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AN INQUIRY ON THE LIKELY EFFECTS OF CORRUPTION ON THE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN TURKEY

Year 2016, , 71 - 96, 31.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.310523

Abstract

There is no consensus in the literature about the
direction of the impact of corruption on foreign direct investments. The aim of
this paper is to explore the likely effects of corruption on the foreign direct
investments in Turkey. For this purpose, the determinants of foreign direct
investments inflows to Turkey from 19 countries over the period of 2002-2012
are examined by means of panel analysis through refining the “Gravity Model” by
adding control variables and corruption indicators. The results indicate that
the Turkish foreign direct investment inflows have both market and efficiency
seeking patterns and corruption is a critical factor for the foreign direct
investment inflows.

References

  • Abed, G.T., H.R. Davoodi, (2000). Corruption, Structural Reforms and Economic Performance in the Transition Economies. IMF Working Paper, WP/00/132.
  • Abotsi, A.K., T. Iyavarakul, (2015), “Tolerable Level of Corruption for Foreign Direct Investment in Africa”, Contemporary Economics, 9(3), 249–270.
  • Aidt, S.T. (2003), “Economic Analysis of Corruption: A Survey”, The Economic Journal, 113(491), 632–652.
  • Akan, Y., İ.Arslan (2007), “The Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment, the case of Turkey”, Lex ET Scientia International Journal, XIV, 200–206.
  • Al Sadig, A. (2009), “The Effects of Corruption on FDI Inflows”, CATO Journal, 29(2), 267–294.
  • Alesina, A., B. Weder (1999), Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid?, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper, No 7108, May.
  • Asteriou, D. (2006), Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using e-Views and Microfit, New York: Palgrave McMillan.
  • Baldemir, E., Ö. İşçi, H. Görgülü (2005), MIMIC Model ve Yolsuzluk Üzerine Türkiye Uygulaması, VII. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, 26–27 Mayıs 2005, İstanbul Universitesi.
  • Bardhan, P. (1997), “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues”, Journal of Economic Literature, 35(3), 1320–1346.
  • Bellos, S., T. Subasat (2013), “Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment: A panel Gravity Model Approach”, Bulletin of Economic Research, 64(4), 565–574.
  • Bhagwati, J.N. (1982), “Directly Unproductive Profit Seeking (DUP) Activities”, Journal of Political Economy, 90, 988–1002.
  • Campos, J. E., D. Lien, S. Pradhan (1999), “The Impact of Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters”, World Development, 27(6), 1059–1076.
  • Central Bank of Turkey (2015). Balance of Payments Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TCMB+EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/STATISTICS/Balance+of+Payments+and+Related+Statistics/Balance+of+Payments+Statisticss/Data, E.T.: 24.12.2015.
  • Coase, R.H. (1979), “Payola in Radio and Television Broadcasting”, Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 269–328. Conference Board (2015), Total Economy Database. Retrieved from https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27762, E.T.: 25.11.2015.
  • Dabla-Norris, E., J. Honda, A. Lahreche, G. Verdier (2010), FDI Flows to low-Income Countries: Global Drivers and Growth Implications, IMF Working Papers No 10/132.
  • Dougherty, C. (2011), Introduction to Econometrics (4th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Dreher, A., M. Gassebner (2013), “Greasing the Wheels? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on firm Entry”, Public Choice, 155, 413–432.
  • Egger, P., H. Winner (2005), “Evidence on Corruption as an Incentive for Foreign Direct Investment”, European Journal of Political Economy, 21, 932–952.
  • Eren, T.M., A. Jimenez (2014), “Institutional Quality Similarity, Corruption Distance and Inward FDI in Turkey”, Journal for East European Management Studies - JEEMS, 20(1), 88–101.
  • European Commission (2010), Turkey 2010 progress report, SEC(2010) 1327.
  • European Commission (2011), Turkey 2011 progress report, SEC(2011) 1201.
  • European Commission (2012), Turkey 2012 progress report, SWD(2012) 336.
  • European Commission (2013), Turkey 2013 progress report, SWD(2013) 417.
  • European Commission (2014), Turkey 2014 progress report, SWD(2014) 307.
  • European Commission (2015), Turkey report, SWD(2015) 216.
  • Frenkel, M., K. Funke, G. Stadtmann (2004), “A Panel Analysis of bilateral FDI Flows to Emerging Economies”, Economic System, 28(3), 281–300.
  • Gazdar, K. (2012), Does Corruption “Grease the Wheels” of Growth? Empirical Evidence from MENA Countries. Research Paper Presented at the 8th International Forum of the Association of Tunisian Economists (Assocıatıon Des Économistes Tunisiens – ASECTU), 7–9 June, Hammamet, Tunisia.
  • Girling, J. (1997), Corruption, Capitalism and Democracy, London, New York: Routledge.
  • GRECO (2006), Evaluation Report on Turkey. Joint First and Second Evaluation Round, Strasbourg.
  • GRECO (2008), Compliance Report on Turkey. Joint First and Second Evaluation, Strasbourg.
  • GRECO (2012), Compliance Report on Turkey. Third Evaluation Round, Strasbourg.
  • Habib, M., L. Zurawicki (2001), Country Level Investments and the Effect of Corruption – Some Empirical Evidence, International Business Review, 10, 687–700.
  • Heritage Foundation (2015), Freedom from Corruption. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/index/freedom-from-corruption, E.T.: 25.11.2015.
  • Hines, J.R. (1995), Forbidden Payment: Foreign bribery and American Business After 1977. NBER Working Paper, 5266.
  • Huntington, S.P. (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press.
  • IFC (2013), Turkey Country Profile 2013, Washington DC: World Bank Group, International Finance Corporation. Jain, A.K. (2001), “Corruption: A Review”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71–121.
  • Jeon, B.N., S.F. Stone (1999), “Gravity Model Specification for Foreign Direct-Investment: A Case of the Asia-Pacific Economies”, The Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 5, 32–42.
  • Kato, A., T. Sato (2014), Greasing the Wheels? The Effect of Corruption in Regulated Manufacturing Sectors of India. Kobe University Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration – RIEB, Discussion Paper Series No. DP2014-07. Nada, Kobe, Japan.
  • Kaufmann, D., S.J. Wei (1999), Does “Grease Money” Speed up the wheels of Commerce. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 7093.
  • Klitgaard, R. (1988), Controlling Corruption, Oakland, CA: University of California Press. KMPG (2014), Corporate and Indirect Tax Rate Survey, KPMG Global.
  • Krueger, A. (1974), “The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society”, The American Economic Review, 64(3), 291–303.
  • Lambsdorff, J.G. (2003), “How Corruption Affects Persistent Capital Flows”, Economics of Governance, 4(3), 229–244.
  • Leff, N. (1964), “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, 8, 8–14.
  • Linnemann, H. (1966), An Econometric Study of International Trade flows. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
  • Lui, F. (1985), “An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery”, Journal of Political Economy, 93(4), 760–781.
  • Mathur, A., K. Singh (2007), Foreign Direct Investment, Corruption and Democracy, AEI Working Paper, 135, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • Mauro, P. (1995), “Corruption and Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712.
  • Mendez, F., F. Sepulveda (2006), “Corruption, Growth and Political Regimes: Cross Country Evidence”, European Journal of Political Economy, 22, 82–98.
  • Meon, P. G., K. Sekkat (2005), “FDI Waves, Waves of Neglect of Political Risk”, World Development, 40(11), 2194–2205.
  • Ministry of Economy (2013), Uluslararası Doğrudan Yatırımlar 2012 Yılı Raporu, Teşvik Uygulama ve Yabancı Sermaye Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Ekim.
  • Mrydal, G. (1968), Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, Vol. II. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • OECD (2007), Tax Effects on Foreign Direct Investment: Recent Evidence and Policy Analysis. OECD Tax Policy Studies, No. 17, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD (2008), Corruption, a Glossary of International Standards in Criminal Law, OECD Paris: Glossaries.
  • OECD (2014), Phase 3 Report on Implementing the OECD Anti Bribery Convention in Turkey, 17 October.
  • PRS Group (2012), International Country Risk Guide – ICRG. Retrieved from http://epub.prsgroup.com/products/icrg/countrydata
  • Privatization Authority (2012), Rakamlarla Özelleştirme, Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Özelleştirme Uygulamaları, Özelleştirme Fonu’nun Kaynak ve Kullanımları, Özelleştirme İdaresi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Rohwer, A. (2009), “Measuring Corruption: A Comparison Between the Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators”, Ifo Institute for Economic Research Report, 3, 42–52.
  • Rose-Ackerman, S. (1997), “The Political Economy of Corruption”, in K.A. Elliot (Ed.), Corruption and Global Economy (31–60), Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Sayek S. (2007), “FDI in Turkey: The Investment Climate and EU Effects”, Journal of International Trade and Diplomacy, 1(2), 105–138.
  • Shleifer, A., R. Vishny (1993), Corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 599–617.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998), Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope and Cures, IMF Working Paper, WP/98/63, May.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962), Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Tosun, M.U., M.O. Yurdakul, P. Varol İyidoğan (2014), “The Relationship Between Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Turkey: An Empirical Examination”, Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 42E, 247–257.
  • Transparency International (2000), Source Book 2000: Confronting Corruption, Berlin: The Elements of a National Integrity System.
  • Transparency International (2015), Corruption Perceptions Index. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#downloads
  • UNCTAD (2006), World Investment Report. FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Developmen, New York and Geneva.
  • UNODC (2016), Executive Summary: Note by the Secretariat, UNCAC Implementation Review Group, CAC/COSP/IRG/I/4/1/Add.36, March.
  • Wei, S. J. (2000), Local Corruption and Global Capital Flows, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 303–354.
  • World Bank (1997), Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The role of the World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Report, September.
  • World Economic Forum (2014), Global Competitiveness Report, Geneva.
  • World Bank (2015), Worldwide Governance Indicators. Retrieved from http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home, E.T.: 21.05.2015.

TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2016, , 71 - 96, 31.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.310523

Abstract

Yolsuzluğun doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar üzerindeki
etkisinin yönü konusunda literatürde bir görüş birliği bulunmamaktadır.
Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'de yolsuzluğun doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar üzerindeki
muhtemel etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu amaçla, panel analiz yöntemi
kullanmak suretiyle 2002-2012 arasında 19 ülkeden Türkiye’ye yapılan doğrudan
yabancı yatırımların nedenleri “Çekim Modeli”ne, kontrol değişkenleri ve
yolsuzluk göstergeleri eklenmek suretiyle incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları
Türkiye'ye gelen doğrudan yabancı yatırımların pazar ve etkinlik arama niteliği
bulunduğuna ve yolsuzluğun doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar için belirleyici bir
faktör olduğuna işaret etmektedir.



 

References

  • Abed, G.T., H.R. Davoodi, (2000). Corruption, Structural Reforms and Economic Performance in the Transition Economies. IMF Working Paper, WP/00/132.
  • Abotsi, A.K., T. Iyavarakul, (2015), “Tolerable Level of Corruption for Foreign Direct Investment in Africa”, Contemporary Economics, 9(3), 249–270.
  • Aidt, S.T. (2003), “Economic Analysis of Corruption: A Survey”, The Economic Journal, 113(491), 632–652.
  • Akan, Y., İ.Arslan (2007), “The Effect of Corruption on Foreign Direct Investment, the case of Turkey”, Lex ET Scientia International Journal, XIV, 200–206.
  • Al Sadig, A. (2009), “The Effects of Corruption on FDI Inflows”, CATO Journal, 29(2), 267–294.
  • Alesina, A., B. Weder (1999), Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid?, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper, No 7108, May.
  • Asteriou, D. (2006), Applied Econometrics: A Modern Approach Using e-Views and Microfit, New York: Palgrave McMillan.
  • Baldemir, E., Ö. İşçi, H. Görgülü (2005), MIMIC Model ve Yolsuzluk Üzerine Türkiye Uygulaması, VII. Ulusal Ekonometri ve İstatistik Sempozyumu, 26–27 Mayıs 2005, İstanbul Universitesi.
  • Bardhan, P. (1997), “Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues”, Journal of Economic Literature, 35(3), 1320–1346.
  • Bellos, S., T. Subasat (2013), “Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment: A panel Gravity Model Approach”, Bulletin of Economic Research, 64(4), 565–574.
  • Bhagwati, J.N. (1982), “Directly Unproductive Profit Seeking (DUP) Activities”, Journal of Political Economy, 90, 988–1002.
  • Campos, J. E., D. Lien, S. Pradhan (1999), “The Impact of Corruption on Investment: Predictability Matters”, World Development, 27(6), 1059–1076.
  • Central Bank of Turkey (2015). Balance of Payments Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TCMB+EN/TCMB+EN/Main+Menu/STATISTICS/Balance+of+Payments+and+Related+Statistics/Balance+of+Payments+Statisticss/Data, E.T.: 24.12.2015.
  • Coase, R.H. (1979), “Payola in Radio and Television Broadcasting”, Journal of Law and Economics, 22(2), 269–328. Conference Board (2015), Total Economy Database. Retrieved from https://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/index.cfm?id=27762, E.T.: 25.11.2015.
  • Dabla-Norris, E., J. Honda, A. Lahreche, G. Verdier (2010), FDI Flows to low-Income Countries: Global Drivers and Growth Implications, IMF Working Papers No 10/132.
  • Dougherty, C. (2011), Introduction to Econometrics (4th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Dreher, A., M. Gassebner (2013), “Greasing the Wheels? The Impact of Regulations and Corruption on firm Entry”, Public Choice, 155, 413–432.
  • Egger, P., H. Winner (2005), “Evidence on Corruption as an Incentive for Foreign Direct Investment”, European Journal of Political Economy, 21, 932–952.
  • Eren, T.M., A. Jimenez (2014), “Institutional Quality Similarity, Corruption Distance and Inward FDI in Turkey”, Journal for East European Management Studies - JEEMS, 20(1), 88–101.
  • European Commission (2010), Turkey 2010 progress report, SEC(2010) 1327.
  • European Commission (2011), Turkey 2011 progress report, SEC(2011) 1201.
  • European Commission (2012), Turkey 2012 progress report, SWD(2012) 336.
  • European Commission (2013), Turkey 2013 progress report, SWD(2013) 417.
  • European Commission (2014), Turkey 2014 progress report, SWD(2014) 307.
  • European Commission (2015), Turkey report, SWD(2015) 216.
  • Frenkel, M., K. Funke, G. Stadtmann (2004), “A Panel Analysis of bilateral FDI Flows to Emerging Economies”, Economic System, 28(3), 281–300.
  • Gazdar, K. (2012), Does Corruption “Grease the Wheels” of Growth? Empirical Evidence from MENA Countries. Research Paper Presented at the 8th International Forum of the Association of Tunisian Economists (Assocıatıon Des Économistes Tunisiens – ASECTU), 7–9 June, Hammamet, Tunisia.
  • Girling, J. (1997), Corruption, Capitalism and Democracy, London, New York: Routledge.
  • GRECO (2006), Evaluation Report on Turkey. Joint First and Second Evaluation Round, Strasbourg.
  • GRECO (2008), Compliance Report on Turkey. Joint First and Second Evaluation, Strasbourg.
  • GRECO (2012), Compliance Report on Turkey. Third Evaluation Round, Strasbourg.
  • Habib, M., L. Zurawicki (2001), Country Level Investments and the Effect of Corruption – Some Empirical Evidence, International Business Review, 10, 687–700.
  • Heritage Foundation (2015), Freedom from Corruption. Retrieved from http://www.heritage.org/index/freedom-from-corruption, E.T.: 25.11.2015.
  • Hines, J.R. (1995), Forbidden Payment: Foreign bribery and American Business After 1977. NBER Working Paper, 5266.
  • Huntington, S.P. (1968), Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven Conn.: Yale University Press.
  • IFC (2013), Turkey Country Profile 2013, Washington DC: World Bank Group, International Finance Corporation. Jain, A.K. (2001), “Corruption: A Review”, Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 71–121.
  • Jeon, B.N., S.F. Stone (1999), “Gravity Model Specification for Foreign Direct-Investment: A Case of the Asia-Pacific Economies”, The Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 5, 32–42.
  • Kato, A., T. Sato (2014), Greasing the Wheels? The Effect of Corruption in Regulated Manufacturing Sectors of India. Kobe University Research Institute for Economics and Business Administration – RIEB, Discussion Paper Series No. DP2014-07. Nada, Kobe, Japan.
  • Kaufmann, D., S.J. Wei (1999), Does “Grease Money” Speed up the wheels of Commerce. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper, 7093.
  • Klitgaard, R. (1988), Controlling Corruption, Oakland, CA: University of California Press. KMPG (2014), Corporate and Indirect Tax Rate Survey, KPMG Global.
  • Krueger, A. (1974), “The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society”, The American Economic Review, 64(3), 291–303.
  • Lambsdorff, J.G. (2003), “How Corruption Affects Persistent Capital Flows”, Economics of Governance, 4(3), 229–244.
  • Leff, N. (1964), “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, 8, 8–14.
  • Linnemann, H. (1966), An Econometric Study of International Trade flows. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co.
  • Lui, F. (1985), “An Equilibrium Queuing Model of Bribery”, Journal of Political Economy, 93(4), 760–781.
  • Mathur, A., K. Singh (2007), Foreign Direct Investment, Corruption and Democracy, AEI Working Paper, 135, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
  • Mauro, P. (1995), “Corruption and Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712.
  • Mendez, F., F. Sepulveda (2006), “Corruption, Growth and Political Regimes: Cross Country Evidence”, European Journal of Political Economy, 22, 82–98.
  • Meon, P. G., K. Sekkat (2005), “FDI Waves, Waves of Neglect of Political Risk”, World Development, 40(11), 2194–2205.
  • Ministry of Economy (2013), Uluslararası Doğrudan Yatırımlar 2012 Yılı Raporu, Teşvik Uygulama ve Yabancı Sermaye Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Ekim.
  • Mrydal, G. (1968), Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations, Vol. II. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • OECD (2007), Tax Effects on Foreign Direct Investment: Recent Evidence and Policy Analysis. OECD Tax Policy Studies, No. 17, OECD Publishing, Paris.
  • OECD (2008), Corruption, a Glossary of International Standards in Criminal Law, OECD Paris: Glossaries.
  • OECD (2014), Phase 3 Report on Implementing the OECD Anti Bribery Convention in Turkey, 17 October.
  • PRS Group (2012), International Country Risk Guide – ICRG. Retrieved from http://epub.prsgroup.com/products/icrg/countrydata
  • Privatization Authority (2012), Rakamlarla Özelleştirme, Türkiye’de ve Dünyada Özelleştirme Uygulamaları, Özelleştirme Fonu’nun Kaynak ve Kullanımları, Özelleştirme İdaresi Başkanlığı, Ankara.
  • Rohwer, A. (2009), “Measuring Corruption: A Comparison Between the Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index and the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators”, Ifo Institute for Economic Research Report, 3, 42–52.
  • Rose-Ackerman, S. (1997), “The Political Economy of Corruption”, in K.A. Elliot (Ed.), Corruption and Global Economy (31–60), Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics.
  • Sayek S. (2007), “FDI in Turkey: The Investment Climate and EU Effects”, Journal of International Trade and Diplomacy, 1(2), 105–138.
  • Shleifer, A., R. Vishny (1993), Corruption. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 599–617.
  • Tanzi, V. (1998), Corruption Around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope and Cures, IMF Working Paper, WP/98/63, May.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962), Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • Tosun, M.U., M.O. Yurdakul, P. Varol İyidoğan (2014), “The Relationship Between Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Turkey: An Empirical Examination”, Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 42E, 247–257.
  • Transparency International (2000), Source Book 2000: Confronting Corruption, Berlin: The Elements of a National Integrity System.
  • Transparency International (2015), Corruption Perceptions Index. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#downloads
  • UNCTAD (2006), World Investment Report. FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Developmen, New York and Geneva.
  • UNODC (2016), Executive Summary: Note by the Secretariat, UNCAC Implementation Review Group, CAC/COSP/IRG/I/4/1/Add.36, March.
  • Wei, S. J. (2000), Local Corruption and Global Capital Flows, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2, 303–354.
  • World Bank (1997), Helping Countries Combat Corruption: The role of the World Bank, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Report, September.
  • World Economic Forum (2014), Global Competitiveness Report, Geneva.
  • World Bank (2015), Worldwide Governance Indicators. Retrieved from http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home, E.T.: 21.05.2015.
There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Umur Tosun This is me

Mehmet Onur Yurdakul This is me

Publication Date December 31, 2016
Submission Date May 4, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2016

Cite

APA Tosun, U., & Yurdakul, M. O. (2016). TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(4), 71-96. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.310523
AMA Tosun U, Yurdakul MO. TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. December 2016;34(4):71-96. doi:10.17065/huniibf.310523
Chicago Tosun, Umur, and Mehmet Onur Yurdakul. “TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 34, no. 4 (December 2016): 71-96. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.310523.
EndNote Tosun U, Yurdakul MO (December 1, 2016) TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 34 4 71–96.
IEEE U. Tosun and M. O. Yurdakul, “TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 71–96, 2016, doi: 10.17065/huniibf.310523.
ISNAD Tosun, Umur - Yurdakul, Mehmet Onur. “TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 34/4 (December 2016), 71-96. https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.310523.
JAMA Tosun U, Yurdakul MO. TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;34:71–96.
MLA Tosun, Umur and Mehmet Onur Yurdakul. “TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA”. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 34, no. 4, 2016, pp. 71-96, doi:10.17065/huniibf.310523.
Vancouver Tosun U, Yurdakul MO. TÜRKİYE’DE YOLSUZLUĞUN DOĞRUDAN YABANCI YATIRIMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ OLASI ETKİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;34(4):71-96.

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