Does Economic Growth and Development Affect Mental Diseases? Evidence from Developing and Least Developed Countries

Year 2023, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 432 - 452, 27.09.2023

Ömer Faruk Gültekin , İlyas Kays İmamoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17065/huniibf.1186860

Abstract

While the process of economic growth and development reflects on societies as an increase in welfare, it can also lead to negative effects such as pollution and the emergence of some diseases. Population growth and the stresses and pressures of urban life also lead to an increase in mental diseases. The study aims to investigate the relationship between mental diseases and important development indicators such as income, population, and health in underdeveloped and developing countries. In the study, the Kuznets model was used to investigate mental diseases in 119 different countries for the period 1995-2019 using the variables of income per capita, life expectancy at birth, birth rate per woman, and number of people per square kilometer. In the estimation process, based on the results of the quantile regression test, it was found that there is a "U" shaped relationship between mental diseases and per capita income for many quantile levels. The turning point for mental illness about per capita income level was calculated to be approximately 2000 dollars for the average of different quantile levels. It can be said that developing policies for the risks caused by urban life and crowded populations in societies that strive for economic growth and development will provide advantages to countries in the process of reducing mental diseases.

EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE GELİŞME MENTAL HASTALIKLARI ETKİLER Mİ? GELİŞMEKTE OLAN VE AZ GELİŞMİŞ ÜLKELERDEN KANITLAR

Abstract

Ekonomik büyüme ve gelişme süreci toplumlara refah artışı olarak yansırken başta kirlilik ve bazı hastalıkların ortaya çıkışı gibi olumsuz etkilere de yol açabilmektedir. Nüfus artışı ve şehir hayatının getirdiği stres ve baskılar da mental hastalıkların artışına yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, azgelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, mental hastalıkların gelir, nüfus ve sağlık gibi önemli kalkınma göstergeleriyle olan ilişkilerini araştımaktır. Çalışmada 119 farklı ülkede 1995-2019 dönemi verileriyle mental hastalıklar üzerinde kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyi, doğumda beklenen yaşam süresi, kadın başı doğum oranı ve kilometrekare başına düşen insan sayısı değişkenleri kullanılarak Kuznets modeli yardımıyla araştırılmıştır. Tahmin sürecinde kantil regresyon testi sonuçlarına bağlı olarak mental hastalıklar ile kişi başına gelir arasında birçok kantil düzeyi için “U” şeklinde bir ilişkinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Mental hastalıkların kişi başına düşen gelir düzeyine bağlı dönüm noktası farklı kantil düzeyleri ortalaması için yaklaşık 2000 dolar olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ekonomik büyüme ve gelişme çabaları içerisinde olan toplumların, şehir hayatı ve kalabalık nüfusun neden olduğu risklere yönelik politika geliştirmelerinin mental hastalıkları azaltma sürecinde ülkelere avantajlar sağlayacağı söylenebilir.

Keywords

Ekonomik Büyüme, Ekonomik Gelişme, Mental Sağlık, Panel Kantil Regresyon Analizi

References

• Acheampong, A. O. (2019). Modelling for insight: Does financial development improve environmental quality? Energy Economics, 83, 156-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.06.025
• Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R., & Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 26(4), 392-407. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2014.928270
• Anakwenze, U., & Zuberi, D. (2013). Mental health and poverty in the inner city. Health & Social Work, 38 (3), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/hlt013
• Bahar, E., Henderson, A. S., & Mackinnon, A. J. (1992). An epidemiological study of mental health and socioeconomic conditions in Sumatera, Indonesia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 85 (4), 257-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1992.tb01466.x
• Barry, M. M. (2009). Addressing the determinants of positive mental health: Concepts, evidence and practice. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 11(3), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623730.2009.9721788
• Cao, H., Qian, Q., Weng, T., Yuan, C., Sun, Y., Wang, H., & Tao, F. (2011). Screen time, physical activity and mental health among urban adolescents in China. Preventive Medicine, 53(4-5), 316-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.09.002
• Chisholm, D., Flisher, A. J., Lund, C., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Thornicroft, G., & Tomlinson, M. (2007). Lancet global mental health group. Scale up services for mental disorders: a call for action. Lancet, 370(9594), 1241-1252.
• Choi, I. (2006). Nonstationary panels. In: Patterson, K., Mills, T.C. (Eds.), Palgrave Handbooks of Econometrics 1. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 511–539.
• Dattani, S., Ritchie, H., & Roser, M. (2021) Mental Health. 15 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Davlasheridze, M., Goetz, S. J., & Han, Y. (2018). The effect of mental health on U.S. county economic growth. The Review of Regional Studies, 48(2), 155-171. http://journal.srsa.org/ojs/index.php/RRS/article/view/900
• Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental kuznets curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49, 431-455.
• Dooley, D., Catalano, R., & Wilson, G. (1994). Depression and unemployment: Panel findings from the epidemiologic catchment area study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22(6), 745-765. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02521557
• Dzator, J., Dzator, M., Asante, F., & Ahiadeke, C. (2016). Common mental disorders, economic growth and development: Economic consequences and measurement issues. The Journal of Developing Areas, 50(5), 13-26. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619644
• Edwards, R. (2008). Who is hurt by procyclical mortality? Social Science & Medicine, 67(12), 2051-2058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.032
• Eren, M. (2022). Different impacts of democracy and income on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from a panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(47), 71439-71459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20805-x
• Evans, G. W. (2003). The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 80(4), 536-555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063
• Gascon, M., Triguero-Mas, M., Martínez, D., Dadvand, P., Forns, J., Plasència, A., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015). Mental health benefits of long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(4), 4354-4379. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120404354
• Goetz, S. J., Davlasheridze, M., & Han, Y. (2015). County-level determinants of mental health, 2002-2008. Social Indicators Research, 124(2), 657-670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0792-6
• Hong, J., Knapp, M, & McGuire, A. (2011). Income-related inequalities in the prevalence of depression and suicidal behaviour: A 10-year trend following economic crisis. World Psychiatry, 10(1), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00012.x
• Hosain, G.M., Chatterjee, N., Ara, N., & Islam, T. (2007). Prevalence, pattern and determinants of mental disorders in rural bangladesh. Public Health, 121(1), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2006.06.018
• Ibrahim, S., Hunt, I., Rahman, M., Shaw, J., Appleby, L., & Kapur, N. (2019). Recession, recovery and suicide in mental health patients in England: Time trend analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 215(4), 608-614. https://doi:10.1192/bjp.2019.119
• Kabad, J. F., Noal, D. D. S., Passos, M. F. D., Melo, B. D., Pereira, D. R., Serpeloni, F., ... & Freitas, C. M. (2020). A experiência do trabalho voluntário e colaborativo em saúde mental e atenção psicossocial na COVID-19. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 36(9), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00132120
• Kapusuzoğlu, A., Karan, M. B. (2010). Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde elektrik tüketimi ile gayri safi yurt içi hasıla (GSYİH) arasındaki eş-bütünleşme ve nedensellik ilişkisinin analizi: Türkiye üzerine ampirik bir çalışma. İşletme ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(3), 57-68.
• Kennedy, P. (1992). A Guide to Econometrics, Oxford: Blackwell.
• Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617-627. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
• Koenker R., & Hallock, K. F. (2001) Quantile regression. J Econ Perspect 15, 143–156.
• Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica, 46(1), 33–50.
• Kromydas, T., Thomson, R. M., Pulford, A., Green, M. J., & Katikireddi, S. V. (2021). Which is most important for mental health: Money, poverty, or paid work? A fixed-effects analysis of the uk household longitudinal study. SSM-Population Health, 15, 100909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100909
• Li, X., Stanton, B., Fang, X., & Lin, D. (2006). Social stigma and mental health among rural-to-urban migrants in china: A conceptual framework and future research needs. World Health and Population, 8(2), 14-31. https://doi.org/10.12927/whp.2006.18282
• Lorant, V., Deliege, D., Eaton, W., Robert, A., Philippot, P., & Ansseau, M. (2003). Socio-economic inequalities in depression: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157(2), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf182
• Lund, C., Breen, A., Flisher, A., Kakuma, R., Corrigall, J., Joska, J. & Patel, V. (2010). Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine, 71(3), 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.027
• Marquardt, D. W. (1970). Generalized inverses, ridge regression, biased linear estimation, and nonlinear estimation, Technometrics, (12), 591–256.
• Mason, R.L., Gunst, R. F., & Hess, J. L. (1989). Statistical design and analysis of experiments: Applications to Engineering and Science, New York: Wiley.
• McKee-Ryan, F., Song, Z., Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.53
• Menard, S. (1995). An introduction to logistic regression diagnostics. Applied logistic regression analysis, CA: Sage. p. 58-79.
• Molarius, A., Berglund, K., Eriksson, C., Eriksson, H. G., Lindén-Boström, M., Nordström, E., & Ydreborg, B. (2009). Mental health symptoms in relation to socio-economic conditions and lifestyle factors-A population-based study in Sweden. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-302
• Moon, H.R., & Perron, B. (2004). Testing for a unit root in panels with dynamic factors. J. Econ. 122, 81–126. O’brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance ınflation factors. Quality & Quantity, (41), 673–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6
• Patel, V. (2007). Mental health in low- and middle-income countries. British Medical Bulletin, 81 (1), 81–96, https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldm010
• Patel, V., & Kleinman, A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 609-615. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/269011 Pesaran, M.H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. J. Appl. Econ., 22, 265–312. Pickett, K. E., &Wilkinson, R.G. (2010). Inequality: An underacknowledged source of mental illness and distress. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 197(6), 426-428. https://doi.org/0.1192/bjp.bp.109.072066
• Razzouk, Denise (2017). Mental Health Economics || Burden and Indirect Costs of Mental Disorders. , 10.1007/978-3-319-55266-8(Chapter 25), 381–391.
• Ruhm, C. J. (2015). Recessions, healthy no more? Journal of Health Economics, 42, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.03.004
• Safaei, J. (2012). Socioeconomic and demographic determinants of mental health across canadian communities. The Internet Journal of Mental Health, 8(1), 1-13.
• Sanvictores, L. L. (1976). Mental health and economic growth. Philippine Journal of Mental Health, 7(1), 18-21. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1980-25407-001
• Sareen, J., Afifi, T.O., McMillan, K.A., &Asmundson, G.J.G. (2011). Relationship between household ıncome and mental disorders: Findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 68(4), 419-427. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.15
• Schofield, D. J, Shrestha, R. N., Percival, R., Passey, M. E., Callander, E. J., & Kelly, S.J. (2011). The personal and national costs of mental health conditions: İmpacts on income, taxes, government support payments due to lost labour force participation. BMC Psychiatry, 11 (72), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2012.09.036
• Shields-Zeeman, L., Collin, D. F., Batra, A., & Hamad, R. (2021). How does income affect mental health and health behaviours? A quasi-experimental study of the earned income tax credit. J Epidemiol Community Health, 75, 929-935. doi: 10.1136/jech-2020-214841.
• Sılva, M., Loureıro, A., & Cardoso, G. (2016). Social Determinants Of Mental Health: A review of the evidence. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 30(4), 259 292. https://scielo.isciii.es/pdf/ejpen/v30n4/original03.pdf
• Sini, S., Abdul-Rahim, A. S., Chin, L., Said, R., & Sulaiman, C. (2022). Natural resources impact on capital flow and conflict relationship in Africa: A novel insight from GMM and quantile regression. Resources Policy. 78, 102791, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102791
• Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., & McKee, M. (2009). The health implications of financial crisis: a review of the evidence. The Ulster Medical Journal, 78(3), 142-145.
• Teyyare, E. (2018). Tasarruf-yatırım-kurumsal kalite ilişkisine yönelik bir analiz: Türkiye örneği. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(1), 119-139. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbed.v18i38800.459486
• Tibber, M.S., Walji, F., Kirkbride, J.B., & Huddy, V. (2022). The association between income inequality and adult mental health at the subnational level-A systematic review. Social Psychiatry Psychiatry Epidemiolgy, 57(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02159-w
• Trivedi, J. K., Sareen, H., & Dhyani, M. (2008). Rapid urbanization-its impact on mental health: A South Asian perspective. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 50(3), 161-165. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.43623
• Uutela, A. (2010). Economic crisis and mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 23(2), 127-130. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328336657d
• Wang, Q., & Granados, J. A. T. (2019). Economic growth and mental health in 21st century China. Social Science & Medicine, 220, 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.11.031
• Weich, S., Lewis, G., & Jenkins, S.P. (2001). Income inequality and the prevalence of common mental disorders in Britain. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.3.222
• WHO World Health Organization (2018). Mental health: Strengthening our response, 15 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response adresinden erişilmiştir.
• WHO World Health Organization (2019). Mental disorders, 15 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders adresinden erişilmiştir.
• WHO World Health Organization (2021). Mental health. 15 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://www.who.int/health-topics/mental-health#tab=tab 1 adresinden erişilmiştir.
• World Bank (2022). World Bank open data. 15 Mayıs 2022 tarihinde https://data.worldbank.org/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
• Wu, Y., Tian, M., & Tang, M. (2019). General composite quantile regression: Theory and methods. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, 49(9), 2217-2236. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610926.2019.1568493
• Zhu, H., Duan, L., Guo, Y., & Yu, K. (2016). The effects of FDI, economic growth and energy consumption on carbon emissions in ASEAN-5: evidence from panel quantile regression. Econ Model, 58, 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.05.003
• Ziebold, C., Evans-Lacko, S., Andrade, M.C.R. vd. (2021). Childhood poverty and mental health disorders in early adulthood: Evidence from a Brazilian cohort study. Europan Child &Adolescent Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01923-2