Refah Kapitalizminin Üç Dünyasında Engellilere Yönelik İstihdam Politikalarının Sosyal Dışlanma ve Yoksulluk Boyutları; ABD, Almanya ve İsveç Örnekleri

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 138 - 162, 08.04.2025

Turgut Çılğın

Öz

Bu makalede, refah devletlerinin engellilere yönelik istihdam politikaları sosyal dışlanma ve yoksulluk açısından incelenmektedir. Araştırmanın evreni Gosta Esping-Andersen tarafından yapılan sınıflandırmada yer alan refah devletleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Liberal, muhafazakar ve sosyal demokrat rejimlerden örneklem olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Almanya ve İsveç seçilmiştir. Bu üç devletin engellilere yönelik istihdam politikaları literatür taraması ve doküman analizi yöntemleri kullanılarak sosyal dışlanma ve yoksulluk açısından analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, üç devletin de istihdam politikalarında engelli bireylere yönelik politikaların beyan edildiği görülmüştür. Ancak, sosyal dışlanma ve yoksulluğun devam eden olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle, henüz hiçbir devletin istihdam alanında tam anlamıyla “engelsiz refah devleti” olarak kabul edilemeyeceği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Refah Devletleri, Engelli Bireyler, İstihdam, Sosyal Dışlanma, Yoksulluk

SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND POVERTY DIMENSIONS OF EMPLOYMENT POLICIES FOR THE DISABLED IN THE THREE WORLDS OF WELFARE CAPITALISM; EXAMPLES FROM THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY AND SWEDEN

Öz

In this article, the employment policies of the welfare states for the disabled are examined in terms of social exclusion and poverty. The universe of the research was determined as the welfare states in the classification made by Gosta Esping-Andersen. The United States of America (USA), Germany and Sweden were selected as the sample from liberal, conservative and social democratic regimes. The employment policies of these three states for people with disabilities were analyzed in terms of social exclusion and poverty using literature review and document analysis methods. As a result of the research, it was seen that all three states had policies for disabled individuals declared in their employment policies. However, it has been seen that no state can yet be fully accepted as an “unimpeded welfare state” in the field of employment due to the ongoing negative effects of social exclusion and poverty.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Welfare States, Persons with Disabilities, Employment, Social Exclusion, Poverty

Kaynakça

• Arıkan, S. (2018). Destekli istihdam kavramı [Concept of supported employment]. In Arıkan S. and Ayyıldız E. (Ed), Engelli bireylerin destekli istihdamı (pp. 137-173). Akademik Kitaplar.
• Barrington, K. (2023). The 15 biggest failures of the American public education system. Public School Review. https://www.publicschoolreview.com/blog/the-15-biggest-failures-of-the-american-public-education-system
• Burkhauser, R. V. and Daly, M. C. (2001, September). United States disability policy in a changing environment. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (FRSBF Working Paper 2002-21). https://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/wp02-21bk.pdf
• Buttrick, N. R., Heintzelman, S. J., and Oishi, S. (2017). Inequality and well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.016
• Demirbilek, S. (2009). Sosyal politika bağlamında sosyal hizmet [Social work in the context of social policy]. Dokuz Eylül University Press.
• Alison, H. and Sue, E. (2003). Disability, equality and human rights: a training manual for development and humanitarian organisations. Oxfam GB. https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/disability-equality-and-human-rights-a-training-manual-for-development-and-huma-115363/
• Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Princeton University Press.
• European Commission. (2021a). European semester 2020-2021 country fiche on disability equality; Germany (Country Report). https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/6a5726b5-a70a-11eb-9585-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-277465400
• European Commission. (2021b). European semester 2020-2021 country fiche on disability equality; Sweden. (Country Report). https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/f39485d3-a965-11eb-9585-01aa75ed71a1
• European Disability Forum. (2020). Poverty and social exclusion of persons with disabilities-European human rights report (Issue 4 – 2020) https://www.edf-feph.org/publications/european-human-rights-report/
• European Statistics Office. (2021). Disability employment gap by level of activity limitation and sex. Retrieved October 11, 2021 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tepsr_sp200/default/table?lang=en European Statistics Office. (2022). Disability statistics - poverty and income inequalities. Retrieved December 14, 2022 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Disability_statistics_-_poverty_and_income_inequalities#At_risk_of_poverty_or_social_exclusion
• Germany Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. (2016). Nationaler aktionsplan 2.0 der bundesregierung zur un-behindertenrechtskonvention (UN-BRK) [National action plan 2.0 of the federal government on the un convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (UN-BRK)]. (Report No: NAP 2.0) https://www.bmfsfj.de/resource/blob/130322/69f35d63d737a26af370066432810704/nap2-inklusion-data.pdf
• Garg, A., Skempes, D. and Bickenbach, J. (2020). Legal and regulatory approaches to rehabilitation planning: a concise overview of current laws and policies addressing Access to rehabilitation in five european countries. Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124363
• Goodman, N., Morris, M., Boston, K. and Walton, D. (2017). Financial inequality: disability, race and poverty in america. National Disability İnstitute. https://www.nationaldisabilityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/disability-race-poverty-in-america.pdf
• Gruber, S., Titze, N. and Zapfel, S. (2013). Vocational rehabilitation of disabled people in germany: a systems-theoretical perspective. Disability & Society, 29(2), 224-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2013.796877
• ILO Department of Statistics. (2022). SDG indicator 8.5.2 - Unemployment rate by disability status (%)-annual. Retrieved January 19, 2023 from https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer38/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=SDG_0852_SEX_DSB_RT_A
• International Labour Organization. (1983). Vocational rehabilitation and employment (Disabled Persons) convention, 1983 (Convention No. 159). https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312304
• Özçatal, E. Ö. and Aşkın, U. (2022). Disabled employees as a vulnerable group in the labor market and mobbing: A qualitative research in Tokat province. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, (83), 39-100. https://doi.org/10.26650/jspc.2022.83.1142868
• Özgökçeler, S. and Bıçkı, D. (2010). Özürlülerin sosyal dışlanma boyutları: Bursa ve Çanakkale örneklerinden yansıyanlar [Dimensions of social exclusion of disabled people: reflections from Bursa and Çanakkale examples ]. [Oral presentation]. Sosyal Haklar Ulusal Sempozyumu, Denizli, Türkiye.
• Pinilla-Roncancio, M. and Alkire, S. (2021). How poor are people with disabilities? Evidence based on the global multidimensional poverty ındex. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31(4), 206-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207320919942
• Roberts, L., Ives-Rublee M. and Khattar, R. (2022). Covıd-19 likely resulted in 1.2 million more disabled people by the end of 2021-workplaces and policy will need to adapt. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/covid-19-likely-resulted-in-1-2-million-more-disabled-people-by-the-end-of-2021-workplaces-and-policy-will-need-to-adapt/
• Santos, M. S. and Martins J. R. (2022). Analysis of the state of social well-being from the keynesian perspective: Its development, rise and retrenchment. International Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 10(3), 83-88. doi: 10.11648/j.ijebo.20221003.12
• Seyidoğlu, H. (1999). Ekonomik Terimler Ansiklopedik Sözlük. Güzem Can Publishing.
• Statistics Sweden. (2021). Lägre andel sysselsatta bland personer med funktionsnedsättning [Lower percentage of employed among people with disabilities.]. Retrieved October 03, 2022 from https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/arbetsmarknad/funktionsnedsattning/situationen-pa-arbetsmarknaden-for-personer-med-funktionsnedsattning/pong/statistiknyhet/situationen-pa-arbetsmarknaden-for-personer-med-funktionsnedsattning/
• Sweden National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen). (2022). Att tidigt uppmärksamma funktionsnedsättning hos barn i migration - Introduktionsmaterial för handläggare ınom socialtjänsten [Paying early attention to disability in children in migration – Introductory material for case managers in social services]. (Artikelnummer 2022-11-8207). https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/ovrigt/2022-11-8207.pdf
• Şenkal, A. (2005). Küreselleşme sürecinde sosyal politika [Social policy in the globalization process]. Alfa Yayınları.
• Taylor, D. M. (2018). Americans with disabilities: 2014. (Publication No. 70-152) https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2018/demo/p70-152.pdf
• Trading Economics (2022). İsveç ekonomik göstergeler [Sweden economic indicators]. Retrieved October 14, 2023 from https://tr.tradingeconomics.com/sweden/indicators
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022). Persons with a disability: Barriers to employment and other labor (News Release). https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/dissup_03302022.htm
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023a). Labor force statistics from the current population survey (Series Id: LNU01374597) https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNU01374597
• U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023b). Labor force statistics from the current population survey (Series Id: LNU01374593) https://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNU01374593
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). 2020 ACS 1-year experimental data tables. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data/experimental-data/1-year.html ;
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2022a). Health Insurance in the United States: 2021 –Tables (Report Number. P60-278). https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/demo/health-insurance/p60-278.html
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2022b). Poverty in the United States: 2021-Table A-1. people in poverty by selected characteristics: 2020 and 2021. (Report Number. P60-277). https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2022/demo/p60-277.html
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2022c).U.S. poverty rate is 12.8% but varies significantly by age groups. poverty rate of children higher than national rate, lower for older populations. Retrieved December 28, 2022 from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/10/poverty-rate-varies-by-age-groups.html
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022). Disability & health ınfographics. Retrieved December 27, 2022 from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/infographic-disability-impacts-all.html
• U.S. Department of Labor. (2022). Employment laws: Disability & Discrimination. Retrieved July 24, 2022 from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/odep/publications/fact-sheets/employment-laws-disability-and-discrimination#:~:text=The%20Americans%20with%20Disabilities%20Act,local%20government%20services%2C%20and%20telecommunications
• United Nations. (2006). Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (CRPD). (Optional Protocol. A/RES/61/106) Retrieved July 26, 2022 from https://social.desa.un.org/issues/disability/crpd/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-crpd
• United Nations. (2016). The rights of persons with disabilities to work. In Toolkit on Disability for Africa (Module 9, pp. 1-28). Retrieved July 30, 2022 from https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/disability/Toolkit/Rights-Persons-with-DisabilitiestoWork.pdf
• Vallas, R., Knackstedt, K. and Thompson V. (2022). 7 facts about the economic crisis facing people with disabilities in the united states. The Century Foundation. https://tcf.org/content/commentary/7-facts-about-the-economic-crisis-facing-people-with-disabilities-in-the-united-states/?agreed=1
• Vallas, R., Knackstedt, K., Brown H., Cai J., Fremstad S. and Stettner A. (2022). Economic justice ıs disability justice. The Century Foundation. https://tcf.org/content/report/economic-justice-disability-justice/
• World Health Organization. (2024). Disability. Retrieved December 16, 2024 from https://www.who.int/health-topics/disability#tab=tab_1