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Reshaping European Identity and Its Reflections on Transatlantic Relations: European Neighborhood Policy and U.S. Position

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 19 - 38, 29.02.2020

Efe Sıvış

Abstract

The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was established with the aim of developing closer relations with the EU’s neighbours to the East and the South. The main objective revolves around developing policies in the area of rule of law, good governance, the respect for human rights, principles of market economy and sustainable development. Although an EU initiative, the support for the development of these policies is largely supported by the U.S. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine the extent and the nature of U.S. policy interventions in both Eastern and Southern flanks of ENP and make broader geopolitical observations of the current situation in two regions.

Keywords

European Neighbourhood Policy Eastern Partnership Middle East and North Africa U.S. Foreign Policy European Union Security

References

  • Aliboni, R. (2009). The ENP in the Mediterranean: Evaluating the political and strategic dimensions. In M. Comelli, M. A. Eralp & C. Üstün (Eds.), The European Neighbourhood Policy and the Southern Mediterranean, Drawing from lessons of enlargement (pp.13-30). Ankara: Middle East Technical University Press.
  • Babayan, N. (2015). Democratic transformation and obstruction, EU, US and Russia in the South Caucasus. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group
  • Börzel, T., & Böttger, K. (Eds.). (2012). Policy Change in the EU’s immediate neighbourhood: A sectoral approach, Nomos: Baden-Baden.
  • Brimmer, E. (2008). European Neighbourhood Policy: Circle of security, web of connections, or marriage of convenience? Politique Étrangère, Spring issue, 1.
  • Browning, C., & Joenniemi, P. (2007). Geostrategies of the European Neighbourhood Policy (DIIS Working Paper 2007/9). Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS).
  • Bulakh, A., & Verschoor-Kirss, A. (2014). The Eastern Partnership: Challenges and opportunities for European Integration (Eastern Partnership Reports Vol 2, No. 1). Tallinn, Estonia: International Centre for Defence Studies.
  • Cebeci, M. (Ed.). (2011). Issues in EU and US foreign policy. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2019). Georgia: Background and U.S. policy (CRS Report). Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45307.pdf
  • European Movement International. (2017). PEU and the southern neighbourhood: More than crisis-management (Policy Position). Retrieved from https://europeanmovement.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/EMI_16_PolicyPosition_17_South_Final.pdf
  • Gvosdev, N. K. (2016). Obama’s Russia policy: A post mortem and lessons for the next president. Russia Matters. Retrieved from https://www.russiamatters.org/analysis/obamas-russia-policy-post-mortem-and-lessons-next-president
  • Haukkala, H. (2010). The EU-Russia strategic partnership: The limits of post-sovereignty in international relations. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Jordán, J. M. (2015). The Euro-Mediterranean, partnership and the challenge of development, Quaderns de la Mediterrània, 22,157-162.
  • Kienle, E. (2013). The security implications of the Arab Spring (Geneva Papers, 10). Geneva: Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GSCP). Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/160196/GCSP_RS_10.pdf
  • Konopelko, A. (2017). Eurasian Economic Union: A challenge for EU policy towards Kazakhstan, Asia Europe Journal,16, 1-17.
  • Lewis, P. Parakilas, J., Schneider-Petsinger, M., Smart, C., Rathke, J., & Ruy, D. (2018). The Future of the United States and Europe, an irreplaceable partnership (Research Paper). London, United Kingdom: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Center for Strategic & International Studies
  • Lutz, B. J., & Lutz, J. M. (2015), Perspectives on terrorism. Terrorism Research Initiative, 9(5).
  • Maglakelidze, A. (2017). Territorial conflicts in EaP countries and EU security and defense policy. United Europe Journal, 11, Retrieved from https://www.ttu.ee/public/o/oiguse-instituut/No_11_3.pdf
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235-58.
  • Monastiriotis, V., & Borrell, M. (2012). Political and political economy literature on the ENP: Issues and implications (Search Working Paper WP1/05). Retrieved from http://www.ub.edu/searchproject/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/WP-1.5.pdf
  • Mushtaq A. Q., & Afzal, M. (2017). Arab Spring: Its causes and consequences. JPUHS 30 (1).
  • Parmentier, F. (2013). Put to the test: The EU and the Eastern Partnership, Perspectives on Vilnius Summit (Policy Paper 103). Paris: Jacques Delors Institute. Retrieved from https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/easternpartnershipvilniussubmitflorentparmentierne-jdinov2013.pdf
  • Riddervold, M., & Newsome, A. (2018). Transatlantic relations in times of uncertainty: crises and EU-US relations. Journal of European Affairs, 40(5), 505-521.
  • Sasse, G. (2008). The European Neighbourhood Policy: Conditionality revisited for the EU’s eastern neighbour. Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 60(2): 295-316.
  • Schimmelfennig, F., Engert, S., & Knobel, H. (2002). The Conditions of Conditionality, The Impact of the EU on Democracy and Human Rights in European Non-Member States (ECPR, Enlargement and European Governance paper). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e11a/95e52ed9b464fe2a757a343088033a1b5784.pdf
  • Silitski, V. (2009). The EU’s Eastern Partnership, why it may help democracy promotion and how the United States can help move it forward (PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 70).
  • Skolimowska, A. (2015). The European Union as a “normative power” in international relations. Theoretical and empirical challenges. Yearbook of Polish European Studies, 18, 111-132.
  • Thepaut, C. (2011). Can the EU pressure dictators? Reforming ENP conditionality after the ˈArab Spring (EU Diplomacy Papers 6/2011). Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Franceska/Downloads/edp_6_2011_thepaut.pdf
  • Traser, J. (2008). Who’s afraid of the EU’s latest enlargement, the impact of Bulgaria and Romania joining the Union on free movement of persons, European Citizen Action Service. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120308204622/http://www.libertysecurity.org/IMG/pdf_ECAS_REPORT_free_movement_in_2007.pdf
  • Van Hüllen, V. (2015). EU democracy promotion and the Arab Spring, international cooperation and authoritarianism. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zagorski, A. (2011). Eastern Partnership from the Russian perspective. Internationale Politik und Gessellschaft (IPG), 3. Retrieved from https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ipg/2011-3/05_zagorski.pdf
  • Welt, C. (2017). Ukraine: Background and U.S. policy (Congressional Research Service Report). Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45008.pdf
  • 5.1 Official websites.
  • Commission of the European Communities. (2004). European Neighbourhood Policy (Strategy Paper, COM (2004) 373 final). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/2004_communication_from_the_commission_-_european_neighbourhood_policy_-_strategy_paper.pdf
  • Council of the European Union. (2009). Joint Declaration of the Prague Eastern Partnership Summit, Prague, 7 May 2009. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/31797/2009_eap_declaration.pdf
  • Council of the European Union. (2014). EU-US Summit, Joint Statement (8228/14). Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/23902/141920.pdf
  • European Commission. (2011). A new and ambitious European Neighbourhood Policy (Press Release IP/11643). Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-643_en.htm?locale=en
  • European Council of the European Union. (2008). Brussels European Council Presidency Conclusions (11018/08). Retrieved from http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11018-2008-INIT/en/pdf
  • European Council of the European Union. (2019). Eastern Partnership. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eastern-partnership/
  • European Parliament. (2017). Counter-terrorism cooperation with the Southern Neighbourhood. Retrieved from Directorate-General for External Policies, European Parliament Policy Department website http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/578013/EXPO_IDA(2017)578013_EN.pdf
  • European Union External Action. (2015, August 18). ENP Action Plans. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/8398/enp-action-plans_en
  • The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2016, April 25). Remarks by President Obama in Address to the People of Europe. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/25/remarks-president-obama-address-people-europe
  • The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2006, June 21). U.S.-EU Summit Declaration: Promoting Peace, Human Rights and Democracy Worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=233462
  • U.S. Department of State. (2017). Country Reports on Terrorism 2017. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2017/
  • U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. (2018, July 23). U.S. Relations with Syria, (Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-syria/
  • U.S. Department of State, & U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). (2015). Enduring Leadership in a Dynamic World (Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review). Retrieved from https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/241429.pdf
  • U.S. Mission to the European Union. Why to EU Matters. Retrieved from https://useu.usmission.gov/our-relationship/why-the-eu-matters/
  • U.S. National Defense Strategy. (2018). Summary of the National Defense Strategy of The United States of America, Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge. Retrieved from https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
  • 5.2 Online news.
  • Harding, L. & Weaver, M. (2009, July 7). Barack Obama calls for “reset” in US-Russia relations. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/07/barack-obama-russia-moscow-speech
  • Lee, M. (2019, February 12). Pompeo Warns Eastern Europe on Chinese and Russian Meddling. U.S. News. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-02-12/pompeo-warns-eastern-europe-on-chinese-and-russian-meddling
  • Obama extends sanctions on Russia over aggression in Ukraine by one year. (2017, January 14). Radio Free Europe. Retrieved from https://www.rferl.org/a/us-president-obama-extends-sanctions-russia-agression-in-ukraine-one-year-march-2018/28232805.html
  • Rice, C. (2018, August 8). Russia invaded Georgia 10 years ago. Don’t say America didn’t respond. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/russia-invaded-georgia-10-years-ago-dont-say-america-didnt-respond/2018/08/08/ba4279d4-9b3e-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html?utm_term=.ead171f0a4ec

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 19 - 38, 29.02.2020

Efe Sıvış

Abstract

References

  • Aliboni, R. (2009). The ENP in the Mediterranean: Evaluating the political and strategic dimensions. In M. Comelli, M. A. Eralp & C. Üstün (Eds.), The European Neighbourhood Policy and the Southern Mediterranean, Drawing from lessons of enlargement (pp.13-30). Ankara: Middle East Technical University Press.
  • Babayan, N. (2015). Democratic transformation and obstruction, EU, US and Russia in the South Caucasus. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group
  • Börzel, T., & Böttger, K. (Eds.). (2012). Policy Change in the EU’s immediate neighbourhood: A sectoral approach, Nomos: Baden-Baden.
  • Brimmer, E. (2008). European Neighbourhood Policy: Circle of security, web of connections, or marriage of convenience? Politique Étrangère, Spring issue, 1.
  • Browning, C., & Joenniemi, P. (2007). Geostrategies of the European Neighbourhood Policy (DIIS Working Paper 2007/9). Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS).
  • Bulakh, A., & Verschoor-Kirss, A. (2014). The Eastern Partnership: Challenges and opportunities for European Integration (Eastern Partnership Reports Vol 2, No. 1). Tallinn, Estonia: International Centre for Defence Studies.
  • Cebeci, M. (Ed.). (2011). Issues in EU and US foreign policy. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
  • Congressional Research Service. (2019). Georgia: Background and U.S. policy (CRS Report). Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45307.pdf
  • European Movement International. (2017). PEU and the southern neighbourhood: More than crisis-management (Policy Position). Retrieved from https://europeanmovement.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/EMI_16_PolicyPosition_17_South_Final.pdf
  • Gvosdev, N. K. (2016). Obama’s Russia policy: A post mortem and lessons for the next president. Russia Matters. Retrieved from https://www.russiamatters.org/analysis/obamas-russia-policy-post-mortem-and-lessons-next-president
  • Haukkala, H. (2010). The EU-Russia strategic partnership: The limits of post-sovereignty in international relations. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge.
  • Jordán, J. M. (2015). The Euro-Mediterranean, partnership and the challenge of development, Quaderns de la Mediterrània, 22,157-162.
  • Kienle, E. (2013). The security implications of the Arab Spring (Geneva Papers, 10). Geneva: Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GSCP). Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/160196/GCSP_RS_10.pdf
  • Konopelko, A. (2017). Eurasian Economic Union: A challenge for EU policy towards Kazakhstan, Asia Europe Journal,16, 1-17.
  • Lewis, P. Parakilas, J., Schneider-Petsinger, M., Smart, C., Rathke, J., & Ruy, D. (2018). The Future of the United States and Europe, an irreplaceable partnership (Research Paper). London, United Kingdom: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Center for Strategic & International Studies
  • Lutz, B. J., & Lutz, J. M. (2015), Perspectives on terrorism. Terrorism Research Initiative, 9(5).
  • Maglakelidze, A. (2017). Territorial conflicts in EaP countries and EU security and defense policy. United Europe Journal, 11, Retrieved from https://www.ttu.ee/public/o/oiguse-instituut/No_11_3.pdf
  • Manners, I. (2002). Normative power Europe: A contradiction in terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2), 235-58.
  • Monastiriotis, V., & Borrell, M. (2012). Political and political economy literature on the ENP: Issues and implications (Search Working Paper WP1/05). Retrieved from http://www.ub.edu/searchproject/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/WP-1.5.pdf
  • Mushtaq A. Q., & Afzal, M. (2017). Arab Spring: Its causes and consequences. JPUHS 30 (1).
  • Parmentier, F. (2013). Put to the test: The EU and the Eastern Partnership, Perspectives on Vilnius Summit (Policy Paper 103). Paris: Jacques Delors Institute. Retrieved from https://institutdelors.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/easternpartnershipvilniussubmitflorentparmentierne-jdinov2013.pdf
  • Riddervold, M., & Newsome, A. (2018). Transatlantic relations in times of uncertainty: crises and EU-US relations. Journal of European Affairs, 40(5), 505-521.
  • Sasse, G. (2008). The European Neighbourhood Policy: Conditionality revisited for the EU’s eastern neighbour. Ethnopolitics: Formerly Global Review of Ethnopolitics, 60(2): 295-316.
  • Schimmelfennig, F., Engert, S., & Knobel, H. (2002). The Conditions of Conditionality, The Impact of the EU on Democracy and Human Rights in European Non-Member States (ECPR, Enlargement and European Governance paper). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e11a/95e52ed9b464fe2a757a343088033a1b5784.pdf
  • Silitski, V. (2009). The EU’s Eastern Partnership, why it may help democracy promotion and how the United States can help move it forward (PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, No. 70).
  • Skolimowska, A. (2015). The European Union as a “normative power” in international relations. Theoretical and empirical challenges. Yearbook of Polish European Studies, 18, 111-132.
  • Thepaut, C. (2011). Can the EU pressure dictators? Reforming ENP conditionality after the ˈArab Spring (EU Diplomacy Papers 6/2011). Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/Franceska/Downloads/edp_6_2011_thepaut.pdf
  • Traser, J. (2008). Who’s afraid of the EU’s latest enlargement, the impact of Bulgaria and Romania joining the Union on free movement of persons, European Citizen Action Service. Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20120308204622/http://www.libertysecurity.org/IMG/pdf_ECAS_REPORT_free_movement_in_2007.pdf
  • Van Hüllen, V. (2015). EU democracy promotion and the Arab Spring, international cooperation and authoritarianism. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Zagorski, A. (2011). Eastern Partnership from the Russian perspective. Internationale Politik und Gessellschaft (IPG), 3. Retrieved from https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ipg/2011-3/05_zagorski.pdf
  • Welt, C. (2017). Ukraine: Background and U.S. policy (Congressional Research Service Report). Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45008.pdf
  • 5.1 Official websites.
  • Commission of the European Communities. (2004). European Neighbourhood Policy (Strategy Paper, COM (2004) 373 final). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/2004_communication_from_the_commission_-_european_neighbourhood_policy_-_strategy_paper.pdf
  • Council of the European Union. (2009). Joint Declaration of the Prague Eastern Partnership Summit, Prague, 7 May 2009. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/31797/2009_eap_declaration.pdf
  • Council of the European Union. (2014). EU-US Summit, Joint Statement (8228/14). Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/23902/141920.pdf
  • European Commission. (2011). A new and ambitious European Neighbourhood Policy (Press Release IP/11643). Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-11-643_en.htm?locale=en
  • European Council of the European Union. (2008). Brussels European Council Presidency Conclusions (11018/08). Retrieved from http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11018-2008-INIT/en/pdf
  • European Council of the European Union. (2019). Eastern Partnership. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eastern-partnership/
  • European Parliament. (2017). Counter-terrorism cooperation with the Southern Neighbourhood. Retrieved from Directorate-General for External Policies, European Parliament Policy Department website http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/578013/EXPO_IDA(2017)578013_EN.pdf
  • European Union External Action. (2015, August 18). ENP Action Plans. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-Homepage/8398/enp-action-plans_en
  • The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2016, April 25). Remarks by President Obama in Address to the People of Europe. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/04/25/remarks-president-obama-address-people-europe
  • The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2006, June 21). U.S.-EU Summit Declaration: Promoting Peace, Human Rights and Democracy Worldwide. Retrieved from https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=233462
  • U.S. Department of State. (2017). Country Reports on Terrorism 2017. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2017/
  • U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. (2018, July 23). U.S. Relations with Syria, (Bilateral Relations Fact Sheet). Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-syria/
  • U.S. Department of State, & U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). (2015). Enduring Leadership in a Dynamic World (Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review). Retrieved from https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/241429.pdf
  • U.S. Mission to the European Union. Why to EU Matters. Retrieved from https://useu.usmission.gov/our-relationship/why-the-eu-matters/
  • U.S. National Defense Strategy. (2018). Summary of the National Defense Strategy of The United States of America, Sharpening the American Military’s Competitive Edge. Retrieved from https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf
  • 5.2 Online news.
  • Harding, L. & Weaver, M. (2009, July 7). Barack Obama calls for “reset” in US-Russia relations. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/07/barack-obama-russia-moscow-speech
  • Lee, M. (2019, February 12). Pompeo Warns Eastern Europe on Chinese and Russian Meddling. U.S. News. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2019-02-12/pompeo-warns-eastern-europe-on-chinese-and-russian-meddling
  • Obama extends sanctions on Russia over aggression in Ukraine by one year. (2017, January 14). Radio Free Europe. Retrieved from https://www.rferl.org/a/us-president-obama-extends-sanctions-russia-agression-in-ukraine-one-year-march-2018/28232805.html
  • Rice, C. (2018, August 8). Russia invaded Georgia 10 years ago. Don’t say America didn’t respond. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/russia-invaded-georgia-10-years-ago-dont-say-america-didnt-respond/2018/08/08/ba4279d4-9b3e-11e8-8d5e-c6c594024954_story.html?utm_term=.ead171f0a4ec
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Efe Sıvış

Publication Date February 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

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APA Sıvış, E. (2020). Reshaping European Identity and Its Reflections on Transatlantic Relations: European Neighborhood Policy and U.S. Position. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 19-38.
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