Impacts of radio-frequency electromagnetic field from mobile phone exposure on apoptosis

Year 2019, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 123 - 129, 22.03.2019

Mehmed Zahid Tüysüz , Handan Kayhan Atiye Seda Yar Sağlam , Emin Umit Bağrıaçık Munci Yağcı Ayse Gulnihal Canseven

Abstract

Abstract

 

Background: The use of mobile phones is becoming more
widespread and the concerns about possible harmful effects are increasing in
the community. The RF electromagnetic fields have been declared as carcinogen
class 2B by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an organization
affiliated to the World Health Organization. In this study, we examined effects
of radio-frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) from mobile phone exposure on
apoptosis and cell viability were investigated.

Methods: Human astrocytoma cell lines, were exposed to
RF-EMF at mobile phone frequency for 1, 24, and 48 h.  Apoptotic rates of experimental groups were
examined by annexin V-FITC/PI assay in flow cytometry. Additionally cell
viability was determined by using the wst-1 assay with elisa reader.

Results: The experimental results show that RF-EMF
exposure with 1 and 24 hours has no significant effect on cell viability and
apoptosis in astrocytoma cells. Conversely, 48-hour RF field exposure
statistically significantly decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in
astrocytoma cells.

Conclusions: The results of the experiment show that
doubling time of cells is important in observing RF EMF induced effects.

 

Keywords

Keywords: Mobile phone, Radiofrequency, Astrocytoma, Apoptosis

Cep telefonu maruziyetinden kaynaklanan Radyofrekans elektromanyetik alanın apoptoz üzerine etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Cep
telefonu kullanımı her geçen gün daha da yaygınlaşmakta olup, olası sağlık
etkileri ile ilgili endişeler toplum arasında artmaktadır. Dünya Sağlık
Örgütü'ne bağlı bir kuruluş olan "Uluslararası Kanser Araştırmaları
Ajansı" tarafından RF elektromanyetik alanlar 2B sınıfı karsinojen olarak
ilan edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, cep telefonu kaynaklı RF elektromanyetik alan (RF-EMF)
maruziyetinin, apoptoz ve hücre canlılığı üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır.

Materyal ve metod: U118-MG
insan astrositoma hücreleri, 2.1 GHz cep telefonu frekanslı RF-EMF’e 1, 24 ve
48 saat süreler ile maruz bırakıldı. Deney gruplarındaki apoptoz oranları akım
sitometride anneksin V-FITC/PI yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Hücre
canlılığı ise mikroplaka okuyucuda wst-1 yöntemi kullanılarak tespit
edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Deney
sonuçları, 2.1 GHz frekanslı RF-EMF’e 1 ve 24 saat süre ile maruz bırakılan deney
gruplarında hücre canlılığı ve apoptozda önemli bir etki gözlenmemiştir. Bunun
aksine 48 saatlik RF alan maruziyeti hücre canlılığında istatistiksel olarak
anlamlı bir azalmaya sebep olurken, apoptozda yine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı
bir artışa neden olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Sonuç: Deney
sonuçları RF EMF kaynaklı etkilerin gözlenmesinde hücrelerin ikiye katlanma
sürelerinin önemli olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

Cep telefonu, Radyofrekans, Astrositoma, Glioblastoma, apoptoz

References

• 1. Liu YX, Tai JL, Li GQ, Zhang ZW, Xue JH, Liu HS, et al. Exposure to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA electromagnetic fields affects the apoptosis of astrocytes via caspase-3-dependent pathway. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042332. PubMed PMID: 22870319; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3411641.
• 2. Xu S, Chen G, Chen C, Sun C, Zhang D, Murbach M, et al. Cell type-dependent induction of DNA damage by 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields does not result in significant cellular dysfunctions. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54906. Epub 2013/01/29. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054906. PubMed PMID: 23355902; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3552808.
• 3. Lu Y, He M, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhang L, He Y, et al. Differential pro-inflammatory responses of astrocytes and microglia involve STAT3 activation in response to 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108318. Epub 2014/10/03. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108318. PubMed PMID: 25275372; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4183530.
• 4. Zhao TY, Zou SP, Knapp PE. Exposure to cell phone radiation up-regulates apoptosis genes in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes. Neurosci Lett. 2007;412(1):34-8. Epub 2006/12/26. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.092. PubMed PMID: 17187929; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC2713174.
• 5. Chauhan V, Qutob SS, Lui S, Mariampillai A, Bellier PV, Yauk CL, et al. Analysis of gene expression in two human-derived cell lines exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Proteomics. 2007;7(21):3896-905. Epub 2007/09/29. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200700215. PubMed PMID: 17902192.
• 6. Liu YX, Li GQ, Fu XP, Xue JH, Ji SP, Zhang ZW, et al. Exposure to 3G mobile phone signals does not affect the biological features of brain tumor cells. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:764. Epub 2015/08/09. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1996-7. PubMed PMID: 26253141; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4529714.
• 7. Poulletier de Gannes F, Haro E, Hurtier A, Taxile M, Ruffie G, Billaudel B, et al. Effect of exposure to the edge signal on oxidative stress in brain cell models. Radiat Res. 2011;175(2):225-30. Epub 2011/01/28. PubMed PMID: 21268716.
• 8. Sekijima M, Takeda H, Yasunaga K, Sakuma N, Hirose H, Nojima T, et al. 2-GHz band CW and W-CDMA modulated radiofrequency fields have no significant effect on cell proliferation and gene expression profile in human cells. J Radiat Res. 2010;51(3):277-84. Epub 2010/03/11. PubMed PMID: 20215713.
• 9. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Does MW Radiation Affect Gene Expression, Apoptotic Level, and Cell Cycle Progression of Human SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells? Cell Biochem Biophys. 2016;74(2):99-107. Epub 2016/06/05. doi: 10.1007/s12013-016-0734-9. PubMed PMID: 27260669.
• 10. Lahkola A, Auvinen A, Raitanen J, Schoemaker MJ, Christensen HC, Feychting M, et al. Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries. Int J Cancer. 2007;120(8):1769-75. Epub 2007/01/19. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22503. PubMed PMID: 17230523.
• 11. Boyle P, Levin B, International Agency for Research on Cancer., World Health Organization. World cancer report 2008. Lyon Geneva: International Agency for Research on Cancer; Distributed by WHO Press; 2008. 510 p. p.
• 12. Hardell L, Carlberg M, Hansson Mild K. Use of mobile phones and cordless phones is associated with increased risk for glioma and acoustic neuroma. Pathophysiology. 2013;20(2):85-110. Epub 2012/12/25. doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.11.001. PubMed PMID: 23261330.
• 13. Humans IWGotEoCRt. Non-ionizing radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2013;102(Pt 2):1-460. Epub 2013/01/01. PubMed PMID: 24772662; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4780878.
• 14. Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, et al. Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(7):624-6. Epub 2011/08/17. PubMed PMID: 21845765.
• 15. Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-8. Epub 2002/02/16. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262. PubMed PMID: 11846609.
• 16. Tuysuz MF. An energy-efficient QoS-based network selection scheme over heterogeneous WLAN-3G networks. Comput Netw. 2014;75:113-33. doi: 10.1016/j.comnet.2014.09.012. PubMed PMID: WOS:000347602900008.
• 17. Liu YX, Tai JL, Li GQ, Zhang ZW, Xue JH, Liu HS, et al. Exposure to 1950-MHz TD-SCDMA Electromagnetic Fields Affects the Apoptosis of Astrocytes via Caspase-3-Dependent Pathway. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):10. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042332. PubMed PMID: WOS:000307212800082.
• 18. Perez-Castejon C, Perez-Bruzon RN, Llorente M, Pes N, Lacasa C, Figols T, et al. Exposure to ELF-pulse modulated X band microwaves increases in vitro human astrocytoma cell proliferation. Histol Histopathol. 2009;24(12):1551-61. Epub 2009/10/02. doi: 10.14670/HH-24.1551. PubMed PMID: 19795354.
• 19. Kang KA, Lee HC, Lee JJ, Hong MN, Park MJ, Lee YS, et al. Effects of combined radiofrequency radiation exposure on levels of reactive oxygen species in neuronal cells. J Radiat Res. 2014;55(2):265-76. Epub 2013/10/10. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrt116. PubMed PMID: 24105709; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3951078.
• 20. Sakurai T, Kiyokawa T, Narita E, Suzuki Y, Taki M, Miyakoshi J. Analysis of gene expression in a human-derived glial cell line exposed to 2.45 GHz continuous radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. J Radiat Res. 2011;52(2):185-92. Epub 2011/02/24. PubMed PMID: 21343680.
• 21. Hirose H, Sakuma N, Kaji N, Suhara T, Sekijima M, Nojima T, et al. Phosphorylation and gene expression of p53 are not affected in human cells exposed to 2.1425 GHz band CW or W-CDMA modulated radiation allocated to mobile radio base stations. Bioelectromagnetics. 2006;27(6):494-504. Epub 2006/05/23. doi: 10.1002/bem.20238. PubMed PMID: 16715525.
• 22. Wyde M, Cesta M, Blystone C, Elmore S, Foster P, Hooth M, et al. Report of Partial findings from the National Toxicology Program Carcinogenesis Studies of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation in Hsd: Sprague Dawley SD rats (Whole Body Exposure). 2016 Contract No.: 055699.
• 23. Nylund R, Leszczynski D. Mobile phone radiation causes changes in gene and protein expression in human endothelial cell lines and the response seems to be genome- and proteome-dependent. Proteomics. 2006;6(17):4769-80. Epub 2006/08/01. doi: 10.1002/pmic.200600076. PubMed PMID: 16878295.
• 24. French PW, Donnellan M, McKenzie DR. Electromagnetic radiation at 835 MHz changes the morphology and inhibits proliferation of a human astrocytoma cell line. Bioelectroch Bioener. 1997;43(1):13-8. doi: Doi 10.1016/S0302-4598(97)00035-4. PubMed PMID: WOS:A1997XW73000003.
• 25. Cao Y, Zhang W, Lu MX, Xu Q, Meng QQ, Nie JH, et al. 900-MHz microwave radiation enhances gamma-ray adverse effects on SHG44 cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(11-12):727-32. doi: 10.1080/15287390902841466. PubMed PMID: 19492235.
• 26. Kang KA, Lee HC, Lee JJ, Hong MN, Park MJ, Lee YS, et al. Effects of combined radiofrequency radiation exposure on levels of reactive oxygen species in neuronal cells. Journal of Radiation Research. 2014;55(2):265-76. doi: 10.1093/jrr/rrt116. PubMed PMID: WOS:000333085300007.
• 27. Stagg RB, Thomas WJ, Jones RA, Adey WR. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in C6 glioma and primary glial cells exposed to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(3):230-6. Epub 1997/01/01. PubMed PMID: 9096841.
• 28. Miyakoshi J, Takemasa K, Takashima Y, Ding GR, Hirose H, Koyama S. Effects of exposure to a 1950 MHz radio frequency field on expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27 in human glioma cells. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005;26(4):251-7. Epub 2005/04/16. doi: 10.1002/bem.20077. PubMed PMID: 15832340.
• 29. Hirose H, Sakuma N, Kaji N, Nakayama K, Inoue K, Sekijima M, et al. Mobile phone base station-emitted radiation does not induce phosphorylation of Hsp27. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007;28(2):99-108. Epub 2006/09/28. doi: 10.1002/bem.20277. PubMed PMID: 17004241.
• 30. Qutob SS, Chauhan V, Bellier PV, Yauk CL, Douglas GR, Berndt L, et al. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Radiat Res. 2006;165(6):636-44. Epub 2006/06/29. doi: 10.1667/RR3561.1. PubMed PMID: 16802863.
• 31. Terro F, Magnaudeix A, Crochetet M, Martin L, Bourthoumieu S, Wilson CM, et al. GSM-900MHz at low dose temperature-dependently downregulates alpha-synuclein in cultured cerebral cells independently of chaperone-mediated-autophagy. Toxicology. 2012;292(2-3):136-44. Epub 2011/12/22. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.12.003. PubMed PMID: 22185909.