid, Therapie 1963, 18: 435–438.
  • Löscher W: Basic pharmacology of valproate, CNS drugs 2002, 16: 669–694.
  • Tolou-Ghamari Z, Palizban AA: Review of sodium valproate clinical and biochemical properties. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2015, 17: e2207.
  • Romoli M, Mazzocchetti M, D'Alonzo P, Siliquini R, Rinaldi S, Verrotti VE, Costa C: Valproic acid and epilepsy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical evidences. Current Neuropharmacology 2019, 17(10): 926–946.
  • Altındağ E, Erdoğan FF, Tezer İ, Özkara Ç: Çocuk ve erişkin status epileptikuslu hastaya yaklaşım ve erken dönem tedavisi. Turkish Journal of Neurology 2017, 23: 155–161.
  • Altindağ E, Baykan B: Status epileptikusta tedavi yaklaşımları konvülzif status epileptikus ve nonkonvülzif status epileptikus tedavisi. Epilepsi Çalışma Grubu Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi 2015, 74–81.
  • Akpinar ÇK, Cengiz N: Status epileptikus'un güncel tanı, tedavi ve etiyolojisi. Epilepsi 2014, 20(1): 1–10.
  • Aslan Kara K, Bozdemir H: Kadınlarda valproik asit kullanımında güncel gelişmeler. Epilepsi 2019, 25(2): 45–50.
  • Kim HY, Lee Y-J, Kim SJ, Lee JD, Kim S, Ko MJ, Kim J-W, Shin CY, Kim KB: Metabolomics profiling of valproic acid-induced symptoms resembling autism spectrum disorders using 1H NMR spectral analysis in rat model. Journal of Toxicology And Environmental Health, Part A 2022, 85:1–13.
  • Zawab A, Carmody J: Safe use of sodium valproate. Australian Prescriber 2014, 37: 124–127.
  • Doré M, San Juan AE, Frenette AJ, Williamson D: Clinical importance of monitoring unbound valproic acid concentration in patients with hypoalbuminemia. Pharmacotherapy 2017, 37: 900–907.
  • Dutta S, Reed RC: Functional Half-Life is a Meaningful Descriptor of Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of an Extended-Release Formulation of a Rapidly Cleared Drug. Clinical Drug Investigation 2006, 26: 681–690.
  • Zhang H, Li Y, Li X, Liu G, Wang B, Li C: Effect of sodium valproate on the sleep structures of epileptic patients. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2014, 7: 1227–1232.
  • Arslanköylü AE, Alakaya M, Akyılmaz E, Çelik Y, Delibaş A: Hemodiyalize yanıt veren ağır valproik asit zehirlenmesi. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2017, 4: 77–79.
  • Sztajnkrycer MD: Valproic acid toxicity: overview and management. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 2002, 40(6): 789–801.
  • Nakashima K: High-Performance liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs of abuse in biologic samples. Journal of Health Science 2005, 51: 272–277.
  • Sonia K, Nappinnai M: Development and validation of HPLC and UV-visible spectrophotometric method for the pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluid-review. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016, 3: 382–391.
  • Lovett LJ, Nygard GA, Erdmann GR, Burley CZ, Wahba Khalil SK: HPLC determination of valproic acid in human serum using ultraviolet detection. Journal of Liquid Chromatography 1987, 10(4); 687–699.
  • Kishore P, Rajani Kumar V, Satyanarayana V, Krishna DR: HPLC determination of valproic acid in human serum. Die Pharmazie 2003, 58(6): 378–380.
  • Zhang JF, Zhang ZQ, Dong WC, Jiang Y: A new derivatization method to enhance sensitivity for the determination of low levels of valproic acid in human plasma Journal of Chromatographic Science 2014, 52(10): 1173–1180.
  • Tonic-Ribarska J, Haxhiu A, Sterjev Z, Kiteva G, Suturkova L, Trajkovic-Jolevska S: Development and validation of a bioanalytical LC-UV method with solid-phase extraction for determination of valproic acid in saliva. Acta Pharmaceutica 2012, 62(2): 211–220.
  • Prasad CVN, Kumari CH, Reddy BS, Sriramulu J: New RPHPLC method for the determination of valproic acid in human plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2010, 2(6): 355–359.
  • Zhao M, Zhang T, Li G, Qiu F, Sun Y, Zhao L: Simultaneous determination of valproic acid and its major metabolites by UHPLC-MS/MS in Chinese patients: Application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2017, 55(4): 436–444.
  • Matsuura K, Ohmori T, Nakamura M, Itoh Y, Hirano K: A simple and rapid determination of valproic acid in human plasma using a non‐porous silica column and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Biomedical Chromatography 2008, 22(4): 387–393.
  • Han SH, Kim YJ, Jeon JY, Hwang MH, Im YJ, Jeong JA, Chae SW, Kim MG: Rapid and sensitive analysis of valproic acid in human red blood cell by LC–MS/MS. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2012, 33(5): 1681–1685.
  • Belin GK, Krähenbühl S, Hauser PC: Direct determination of valproic acid in biological fluids by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Journal of Chromatography B, 2007, 847(2): 205–209.
  • Ahmad KR, Rastkari N, Kobarfard F, Ahmad KO, Kebriaeizadeh A, Pakdaman H: An improved GC method for rapid analysis of valproic acid in human plasma without derivatization. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007, 3: 37–42.
  • Zabardasti A, Afrouzi H, Talemi RP: A simple and sensitive methodology for voltammetric determination of valproic acid in human blood plasma samples using 3-aminopropyletriethoxy silane coated magnetic nanoparticles modified pencil graphite electrode. Materials Science and Engineering C 2017, 76: 425–430.
  • Özbek O, Berkel C, Isildak Ö: Applications of potentiometric sensors for the determination of drug molecules in biological samples. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2020, 52, 768 –779.
  • Katsu T, Ido K, Moriya A, Nakae Y, Skata I: Valproate selective membrane electrode based on gallium(III) tetraphenylporphyrin. Electroanalysis 2000, 12: 1282–1285.
  • Özbek O, Isildak Ö, Isildak I: A potentiometric biosensor for the determination of valproic acid: Human blood–based study of an anti–epileptic drug. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2021, 176, 108181.
  • Özbek O, Isildak Ö: Potentiometric PVC membrane sensor for the determination of anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam in pharmaceutical formulations. ChemistrySelect 2022, 7(3): e202103988.
  • Özbek O, Berkel C, Isildak Ö, Gürdere MB: HPLC–based methods for the determination of levetiracetam in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 2022, 6: 100348.
  • Gao W, Kirschbaum C, Grass J, Stalder T: LC–MS based analysis of endogenous steroid hormones in human hair. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 2016, 162: 92–99.
  • Eser B, Dinçel A: Kromatografiye giriş, yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografi kullanımında basit ipuçları Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Eğitimi Dergisi 2018, 2(2): 51–57.
  • Want EJ, Cravatt BF, Siuzdak G: The expanding role of mass spectrometry in metabolite profiling and characterization. Chembiochem 2005, 6(11): 1941–1951.
  • Özbek O, Isildak Ö, Berkel C: The use of porphyrins in potentiometric sensors as ionophores. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry 2020, 98: 1–9.
  • Isildak Ö, Özbek O: Application of potentiometric sensors in real samples. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2021, 51(3): 218–231.
  • Isildak Ö, Özbek O: Silver(I)-selective PVC membrane potentiometric sensor based on 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H, 23H-porphine and potentiometric applications. Journal of Chemical Science 2020, 132: 29.
  • Isildak Ö, Özbek O. Gürdere MB: Development of chromium(III)-selective potentiometric sensor by using synthesized pyrazole derivative as an ıonophore in PVC matrix and its applications. Journal of Analysis and Testing 2020, 4: 273–280.
  • Isildak Ö, Deligönül N, Özbek O: A novel silver (I)-selective PVC membrane sensor and its potentiometric applications. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 2019, 43(4): 1149–1158.
  • Özbek O, Berkel C, Isildak Ö, Isildak I: Potentiometric urea biosensors. Clinica Chemica Acta 2022, 524: 154–163.

Epilepsi Tedavisinde Valproik Asit Kullanımı ve Biyolojik Matrislerdeki Tayini

Year 2022, Volume: 42 Issue: 3, 199 - 207, 01.09.2022

Oğuz Özbek , Ömer Işıldak

https://doi.org/10.52794/hujpharm.1062609

Abstract

Epilepsi kronik nörolojik bir hastalıktır ve tedavisi uzun süreli veya ömür boyu sürmektedir. Anti–epileptik ilaçlar epilepsi tedavisinde kullanılan önemli farmakolojik ajanlardır. Epilepsi tedavisinde kullanılmak üzere seçilen anti–epileptik ajan, mümkün olduğunca az yan etkiye sahip olmalı ve nöbet gelişimini engellemelidir. Valproik asit neredeyse tüm epileptik nöbetlerin tedavisinde oldukça etkili olan geniş spektrumlu bir ilaçtır. Güvenilir profili nedeniyle dünya genelinde oldukça yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Tedavi boyunca insan kanındaki valproik asidin terapötik seviyesi izlenmelidir. Bu nedenle, çeşitli analitik yöntemler kullanılarak farklı biyolojik örneklerde valproik asit test prosedürleri önerilmiştir. Bu derlemede, biyolojik örneklerde valproik asidin tayinine yönelik bildirilen analitik metotlar ve bu metotların performans özelliklerine değinilmiştir.

Keywords

Epilepsi valproik asit anti–epileptik analitik yöntemler

References

  • Özbek O, Gürdere MB: A review on the synthesis and applications of molecules as anticonvulsant drug agent candidates. Medicinal Chemistry Research 2020, 29(9): 1553–1578.
  • Benlier N, Ozer G, Orhan N: Relation between serum amylin level and epilepsy. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 2020, 56(1): 1–5.
  • Yeni S, Bora, Yeni S, Gürses C: Epilepsi insidansı, prevalansı ve risk faktörleri, Epilepsi, Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri, İstanbul. 2008: pp. 65–73.
  • Shakirullah Ali N, Khan A, Nabi M: The prevalence, incidence and etiology of epilepsy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neurology 2014, 2(2): 29–39.
  • Devinsky O, Vezzani A, O'Brien T, Jette N, Scheffer IE, Curtis M, Perucca P: Epilepsy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 2018, 4: 18024.
  • Mayuri B, Kumar DS, Kishore P: A review on epilepsy. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research 2019, 7(3): 1362–1369.
  • Beghi E: The epidemiology of epilepsy. Neuroepidemiology, 2020, 54(2): 185–191.
  • Fisher RS, Cross JH, D'souza C, French JA, Haut SR, Higurashi N, et al: Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types. Epilepsia, 2017, 58(4): 531–542.
  • Vollmar C, Noachtar S: Neuroimaging in epilepsy. Turk J Neurol 2004, 10: 185–200.
  • Şener N, Akbulut G:Dirençli Epilepside erişkin uygulamaları ile birlikte ketojenik tıbbi beslenme tedavisine güncel yaklaşım. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2021, 5(2): 431–441.
  • Singh G, Bell GS, Herna´iz-Driever P, Sander JW: Cancer risk in people with epilepsy using valproate-sodium. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 2012, 125: 234–240.
  • Haznedar P: Çocukluk Çağı Epilepsilerinde Levetirasetam ve Valproik Asit Tedavisinin Karaciğer Fonksiyonları, Plazma Serbest Karnitin ve Lipid Peroksidasyonu İle Oksidatif Dna Hasarı Üzerine Etkileri. (Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Ankara, 2017.
  • Gül G, Çokar Ö: Epilepsi tanısı almış hastada tedavi yaklaşımı. Epilepsi Çalışma Grubu Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi, 2015, 27–33.
  • Davies JA: Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 1995, 4: 267–272.
  • Davydov OS: Antiepileptic Drugs Beyond Epilepsy (use of anticonvulsants in the treatment of pain syndromes). Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 2014, 44(7): 772.
  • Hanaya R, Arita K: The new antiepileptic drugs: their neuropharmacology and clinical indications. Neurologia medico-chirurgica 2016, 55(5): 205–220.
  • White HS, Smith MD, Wilcox KS. Mechanisms of action of antiepileptic drugs. International Review of Neurobiology 2007, 81: 85–110.
  • Hildenbrand S: Levetiracetam and brivaracetam: synthesis of radioligands as pharmacological tools for studying their ınteractions with target proteins. (PhD Thesis), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Germany, 2012.
  • Methaneethorn J: A systematic review of population pharmacokinetics of valproic acid. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2018, 84(5): 816–834.
  • Burton B: On the propyl derivatives and decomposition products of ethylacetoacetate. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1882, 3: 385–395.
  • Meunier H, Carraz G, Neunier Y, Eymard P, Aimard M: Pharmacodynamic properties of N-dipropylacetic acid, Therapie 1963, 18: 435–438.
  • Löscher W: Basic pharmacology of valproate, CNS drugs 2002, 16: 669–694.
  • Tolou-Ghamari Z, Palizban AA: Review of sodium valproate clinical and biochemical properties. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2015, 17: e2207.
  • Romoli M, Mazzocchetti M, D'Alonzo P, Siliquini R, Rinaldi S, Verrotti VE, Costa C: Valproic acid and epilepsy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical evidences. Current Neuropharmacology 2019, 17(10): 926–946.
  • Altındağ E, Erdoğan FF, Tezer İ, Özkara Ç: Çocuk ve erişkin status epileptikuslu hastaya yaklaşım ve erken dönem tedavisi. Turkish Journal of Neurology 2017, 23: 155–161.
  • Altindağ E, Baykan B: Status epileptikusta tedavi yaklaşımları konvülzif status epileptikus ve nonkonvülzif status epileptikus tedavisi. Epilepsi Çalışma Grubu Tanı ve Tedavi Rehberi 2015, 74–81.
  • Akpinar ÇK, Cengiz N: Status epileptikus'un güncel tanı, tedavi ve etiyolojisi. Epilepsi 2014, 20(1): 1–10.
  • Aslan Kara K, Bozdemir H: Kadınlarda valproik asit kullanımında güncel gelişmeler. Epilepsi 2019, 25(2): 45–50.
  • Kim HY, Lee Y-J, Kim SJ, Lee JD, Kim S, Ko MJ, Kim J-W, Shin CY, Kim KB: Metabolomics profiling of valproic acid-induced symptoms resembling autism spectrum disorders using 1H NMR spectral analysis in rat model. Journal of Toxicology And Environmental Health, Part A 2022, 85:1–13.
  • Zawab A, Carmody J: Safe use of sodium valproate. Australian Prescriber 2014, 37: 124–127.
  • Doré M, San Juan AE, Frenette AJ, Williamson D: Clinical importance of monitoring unbound valproic acid concentration in patients with hypoalbuminemia. Pharmacotherapy 2017, 37: 900–907.
  • Dutta S, Reed RC: Functional Half-Life is a Meaningful Descriptor of Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of an Extended-Release Formulation of a Rapidly Cleared Drug. Clinical Drug Investigation 2006, 26: 681–690.
  • Zhang H, Li Y, Li X, Liu G, Wang B, Li C: Effect of sodium valproate on the sleep structures of epileptic patients. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 2014, 7: 1227–1232.
  • Arslanköylü AE, Alakaya M, Akyılmaz E, Çelik Y, Delibaş A: Hemodiyalize yanıt veren ağır valproik asit zehirlenmesi. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2017, 4: 77–79.
  • Sztajnkrycer MD: Valproic acid toxicity: overview and management. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 2002, 40(6): 789–801.
  • Nakashima K: High-Performance liquid chromatographic analysis of drugs of abuse in biologic samples. Journal of Health Science 2005, 51: 272–277.
  • Sonia K, Nappinnai M: Development and validation of HPLC and UV-visible spectrophotometric method for the pharmaceutical dosage form and biological fluid-review. European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016, 3: 382–391.
  • Lovett LJ, Nygard GA, Erdmann GR, Burley CZ, Wahba Khalil SK: HPLC determination of valproic acid in human serum using ultraviolet detection. Journal of Liquid Chromatography 1987, 10(4); 687–699.
  • Kishore P, Rajani Kumar V, Satyanarayana V, Krishna DR: HPLC determination of valproic acid in human serum. Die Pharmazie 2003, 58(6): 378–380.
  • Zhang JF, Zhang ZQ, Dong WC, Jiang Y: A new derivatization method to enhance sensitivity for the determination of low levels of valproic acid in human plasma Journal of Chromatographic Science 2014, 52(10): 1173–1180.
  • Tonic-Ribarska J, Haxhiu A, Sterjev Z, Kiteva G, Suturkova L, Trajkovic-Jolevska S: Development and validation of a bioanalytical LC-UV method with solid-phase extraction for determination of valproic acid in saliva. Acta Pharmaceutica 2012, 62(2): 211–220.
  • Prasad CVN, Kumari CH, Reddy BS, Sriramulu J: New RPHPLC method for the determination of valproic acid in human plasma. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2010, 2(6): 355–359.
  • Zhao M, Zhang T, Li G, Qiu F, Sun Y, Zhao L: Simultaneous determination of valproic acid and its major metabolites by UHPLC-MS/MS in Chinese patients: Application to therapeutic drug monitoring. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2017, 55(4): 436–444.
  • Matsuura K, Ohmori T, Nakamura M, Itoh Y, Hirano K: A simple and rapid determination of valproic acid in human plasma using a non‐porous silica column and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Biomedical Chromatography 2008, 22(4): 387–393.
  • Han SH, Kim YJ, Jeon JY, Hwang MH, Im YJ, Jeong JA, Chae SW, Kim MG: Rapid and sensitive analysis of valproic acid in human red blood cell by LC–MS/MS. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 2012, 33(5): 1681–1685.
  • Belin GK, Krähenbühl S, Hauser PC: Direct determination of valproic acid in biological fluids by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Journal of Chromatography B, 2007, 847(2): 205–209.
  • Ahmad KR, Rastkari N, Kobarfard F, Ahmad KO, Kebriaeizadeh A, Pakdaman H: An improved GC method for rapid analysis of valproic acid in human plasma without derivatization. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007, 3: 37–42.
  • Zabardasti A, Afrouzi H, Talemi RP: A simple and sensitive methodology for voltammetric determination of valproic acid in human blood plasma samples using 3-aminopropyletriethoxy silane coated magnetic nanoparticles modified pencil graphite electrode. Materials Science and Engineering C 2017, 76: 425–430.
  • Özbek O, Berkel C, Isildak Ö: Applications of potentiometric sensors for the determination of drug molecules in biological samples. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2020, 52, 768 –779.
  • Katsu T, Ido K, Moriya A, Nakae Y, Skata I: Valproate selective membrane electrode based on gallium(III) tetraphenylporphyrin. Electroanalysis 2000, 12: 1282–1285.
  • Özbek O, Isildak Ö, Isildak I: A potentiometric biosensor for the determination of valproic acid: Human blood–based study of an anti–epileptic drug. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2021, 176, 108181.
  • Özbek O, Isildak Ö: Potentiometric PVC membrane sensor for the determination of anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam in pharmaceutical formulations. ChemistrySelect 2022, 7(3): e202103988.
  • Özbek O, Berkel C, Isildak Ö, Gürdere MB: HPLC–based methods for the determination of levetiracetam in biological and pharmaceutical samples. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 2022, 6: 100348.
  • Gao W, Kirschbaum C, Grass J, Stalder T: LC–MS based analysis of endogenous steroid hormones in human hair. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 2016, 162: 92–99.
  • Eser B, Dinçel A: Kromatografiye giriş, yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografi kullanımında basit ipuçları Sağlık Hizmetleri ve Eğitimi Dergisi 2018, 2(2): 51–57.
  • Want EJ, Cravatt BF, Siuzdak G: The expanding role of mass spectrometry in metabolite profiling and characterization. Chembiochem 2005, 6(11): 1941–1951.
  • Özbek O, Isildak Ö, Berkel C: The use of porphyrins in potentiometric sensors as ionophores. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry 2020, 98: 1–9.
  • Isildak Ö, Özbek O: Application of potentiometric sensors in real samples. Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2021, 51(3): 218–231.
  • Isildak Ö, Özbek O: Silver(I)-selective PVC membrane potentiometric sensor based on 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H, 23H-porphine and potentiometric applications. Journal of Chemical Science 2020, 132: 29.
  • Isildak Ö, Özbek O. Gürdere MB: Development of chromium(III)-selective potentiometric sensor by using synthesized pyrazole derivative as an ıonophore in PVC matrix and its applications. Journal of Analysis and Testing 2020, 4: 273–280.
  • Isildak Ö, Deligönül N, Özbek O: A novel silver (I)-selective PVC membrane sensor and its potentiometric applications. Turkish Journal of Chemistry 2019, 43(4): 1149–1158.
  • Özbek O, Berkel C, Isildak Ö, Isildak I: Potentiometric urea biosensors. Clinica Chemica Acta 2022, 524: 154–163.
There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Analytical Chemistry
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Oğuz Özbek 0000-0001-5185-9681

Ömer Işıldak 0000-0003-4690-4323

Publication Date September 1, 2022
Acceptance Date April 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 42 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Özbek O, Işıldak Ö. Epilepsi Tedavisinde Valproik Asit Kullanımı ve Biyolojik Matrislerdeki Tayini. HUJPHARM. 2022;42(3):199-207.