SOCIAL INNOVATION: A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY
Year 2014,
Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 165 - 190, 30.06.2014
Duygu Seçkin Halaç
,
Hakan Eren
,
Çağrı Bulut
Abstract
Social Innovation: A Scale Development Study Social innovation is defined as being new ideas or solution proposals to latent needs of humans in order to increase life standards and wealth. The concept has started to attract academicians’ attentions, especially after 1990s. The aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable individual level social innovation instrument which is suitable to Turkish culture and to contribute especially to management literature. In this context, survey method was used and a comprehensive field study was designed with the participation of senior students from different faculties of universities in different geographical and socioeconomic regions. According to the findings, a reliable and valid social innovativeness scale with eight items was employed.
References
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- Ashoka C. (2011) Home Page, 21 Mayıs 2011 http://www.ashoka.org/
- Aytaç, Ö., S. İlhan (2007) “Girişimcilik ve Girişimci Kültür: Sosyolojik bir Perspektif”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18, 101-120.
- Atatürk, M.K. (2006) Nutuk (1919-1927), (Haz: Z. Korkmaz), Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları.
- Bornstein, D. (1998) “Changing the World on a Shoestring: An Ambitious Foundation Promotes Social Change by Finding Social Entrepreneurs”, Atlantic Monthly, 281(1), 34-39.
- Buchegger, B., M. Ornetzeder (2000) “Social Innovations on the Way to Sustainable Development”, ESEE Conference Proceeding, Vienna.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (6. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
- Clayton, P. (1997) Implementation of Organizational Innovation, Toronto: Academic Press.
- Coates, J.F. (2000) “Innovation in the Future of Engineering Design”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 64, 121-132.
- Conger, S.D. (1974) Social Inventions, Prince Albert, Canada: Saskatchewan Newstart
- Conger, S.D. (2009) Social Inventions, The Innovation Journal, Canada, 20 Mayıs 2011, http://www.innovation.cc/books/conger_social_inventions1_09232009min.pdf
- Cooke, P., D. Wills (1999) “Small Firms, Social Capital and the Enhancement of Business Performance through Innovation Programmes”, Small Business Economics, 13, 219-234.
- Damanpour, F. (1991) “Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Determinants and Moderations”, Academy of Management Journal, 34, 555- 590.
- Dees, G.J. (2007) “Taking Social Entrepreneurship Seriously”, Transaction Social Science and Modern Society, 44(3), 24-31.
- Dees, G.J. (2001) “The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship”, Stanford University Graduate http://www.caseatduke.org/documents/dees_sedef.pdf of Business, 15 Mayıs 2011,
- Drazin, R., M.A. Glynn, R.K. Kazanjian (1999) “Multilevel Theorizing about Creativity in Organizations: A Sensemaking Perspective”, Academy of Management Review, 24, 286-323.
- Drucker, P.F. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship, London: Heinnemann.
- Drucker, P.F. (2002) Managing in the Next Society, New York: Truman Talley.
- Elçi, Ş. (2006) İnovasyon Kalkınmanın ve Rekabetin Anahtarı, Ankara: Pelin Ofset.
- Fontan, J. M., J.L. Klein, D.G. Tremblay (2004) “Innovation and Society: Broadening the Analysis of the Territorial Effects of Innovation”. Research Note, 2004- 07A, University of Québec, 20 Mayıs 2011, http://www.teluq.uquebec.ca/chaireecosavoir/pdf/NRC04-07A.pdf
- Freeman, C. (1988) “Japan: A New National Innovation System?”, DOSI, G. vd. (Ed.) Technology and Economy Theory, London: Pinter.
- Gerometta, J., H. Häussermann, G. Longo (2005) “Social Innovation and Civil Society in Urban Governance: Strategies for an Inclusive City”, Urban Studies, 42(11), 2007-2021.
- Güney, S., A. Nurmakhamatuly (2007) “Kültürün Girişimciliğe Etkisi: Kazakistan ve Türkiye Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Kültürlerarası Araştırma”, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(18), 62-86.
- Güney, S., Ö. Yalçın, A. Çetin (2007) “Girişimcilik ve Kültür”, Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 1(2), 53-77.
- Goldenberg, M. (2004a) “Social Innovation in Canada How the Non-profit Sector Serves Canadians and How It Can Serve Them Beter”, Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc. Project (CPRN), Research Report W/25, Ottowa.
- Goldenberg, M. (2004b) “The Future of Social Innovation in Canada”, Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc. Project (CPRN), Research Report W/26, Ottowa.
- Gryskiewicz, S. (2000) “Cashing in on Creativity at Work”. Psychology Today, 33, 62- 67.
- Hair, J.F., R. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, W.C. Black (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Janiūnaitė, B., G. Cibulskas, M. Kriaučionienė, J. Almonaitienė, V. Tumėnienė (2004) “Manifestation of Citizens' Innovative Culture Features in the Context of Learning Cities Development”, Social Sciences, 4(46).
- Karacaer, S., M. Aygün (2009) “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 127-140.
- Kınıkoğlu, N.G. (2004) “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde ve Ülkemizde Yenilikçiliğe (İnovasyona) Engeller ve Teşvikler, Üniversitelerin ve Araştırma Birimlerinin Rolü”, I. Ulusal Mühendislik Kongresi, 20-21 Mayıs 2004, Eski Foça, İzmir.
- Kirton, M.J. (2000) “Adaptors and Innovators at Work”, M.J. Kirton (Ed.), Adaptors and Innovators: Styles of Creativity and Problem Solving, London: Routledge, 51-71.
- Kulin, A. (2009) Kardelenler, Çağdaş Türkiye'nin Çağdaş Kızları, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi:
- Langenhove, L.V. (2001) “About Innovating the Social Sciences and Innovation in Society”, OECD (Ed.), Social Sciences and Innovation, Paris, 29-34.
- Leadbeater, C. (1997) The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, London: Demos.
- Mahdjoubi, D. (1997) “Social Innovation: Integrating Learning and Technological of Innovation, the http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~darius/map_inov.pdf Innovation”, 10 Mayıs 2011,
- Mair, J., I. Marti (2006) “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight”, Journal of World Business, 41, 36-44.
- Moulaert, F., F. Martinelli, S. González, E. Swyngedouw (2007) “Between Path Dependency and Radical Innovation Introduction: Social Innovation and Governance in European Cities: Urban Development”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 14(3), 195-209.
- Moulaert, F., J. Nussbaumer (2005) “The Social Region Beyond the Learning Economy”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 12(1), 45-64.
- Moulaert, F., F. Martinelli, E. Swyngedouw, S. González (2005) “Towards Alternative Model(s) of Local Innovation”, Urban Studies, 42(11), 1969-1990.
- Mueller, S.L., A.S. Thomas (2000) “Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness”, Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 51-75.
- Mulgan, G., N. Wilkie, S. Tucker, R. Ali, F. Davis, T. Liptrot (2006) “Social Silicon Valleys-a Manifesto for Social Innovation”, The Young Foundation, 22 Mayıs 2011, http://www.anobium.es/docs/gc_fichas/doc/5IMOVYfjkw.pdf
- Mulgan, G., S. Tucker, R. Ali, B. Sanders (2007) “Social Innovation: What It Is, Why It Matters and How It Can Be Accelerated”, The Young Foundation, 22 Mayıs 2011, http://www.youngfoundation.org/ files/images/03_07_What_it_is__SAID_.pdf
- Mumford, M.D., P. Moertl (2003) “Cases of Social Innovation: Lessons from Two Innovations in the 20th Century”, Creativity Research Journal, 15(2-3), 261- 266.
- Mumford, M.D. (2002) “Social Innovation: Ten Cases from Benjamin Franklin”, Creativity Research Journal, 14(2), 253-266.
- Neamtan, N. (2003) “Non-profit Sector and Evaluation: The State of Play in Quebec”, OECD (Ed.), The Non-Profit Sector in a Changing Economy, Paris, OECD, 221-238.
- Nunnaly, J.C. (1978) Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw Hill.
- Nussbaumer, J., F. Moulaert (2004) “Integrated Area Development and Social Innovation in European Cities”, City, 8(2), 249-257.
- OECD (2010) “Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation”, in SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, OECD Publishing
- OECD (2012) “Building an Innovation Culture”, in OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012, OECD Publishing.
- Osborne, D., T. Gaebler (1992) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector, New York: Penguin Press.
- Örnek, A. (1992) Kamu Yönetimi, İstanbul: Meram Yayın.
- Phills, J.A., K. Deiglmeier, D.T. Miller (2008) “Rediscovering Social Innovation”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall.
- Pot, F., F. Vaas (2008) “Social Innovation, the New Challenge for Europe”, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 57(6), 468-473.
- Rogers, E.M. (1995) Diffusion of Innovations (4. Baskı), New York: The Free Press.
- Schumpeter, J.A. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York: Harper&Row.
- Schumpeter, J.A. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge MA, Harvard: University Press.
- Seelos, C., J. Mair (2004) “Social Entrepreneurship the Contribution of Individual Entrepreneurs to Sustainable Development”, IESE Business School Working Paper, No 553.
- Seçkin Halaç, D., Ç. Bulut (2012) “Entrepreneurial Education at Universities: A Conceptual Framework”. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 7(1), 11-22.
- Shaw, E., S. Carter (2007) “Social Entrepreneurship: Theoretical Antecedents and Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Processes and Outcomes”. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(3), 418-434.
- Skyrme, D.J. (1999) Knowledge Networking Creating the Collaborative Enterprise, New York: Butter-Worth-Heinemann.
- Tanimoto, K., M. Doi (2007) “Social İnnovation Cluster in Action: A Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area”. Hitotsubashi Journal of Commerce and Management, 41(1): 1-17.
- Tanimoto, K. (ed.) (2006) Social Enterprise: The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Chuokeizai-Sha: Tokyo.
- Thom, N. (1990) “Innovation Management in Small and Medium-sized Firms”, Management International Review, 30(2), 181-192.
- Tidd, J., J. Bessant, K. Pavitt (2005) Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organisational Change (3. Baskı), Chichester: John Wiley&Sons:
- Weber, R. J. ve D.N. Perkins (1992) Inventive Minds: Creativity in Technology, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Westfall, R.S. (1998) Modern Bilimin Oluşumu, Ankara: TÜBİTAK:
- Westley, F. (2008) The Social Innovation Dynamic, SiG@Waterloo, 18 Mayıs 2011, http://sig.uwaterloo.ca/sites/default/files/documents/TheSocialInnovationDyna mic_001_0.pdf
- Williamson, O.E. (1991) “Strategizing, Economizing, and Economic Organization”, Strategic Management Journal, 12, 75-94.
- Woolcock, M. (1998) “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework”, Theory and Society, 27, 151- 208.
- Zhang, D. D., L.A. Swanson (2010) “Social Entrepreneurship: Towards Sustainable Development”, 6. International Conference on Business, Management and Economics (ICBME'10) Conference, Bildiri Kitabı, Izmir, Turkey.
- Zapf, W. (1989) “Uber Soziale Innovationen”, Soziale Welt, 40(1/2), 170-183.
- Zurbano, M. (2006) “Social Innovation and Services Governance: R&D Services in the Basque Economy”, XVI International RESER Conference, Lisbon.
SOSYAL YENİLİKÇİLİK: BİR ÖLÇEK GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI
Year 2014,
Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 165 - 190, 30.06.2014
Duygu Seçkin Halaç
,
Hakan Eren
,
Çağrı Bulut
Abstract
Özellikle 1990’dan sonra bilimsel çalısmaların yogunlastıgı sosyal yenilikçilik kavramı insanların hayat standartlarını ve refahlarını yükseltebilmek, daha önce karsılanmamıs ihtiyaçlara çözüm önerileri ya da yeni fikirler sunabilmek olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalısmanın amacı, Türk kültürüne uygun, birey düzeyinde geçerli ve güvenilir bir sosyal yenilikçilik ölçeginin gelistirilerek özellikle Yönetim yazınına kazandırılmasıdır. Bu dogrultuda, anket yönteminin kullanıldıgı, farklı cografi ve sosyo-ekonomik bölgelerden üniversitelerin farklı fakültelerinden son sınıf ögrencilerinin katıldıgı bir saha çalısması tasarlanmıstır. Yapılan analizler sonucu tek boyutlu, sekiz maddeden olusan geçerli ve güvenilir bireysel sosyal yenilikçilik egilimini ölçen bir ölçek
gelistirilmistir.
References
- Algina, J., H.J. Kesselman (1997) “Detecting Repeated Measures Effects with Univariate and Multivariate Statistics”, Psychological Methods, 2, 208-218.
- Ashoka C. (2011) Home Page, 21 Mayıs 2011 http://www.ashoka.org/
- Aytaç, Ö., S. İlhan (2007) “Girişimcilik ve Girişimci Kültür: Sosyolojik bir Perspektif”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18, 101-120.
- Atatürk, M.K. (2006) Nutuk (1919-1927), (Haz: Z. Korkmaz), Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları.
- Bornstein, D. (1998) “Changing the World on a Shoestring: An Ambitious Foundation Promotes Social Change by Finding Social Entrepreneurs”, Atlantic Monthly, 281(1), 34-39.
- Buchegger, B., M. Ornetzeder (2000) “Social Innovations on the Way to Sustainable Development”, ESEE Conference Proceeding, Vienna.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006) Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı (6. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
- Clayton, P. (1997) Implementation of Organizational Innovation, Toronto: Academic Press.
- Coates, J.F. (2000) “Innovation in the Future of Engineering Design”. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 64, 121-132.
- Conger, S.D. (1974) Social Inventions, Prince Albert, Canada: Saskatchewan Newstart
- Conger, S.D. (2009) Social Inventions, The Innovation Journal, Canada, 20 Mayıs 2011, http://www.innovation.cc/books/conger_social_inventions1_09232009min.pdf
- Cooke, P., D. Wills (1999) “Small Firms, Social Capital and the Enhancement of Business Performance through Innovation Programmes”, Small Business Economics, 13, 219-234.
- Damanpour, F. (1991) “Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Determinants and Moderations”, Academy of Management Journal, 34, 555- 590.
- Dees, G.J. (2007) “Taking Social Entrepreneurship Seriously”, Transaction Social Science and Modern Society, 44(3), 24-31.
- Dees, G.J. (2001) “The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship”, Stanford University Graduate http://www.caseatduke.org/documents/dees_sedef.pdf of Business, 15 Mayıs 2011,
- Drazin, R., M.A. Glynn, R.K. Kazanjian (1999) “Multilevel Theorizing about Creativity in Organizations: A Sensemaking Perspective”, Academy of Management Review, 24, 286-323.
- Drucker, P.F. (1985) Innovation and Entrepreneurship, London: Heinnemann.
- Drucker, P.F. (2002) Managing in the Next Society, New York: Truman Talley.
- Elçi, Ş. (2006) İnovasyon Kalkınmanın ve Rekabetin Anahtarı, Ankara: Pelin Ofset.
- Fontan, J. M., J.L. Klein, D.G. Tremblay (2004) “Innovation and Society: Broadening the Analysis of the Territorial Effects of Innovation”. Research Note, 2004- 07A, University of Québec, 20 Mayıs 2011, http://www.teluq.uquebec.ca/chaireecosavoir/pdf/NRC04-07A.pdf
- Freeman, C. (1988) “Japan: A New National Innovation System?”, DOSI, G. vd. (Ed.) Technology and Economy Theory, London: Pinter.
- Gerometta, J., H. Häussermann, G. Longo (2005) “Social Innovation and Civil Society in Urban Governance: Strategies for an Inclusive City”, Urban Studies, 42(11), 2007-2021.
- Güney, S., A. Nurmakhamatuly (2007) “Kültürün Girişimciliğe Etkisi: Kazakistan ve Türkiye Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Kültürlerarası Araştırma”, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 10(18), 62-86.
- Güney, S., Ö. Yalçın, A. Çetin (2007) “Girişimcilik ve Kültür”, Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 1(2), 53-77.
- Goldenberg, M. (2004a) “Social Innovation in Canada How the Non-profit Sector Serves Canadians and How It Can Serve Them Beter”, Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc. Project (CPRN), Research Report W/25, Ottowa.
- Goldenberg, M. (2004b) “The Future of Social Innovation in Canada”, Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc. Project (CPRN), Research Report W/26, Ottowa.
- Gryskiewicz, S. (2000) “Cashing in on Creativity at Work”. Psychology Today, 33, 62- 67.
- Hair, J.F., R. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, W.C. Black (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Janiūnaitė, B., G. Cibulskas, M. Kriaučionienė, J. Almonaitienė, V. Tumėnienė (2004) “Manifestation of Citizens' Innovative Culture Features in the Context of Learning Cities Development”, Social Sciences, 4(46).
- Karacaer, S., M. Aygün (2009) “Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 127-140.
- Kınıkoğlu, N.G. (2004) “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde ve Ülkemizde Yenilikçiliğe (İnovasyona) Engeller ve Teşvikler, Üniversitelerin ve Araştırma Birimlerinin Rolü”, I. Ulusal Mühendislik Kongresi, 20-21 Mayıs 2004, Eski Foça, İzmir.
- Kirton, M.J. (2000) “Adaptors and Innovators at Work”, M.J. Kirton (Ed.), Adaptors and Innovators: Styles of Creativity and Problem Solving, London: Routledge, 51-71.
- Kulin, A. (2009) Kardelenler, Çağdaş Türkiye'nin Çağdaş Kızları, İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi:
- Langenhove, L.V. (2001) “About Innovating the Social Sciences and Innovation in Society”, OECD (Ed.), Social Sciences and Innovation, Paris, 29-34.
- Leadbeater, C. (1997) The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur, London: Demos.
- Mahdjoubi, D. (1997) “Social Innovation: Integrating Learning and Technological of Innovation, the http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~darius/map_inov.pdf Innovation”, 10 Mayıs 2011,
- Mair, J., I. Marti (2006) “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight”, Journal of World Business, 41, 36-44.
- Moulaert, F., F. Martinelli, S. González, E. Swyngedouw (2007) “Between Path Dependency and Radical Innovation Introduction: Social Innovation and Governance in European Cities: Urban Development”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 14(3), 195-209.
- Moulaert, F., J. Nussbaumer (2005) “The Social Region Beyond the Learning Economy”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 12(1), 45-64.
- Moulaert, F., F. Martinelli, E. Swyngedouw, S. González (2005) “Towards Alternative Model(s) of Local Innovation”, Urban Studies, 42(11), 1969-1990.
- Mueller, S.L., A.S. Thomas (2000) “Culture and Entrepreneurial Potential: A Nine Country Study of Locus of Control and Innovativeness”, Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 51-75.
- Mulgan, G., N. Wilkie, S. Tucker, R. Ali, F. Davis, T. Liptrot (2006) “Social Silicon Valleys-a Manifesto for Social Innovation”, The Young Foundation, 22 Mayıs 2011, http://www.anobium.es/docs/gc_fichas/doc/5IMOVYfjkw.pdf
- Mulgan, G., S. Tucker, R. Ali, B. Sanders (2007) “Social Innovation: What It Is, Why It Matters and How It Can Be Accelerated”, The Young Foundation, 22 Mayıs 2011, http://www.youngfoundation.org/ files/images/03_07_What_it_is__SAID_.pdf
- Mumford, M.D., P. Moertl (2003) “Cases of Social Innovation: Lessons from Two Innovations in the 20th Century”, Creativity Research Journal, 15(2-3), 261- 266.
- Mumford, M.D. (2002) “Social Innovation: Ten Cases from Benjamin Franklin”, Creativity Research Journal, 14(2), 253-266.
- Neamtan, N. (2003) “Non-profit Sector and Evaluation: The State of Play in Quebec”, OECD (Ed.), The Non-Profit Sector in a Changing Economy, Paris, OECD, 221-238.
- Nunnaly, J.C. (1978) Psychometric Theory, New York: McGraw Hill.
- Nussbaumer, J., F. Moulaert (2004) “Integrated Area Development and Social Innovation in European Cities”, City, 8(2), 249-257.
- OECD (2010) “Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation”, in SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, OECD Publishing
- OECD (2012) “Building an Innovation Culture”, in OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2012, OECD Publishing.
- Osborne, D., T. Gaebler (1992) Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector, New York: Penguin Press.
- Örnek, A. (1992) Kamu Yönetimi, İstanbul: Meram Yayın.
- Phills, J.A., K. Deiglmeier, D.T. Miller (2008) “Rediscovering Social Innovation”, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Fall.
- Pot, F., F. Vaas (2008) “Social Innovation, the New Challenge for Europe”, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 57(6), 468-473.
- Rogers, E.M. (1995) Diffusion of Innovations (4. Baskı), New York: The Free Press.
- Schumpeter, J.A. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York: Harper&Row.
- Schumpeter, J.A. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development, Cambridge MA, Harvard: University Press.
- Seelos, C., J. Mair (2004) “Social Entrepreneurship the Contribution of Individual Entrepreneurs to Sustainable Development”, IESE Business School Working Paper, No 553.
- Seçkin Halaç, D., Ç. Bulut (2012) “Entrepreneurial Education at Universities: A Conceptual Framework”. Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 7(1), 11-22.
- Shaw, E., S. Carter (2007) “Social Entrepreneurship: Theoretical Antecedents and Empirical Analysis of Entrepreneurial Processes and Outcomes”. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 14(3), 418-434.
- Skyrme, D.J. (1999) Knowledge Networking Creating the Collaborative Enterprise, New York: Butter-Worth-Heinemann.
- Tanimoto, K., M. Doi (2007) “Social İnnovation Cluster in Action: A Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area”. Hitotsubashi Journal of Commerce and Management, 41(1): 1-17.
- Tanimoto, K. (ed.) (2006) Social Enterprise: The Emergence of Social Enterprise, Chuokeizai-Sha: Tokyo.
- Thom, N. (1990) “Innovation Management in Small and Medium-sized Firms”, Management International Review, 30(2), 181-192.
- Tidd, J., J. Bessant, K. Pavitt (2005) Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organisational Change (3. Baskı), Chichester: John Wiley&Sons:
- Weber, R. J. ve D.N. Perkins (1992) Inventive Minds: Creativity in Technology, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Westfall, R.S. (1998) Modern Bilimin Oluşumu, Ankara: TÜBİTAK:
- Westley, F. (2008) The Social Innovation Dynamic, SiG@Waterloo, 18 Mayıs 2011, http://sig.uwaterloo.ca/sites/default/files/documents/TheSocialInnovationDyna mic_001_0.pdf
- Williamson, O.E. (1991) “Strategizing, Economizing, and Economic Organization”, Strategic Management Journal, 12, 75-94.
- Woolcock, M. (1998) “Social Capital and Economic Development: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis and Policy Framework”, Theory and Society, 27, 151- 208.
- Zhang, D. D., L.A. Swanson (2010) “Social Entrepreneurship: Towards Sustainable Development”, 6. International Conference on Business, Management and Economics (ICBME'10) Conference, Bildiri Kitabı, Izmir, Turkey.
- Zapf, W. (1989) “Uber Soziale Innovationen”, Soziale Welt, 40(1/2), 170-183.
- Zurbano, M. (2006) “Social Innovation and Services Governance: R&D Services in the Basque Economy”, XVI International RESER Conference, Lisbon.