Research Article
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Sex Estimation with Morpometric Analysis on Dry Bone and Radiographies of Calcaneus

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 425 - 434, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1333909

Abstract

Background: It is aimed to contribute to the literature for clinical use by making morphometric measurements on both dry bone and radiographic images of calcaneus, which can preserve its integrity for a long time after death, and to contribute to creating a biological reference for the Turkish population in the fields of gender estimation, forensic medicine, anthropology and archeology.
Materials and Methods: According to the literature, reference measurement parameters were determined on radiography images of 504 right foot, and 47 calcaneus whose sex and age were unknown as dry bone. Determined parameters were measured using Horos Project open source software in radiographs and digital caliper in dry bones. In dry bones, calcaneus was typified according to the talar joint surface. Finally, gender estimation was performed by ROC analysis according to the data obtained from radiography images.
Results: The mean age of 504 (254 F, 250 M) radiographs was 48.82±19.91 years. When the determined parameters were compared according to sex, all parameters were found to be higher in men than in women, and a statistically significant difference was found (p<0.05). In the correlation analysis, a very high positive correlation was observed between maximum width and body width and maximum height, and between maximum length and minimum length (p<0.005; 0.8

References

  • 1. Amuti T, Muuthuri N, Nichome L, Ouko I, Misiani M, Olabu B, et al. Morphometric Dimensions of the Calcaneus. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;59(5):949-52.
  • 2. Frey C. Foot health and shoewear for women. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000(372):32-44.
  • 3. Manna I, Pradhan D, Ghosh S, Kar SK, Dhara P. A compara-tive study of foot dimension between adult male and fe-male and evaluation of foot hazards due to using of foot-wear. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2001;20(4):241-6.
  • 4. Wunderlich RE, Cavanagh PR. Gender differences in adult foot shape: implications for shoe design. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(4):605-11.
  • 5. Yıldırım M. Yetişkin Türk Kadın ve Erkeklerinde Ayak (Pes) Ölçüleri. Balcan Medical Journal. 1986;2.
  • 6. Otag I, Tetiker H, Tastemur Y, Sabanciogullari V, Kosar MI, Cimen M. Morphometric Measurements of Calcane-us;Boehler’sangle and bone length estimation. Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science Science Journal (CSJ). 2017;38(2):256-63.
  • 7. Inamori-Kawamoto O, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Mustafa AM, Sogawa N, Kanou T, et al. Possible application of CT mor-phometry of the calcaneus and talus in forensic anthropo-logical identification. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130(2):575-85.
  • 8. Keener BJ, Sizensky JA. The anatomy of the calcaneus and surrounding structures. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(3):413-24.
  • 9. Kumar A, Rastogi S, Haider Y, Kumar S, Chauhan S, Passey J. Morphometric variations of the lateral surface of calcaneus: Can standard plate sizes fit all? J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021;13:156-62.
  • 10. Nathena D, Michopoulou E, Kranioti EF. Sexual dimorphism of the calcaneus in contemporary Cretans. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;277:260.e1-.e8.
  • 11. Nozaki S, Watanabe K, Katayose M, Yamatsu K, Teramoto A, Ogihara N. Three-dimensional morphological variations in the calcaneus and talus in relation to the hallux valgus angle. Ann Anat. 2023;247:152053.
  • 12. Prasad SA, Rajasekhar S. Morphometric analysis of talus and calcaneus. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(1):9-24.
  • 13. Rogers TL. A visual method of determining the sex of skele-tal remains using the distal humerus. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44(1):57-60.
  • 14. Acar A. Yoncatepe toplumunda Calcaneus ve Talus kemi-klerinden cinsiyet ve boy tahmini. Antropoloji. 2014;28:109-22.
  • 15. Gülec E, Sağır M, Ozer I. İnsan İskeletlerinde Foramen Magnum'dan Cinsiyet Tayini. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Ta-rih- Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi. 2003;43(1):1-9.
  • 16. Gülhan Ö. Pelvis'ten Radyolojik Yöntemler ile Cinsiyet Tai-yini: Türkiye Örneklemi. Antropoloji. 2018;36:53-69.
  • 17. Meyvaci SS, Bulut DG, Oztürk AT, Ankaralı H. Gender esti-mation from angular parameters of mandible in Turkish adults. Med J West Black Sea. 2021;5(2):240-7.
  • 18. Yasar B, Sagir M. Kafatasındaki iki üçgenden cinsiyet tah-mini. Antropoloji. 2022;43:1-9.
  • 19. Ekizoglu O, Inci E, Palabiyik FB, Can IO, Er A, Bozdag M, et al. Sex estimation in a contemporary Turkish population based on CT scans of the calcaneus. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;279:310.e1-.e6.
  • 20. Riepert T, Drechsler T, Schild H, Nafe B, Mattern R. Estima-tion of sex on the basis of radiographs of the calcaneus. Fo-rensic Sci Int. 1996;77(3):133-40.
  • 21. Uygur M, Atamaz F, Celik S, Pinar Y. The types of talar artic-ular facets and morphometric measurements of the human calcaneus bone on Turkish race. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(7):909-14.
  • 22. Gualdi-Russo E. Sex determination from the talus and calcaneus measurements. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;171(2-3):151-6.
  • 23. Koshy S, Vettivel S, Selvaraj KG. Estimation of length of calcaneum and talus from their bony markers. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;129(3):200-4.
  • 24. Sakaue K. Sex Assessment from the Talus and Calcaneus of Japanese. 2011.
  • 25. Ceranoğlu FG. Morphometric measurements of calcaneus on radiological images. MSc thesis. Konya: Necmettin Erba-kan University; 2022.
  • 26. Kökten G, Büyükertan M, Balcıoğlu H. Foramen mentale'nin çap ve lokalizasyonunun kuru kemik ve panoramik radio-grafide karşilaştirilmasi/ comparison of the diameter and the location of mental foramen in dry mandibles and pano-ramic. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry. 2004;38(3-4):57-63.
  • 27. Güler H, Ucar S, Güclü Ekinci HK, Al O. Calcaneus’un antro-pometrik ölçümünün klinik önemi. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;31(1):45-50.
  • 28. Uzuner MB, Geneci F, Ocak M, Bayram P, Sancak İT, Dolgun A, et al. Sex determination from the radiographic meas-urements of calcaneus. Anatomy. 2016;10(3):200-4.
  • 29. Forriol Campos F, Gomez Pellico L. Talar articular facets (facies articulares talares) in human calcanei. Acta Anat (Ba-sel). 1989;134(2):124-7.
  • 30. Bidmos MA, Asala SA. Discriminant function sexing of the calcaneus of the South African whites. J Forensic Sci. 2003;48(6):1213-8.
  • 31. Introna F, Jr., Di Vella G, Campobasso CP, Dragone M. Sex determination by discriminant analysis of calcanei meas-urements. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42(4):725-8.
  • 32. Kim D-I, Kim Y-S, Lee UY, Han S-H. Sex determination from calcaneus in Korean using discriminant analysis. Forensic Science International. 2013;228(1):177.e1-.e7.
  • 33. Moore MK, DiGangi EA, Niño Ruíz FP, Hidalgo Davila OJ, Sanabria Medina C. Metric sex estimation from the post-cranial skeleton for the Colombian population. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;262:286.e1-8.
  • 34. Peckmann TR, Orr K, Meek S, Manolis SK. Sex determina-tion from the calcaneus in a 20th century Greek population using discriminant function analysis. Sci Justice. 2015;55(6):377-82.
  • 35. Steele DG. The estimation of sex on the basis of the talus and calcaneus. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1976;45(3 pt. 2):581-8.

Calcaneus’un Kuru Kemik ve Radyografilerinde Morfometrik Analizi ile Cinsiyet Tahmini

Year 2023, Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 425 - 434, 31.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1333909

Abstract

Amaç: Ölümden sonra uzun süre bütünlüğünü koruyabilen calcaneus’a ait hem kuru kemik hem de radyografi görüntüleri üzerinde morfometrik ölçümler yaparak klinikte kullanılmak üzere literatüre katkı sağlamak ve cinsiyet tahmini ile adli tıp, antropoloji ve arkeoloji alanlarında Türk popülasyonu için biyolojik referans oluşturmaya katkı sunmak hedeflenmiştir.
Materyal ve metod: Kuru kemik olarak cinsiyeti ve yaşı bilinmeyen 47 calcaneus ile 504 sağ ayağa ait radyografi görüntüleri üzerinde literatüre göre referans ölçüm parametreleri belirlendi. Belirlenen parametreler, radyografilerde Horos Project açık kaynak yazılımı kullanılarak, kuru kemiklerde ise dijital kumpas kullanılarak ölçüldü. Kuru kemiklerde calcaneus’un talar eklem yüzeyine göre tiplendirilmesi yapıldı. Son olarak radyografi görüntülerinden elde edilen verilere göre ROC analizi ile cinsiyet tahmini gerçekleştirildi.
Bulgular: Elde edilen 504 (254 K, 250 E) radyografi görüntülerinde yaş ortalaması 48.82±19.91 idi. Belirlenen parametreler cinsiyete göre karşılaştırıldığında, tüm parametreler erkeklerde kadınlara göre daha yüksek bulunarak istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edildi (p<0.05). Korelasyon analizinde, maksimum genişlik ile gövde genişliği ve maksimum yükseklik arasında, maksimum uzunluk ile minimum uzunluk arasında pozitif yönde çok yüksek düzeyde ilişki gözlendi (p<0.005; 0,8

References

  • 1. Amuti T, Muuthuri N, Nichome L, Ouko I, Misiani M, Olabu B, et al. Morphometric Dimensions of the Calcaneus. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;59(5):949-52.
  • 2. Frey C. Foot health and shoewear for women. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2000(372):32-44.
  • 3. Manna I, Pradhan D, Ghosh S, Kar SK, Dhara P. A compara-tive study of foot dimension between adult male and fe-male and evaluation of foot hazards due to using of foot-wear. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2001;20(4):241-6.
  • 4. Wunderlich RE, Cavanagh PR. Gender differences in adult foot shape: implications for shoe design. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(4):605-11.
  • 5. Yıldırım M. Yetişkin Türk Kadın ve Erkeklerinde Ayak (Pes) Ölçüleri. Balcan Medical Journal. 1986;2.
  • 6. Otag I, Tetiker H, Tastemur Y, Sabanciogullari V, Kosar MI, Cimen M. Morphometric Measurements of Calcane-us;Boehler’sangle and bone length estimation. Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science Science Journal (CSJ). 2017;38(2):256-63.
  • 7. Inamori-Kawamoto O, Ishikawa T, Michiue T, Mustafa AM, Sogawa N, Kanou T, et al. Possible application of CT mor-phometry of the calcaneus and talus in forensic anthropo-logical identification. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130(2):575-85.
  • 8. Keener BJ, Sizensky JA. The anatomy of the calcaneus and surrounding structures. Foot Ankle Clin. 2005;10(3):413-24.
  • 9. Kumar A, Rastogi S, Haider Y, Kumar S, Chauhan S, Passey J. Morphometric variations of the lateral surface of calcaneus: Can standard plate sizes fit all? J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021;13:156-62.
  • 10. Nathena D, Michopoulou E, Kranioti EF. Sexual dimorphism of the calcaneus in contemporary Cretans. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;277:260.e1-.e8.
  • 11. Nozaki S, Watanabe K, Katayose M, Yamatsu K, Teramoto A, Ogihara N. Three-dimensional morphological variations in the calcaneus and talus in relation to the hallux valgus angle. Ann Anat. 2023;247:152053.
  • 12. Prasad SA, Rajasekhar S. Morphometric analysis of talus and calcaneus. Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41(1):9-24.
  • 13. Rogers TL. A visual method of determining the sex of skele-tal remains using the distal humerus. J Forensic Sci. 1999;44(1):57-60.
  • 14. Acar A. Yoncatepe toplumunda Calcaneus ve Talus kemi-klerinden cinsiyet ve boy tahmini. Antropoloji. 2014;28:109-22.
  • 15. Gülec E, Sağır M, Ozer I. İnsan İskeletlerinde Foramen Magnum'dan Cinsiyet Tayini. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Ta-rih- Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi. 2003;43(1):1-9.
  • 16. Gülhan Ö. Pelvis'ten Radyolojik Yöntemler ile Cinsiyet Tai-yini: Türkiye Örneklemi. Antropoloji. 2018;36:53-69.
  • 17. Meyvaci SS, Bulut DG, Oztürk AT, Ankaralı H. Gender esti-mation from angular parameters of mandible in Turkish adults. Med J West Black Sea. 2021;5(2):240-7.
  • 18. Yasar B, Sagir M. Kafatasındaki iki üçgenden cinsiyet tah-mini. Antropoloji. 2022;43:1-9.
  • 19. Ekizoglu O, Inci E, Palabiyik FB, Can IO, Er A, Bozdag M, et al. Sex estimation in a contemporary Turkish population based on CT scans of the calcaneus. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;279:310.e1-.e6.
  • 20. Riepert T, Drechsler T, Schild H, Nafe B, Mattern R. Estima-tion of sex on the basis of radiographs of the calcaneus. Fo-rensic Sci Int. 1996;77(3):133-40.
  • 21. Uygur M, Atamaz F, Celik S, Pinar Y. The types of talar artic-ular facets and morphometric measurements of the human calcaneus bone on Turkish race. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009;129(7):909-14.
  • 22. Gualdi-Russo E. Sex determination from the talus and calcaneus measurements. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;171(2-3):151-6.
  • 23. Koshy S, Vettivel S, Selvaraj KG. Estimation of length of calcaneum and talus from their bony markers. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;129(3):200-4.
  • 24. Sakaue K. Sex Assessment from the Talus and Calcaneus of Japanese. 2011.
  • 25. Ceranoğlu FG. Morphometric measurements of calcaneus on radiological images. MSc thesis. Konya: Necmettin Erba-kan University; 2022.
  • 26. Kökten G, Büyükertan M, Balcıoğlu H. Foramen mentale'nin çap ve lokalizasyonunun kuru kemik ve panoramik radio-grafide karşilaştirilmasi/ comparison of the diameter and the location of mental foramen in dry mandibles and pano-ramic. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry. 2004;38(3-4):57-63.
  • 27. Güler H, Ucar S, Güclü Ekinci HK, Al O. Calcaneus’un antro-pometrik ölçümünün klinik önemi. Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;31(1):45-50.
  • 28. Uzuner MB, Geneci F, Ocak M, Bayram P, Sancak İT, Dolgun A, et al. Sex determination from the radiographic meas-urements of calcaneus. Anatomy. 2016;10(3):200-4.
  • 29. Forriol Campos F, Gomez Pellico L. Talar articular facets (facies articulares talares) in human calcanei. Acta Anat (Ba-sel). 1989;134(2):124-7.
  • 30. Bidmos MA, Asala SA. Discriminant function sexing of the calcaneus of the South African whites. J Forensic Sci. 2003;48(6):1213-8.
  • 31. Introna F, Jr., Di Vella G, Campobasso CP, Dragone M. Sex determination by discriminant analysis of calcanei meas-urements. J Forensic Sci. 1997;42(4):725-8.
  • 32. Kim D-I, Kim Y-S, Lee UY, Han S-H. Sex determination from calcaneus in Korean using discriminant analysis. Forensic Science International. 2013;228(1):177.e1-.e7.
  • 33. Moore MK, DiGangi EA, Niño Ruíz FP, Hidalgo Davila OJ, Sanabria Medina C. Metric sex estimation from the post-cranial skeleton for the Colombian population. Forensic Sci Int. 2016;262:286.e1-8.
  • 34. Peckmann TR, Orr K, Meek S, Manolis SK. Sex determina-tion from the calcaneus in a 20th century Greek population using discriminant function analysis. Sci Justice. 2015;55(6):377-82.
  • 35. Steele DG. The estimation of sex on the basis of the talus and calcaneus. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1976;45(3 pt. 2):581-8.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Orthopaedics, Forensic Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Rabia Taşdemir 0000-0002-8716-3472

Rukiye Çiftçi 0000-0002-5894-5256

Ömer Faruk Cihan 0000-0001-5290-4384

Early Pub Date August 29, 2023
Publication Date August 31, 2023
Submission Date July 28, 2023
Acceptance Date August 23, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 20 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Taşdemir R, Çiftçi R, Cihan ÖF. Calcaneus’un Kuru Kemik ve Radyografilerinde Morfometrik Analizi ile Cinsiyet Tahmini. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2023;20(2):425-34.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty