Research Article
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Pediatrik Dışkı Örneklerinde Saptanan Etkenler ve Bu Hastalarda Metronidazol Kullanımının İncelenmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 336 - 340
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1507542

Abstract

Amaç: Akut enfeksiyöz enterit, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde çocuklar arasında en yaygın ölüm nedenlerinden biridir. Gelişmiş ülkelerde çocukluk çağı akut gastroenteritlerin %75 ile %90'ına virüsler, yaklaşık %20'si bakterilerden kaynaklanmaktadır. En az 14 gün süren ishal daha çok parazitlere bağlı enfeksiyonlardan kaynaklanır ve akut gastroenterit vakalarının %5'inden azını oluşturur. Bir nitroimidazol olan metronidazol, Clostridium difficile'ye bağlı kolit, anaerobik bakteriler, protozoanlar (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis gibi) ve mikroaerofiller (Helicobacter pylori gibi) ile sınırlıdır. Metronidazolün, enteritli hastalarda mikrobiyolojik tanıya dayalı olmadan kullanılması bakterilerde antibiyotik direnç artışına, gereksiz maliyet, advers olaylar ve bağırsak disbiyozisine neden olabilmektedir.

Materyal ve Metod: Hastanemizde 2020 ve 2021 yıllarında 18 yaş altı hastalara ait incelenen tüm dışkı örneklerinin FilmArray GI Panel (Biomerioux, Fransa), dışkıda direk mikroskobi, hızlı antijen testleri (Rotavirüs, Adenovirüs, G. intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp, C. difficile toksin A/B (CerTest Biotech, İspanya)), E. histolytica microELİSA (Adhesin Ag, Entamoeba CELISA Path, Avustralya) sonuçları ve dışkı kültürleri retrospektif olarak tarandı. Hastaların metronidazol kullanım durumu Hastane Bilgi Yönetim Sisteminden elde edildi.

Bulgular: Çalışmamızda kullanılan tanı yöntemleriyle iki yıllık süre boyunca 2282 hastanın dışkı örnekleri değerlendirildi ve 663 (%29) hastada 782 etken tespit edildi. En sık saptanan etken %11.6 oranıyla Rotavirüs idi. Tek etken saptanan 564 (%24.7) hasta, iki etken saptanan 77 (%3.3) hasta ve üç etken saptanan 22 (%0.9) hasta vardı. Çalışmamızda 124 hastada metronidazol kullanıldı ancak 47’sinde metronidazol kullanım endikasyonu gerektiren etken tespit edilemedi.
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak gastroenterite neden olan etkenlerin uygun tanı yöntemleriyle saptanması, hastaların uygun tedavi almasına, gereksiz antibiyotik kullanımının ve antibiyotik direncinin önlenmesine katkıda bulunacaktır.

References

  • 1. Webb A, Starr M. Acute gastroenteritis in children. Austra-lian Family Physician. 2005;34(4):227–31.
  • 2. World Health Organization (WHO). Diarrhoeal disease. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2024. Erişim linki: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease
  • 3. Güneş H, Gökalp AA, Gülen Dumrul, Kaya AD. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2012;13:21-4
  • 4. World Health Organization. The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 2005. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2024. Erişim linki: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43209/9241593180.pdf?sequence=1
  • 5. Ansorg R, Rath P, Runde V, Beelen DW.. Influence of intes-tinal decontamination using metronidazole on the detection of methanogenic Archaea in bone marrow transplant reci-pients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31(2):117–9.
  • 6. Baughn AD, Malamy MH. The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrati-ons of oxygen. Nature. 2004;427(6973):441-4.
  • 7. Guarino A, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, Lo Vecchio A, Shamir R, Szajewska H. European Society for Pediatric Gastroentero-logy, Hepatology, and Nutrition; European Society for Pedi-atric Infectious Diseases. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European So-ciety for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based gui-delines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(1):132-52.
  • 8. Corcoran MS, van Well GT, van Loo IH. Diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in children: interpretation of real-time PCR results and relation to clinical symptoms. Eur J Clin Micro-biol Infect Dis. 2014;33(10):1663-1
  • 9. Lübbert C. Antimicrobial therapy of acute diarrhoea: a clini-cal review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14(2):193-206.
  • 10. Bruzzese E, Giannattasio A, Guarino A. Antibiotic treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. F1000Research 2018;7(F1000 Faculty Rev):193
  • 11. Balkan ÇE, Karameşe M, Çelebi D, Aydoğdu S, Çalık Z, Yıl-maz Y. Acute Gastroenteritis Agents Among 0–5 Years-Old Turkish Children. Kafkas J Med Sci. 2016;6(2):94–97.
  • 12. Kırca F, Demirel F. Frequency and Seasonal Distribution of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Patients with Acute Gastroen-teritis. J Contemp Med. 2023;13(4):697-701
  • 13. Topçu KF, Hasbek M, Büyüktuna SA, Tek B. Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Dışkı Örneklerinde Çalışılan Multipleks PCR Bakteri Paneli Değerlendirilmesi. Hitit Med J. 2023;5(1):7-11
  • 14. Ünlü Ö, Çiçek C, Filcan A, Şakru N, Tuğrul HM. Bir Üniversite Hastanesine Başvuran Hastalarda Gastroenterit Etkenleri-nin Dağılımı: On Üç Aylık Veriler. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2013;43(4):149-154.
  • 15. Yılmaz H, Abdullah AM. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites (Entamoeba species and Giardia lamblia) in Duhok and Erbil cities, Northern Iraq. J Microbiol Exp. 2017;4(6):119‒122.
  • 16. Costa JO, Resende JA, Gil FF, Santos JFG, Gomes MA. Pre-valence of Entamoeba histolytica and other enteral parasi-tic diseases in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2018;136(4):319–23.
  • 17. World Health Organization 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water quality. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2024. Erişim linki: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44584/9789241548151_eng.pdf
  • 18. Al Saqur IM, Al-Warid HS, Albahadely HS. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar among Iraqi provinces. Karbala Int J Mod Sci. 2017;3(2):93–6.
  • 19. Zaki ZDM. Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia Lamblia Associated with Diarrhea in Children referring to lbn Al-Atheer Hospital in Mosul, Iraq. Arch Razi Inst. 2022;77(1):73-79.
  • 20. Bacalan F, Çakır F, Demirkaya S, Özcan N. Diyarbakır Çocuk Hastalıkları Hastanesinde saptanan viral ve paraziter gast-roenterit etkenleri ve metronidazol tedavisi. FLORA. 2019;24(3):227-35.
  • 21. Arıca V, Arıca S, Tutanç M, Edirne T, Motor V, Gücük S. Çocuklarda akut enfeksiyöz kış ishallerinin van ilindeki pre-valansı. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisİ. 2010; 1(1):27-30.

Investigation of Common Causative Agents in Pediatric Stool Samples and Metronidazole Use in These Patients

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 336 - 340
https://doi.org/10.35440/hutfd.1507542

Abstract

Background: Acute infectious enteritis is one of the most common causes of death among children in developing countries. In developed countries, 75% to 90% of childhood acute gastroenteritis is caused by viruses, and approximately 20% is caused by bacteria. It is known that parasitic agents are responsible for approximately 5-10% of acute infectious gastroenteritis. Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole, is restricted to Clostridium difficile-associated colitis, anaerobic bacteria, protozoans (such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis) and microaerophiles (such as Helicobacter pylori). The use of metronidazole in patients with enteritis without a microbiological diagnosis may lead to increased anti-biotic resistance in bacteria, unnecessary costs, adverse events and intestinal dysbiosis.
Materials and Methods: In our hospital, all stool samples examined from patients under 18 years of age in 2020 and 2021 were tested using FilmArray GI Panel (Biomerioux, France), direct microscopy of stool, rapid antigen tests (Rotavirus, Adenovirus, G. intestinalis, Cryptosporidium spp, C. difficile toxin A/B ( CerTest Biotech, Spain)), E. histolytica microELISA (Adhesin Ag, Entamoeba CELISA Path, Australia) results and stool cultures were scanned retrospectively. Metronidazole usage status of the patients was obtai-ned from the Hospital Information Management System.
Results: With the diagnostic methods used in this study, stool samples of 2282 patients were evaluated over a two-year period and 782 factors were detected in 663 (29%) patients. The most frequently detec-ted agent was Rotavirus with a rate of 11.6%. There were 564 (24.7%) patients with a single agent, 77 (3.3%) patients with two agents, and 22 (0.9%) patients with three agents. While 124 (18.7%) of the patients used metronidazole, no factor requiring the use of this drug was detected in 47 (7%) of them.
Conclusions: As a result, detecting the microorganisms that cause gastroenteritis with appropriate diag-nostic methods will contribute to patients receiving appropriate treatment and preventing unnecessary antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance.

References

  • 1. Webb A, Starr M. Acute gastroenteritis in children. Austra-lian Family Physician. 2005;34(4):227–31.
  • 2. World Health Organization (WHO). Diarrhoeal disease. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2024. Erişim linki: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease
  • 3. Güneş H, Gökalp AA, Gülen Dumrul, Kaya AD. ADÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2012;13:21-4
  • 4. World Health Organization. The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 2005. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2024. Erişim linki: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43209/9241593180.pdf?sequence=1
  • 5. Ansorg R, Rath P, Runde V, Beelen DW.. Influence of intes-tinal decontamination using metronidazole on the detection of methanogenic Archaea in bone marrow transplant reci-pients. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003;31(2):117–9.
  • 6. Baughn AD, Malamy MH. The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrati-ons of oxygen. Nature. 2004;427(6973):441-4.
  • 7. Guarino A, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, Lo Vecchio A, Shamir R, Szajewska H. European Society for Pediatric Gastroentero-logy, Hepatology, and Nutrition; European Society for Pedi-atric Infectious Diseases. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European So-ciety for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based gui-delines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: update 2014. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(1):132-52.
  • 8. Corcoran MS, van Well GT, van Loo IH. Diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in children: interpretation of real-time PCR results and relation to clinical symptoms. Eur J Clin Micro-biol Infect Dis. 2014;33(10):1663-1
  • 9. Lübbert C. Antimicrobial therapy of acute diarrhoea: a clini-cal review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2016;14(2):193-206.
  • 10. Bruzzese E, Giannattasio A, Guarino A. Antibiotic treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. F1000Research 2018;7(F1000 Faculty Rev):193
  • 11. Balkan ÇE, Karameşe M, Çelebi D, Aydoğdu S, Çalık Z, Yıl-maz Y. Acute Gastroenteritis Agents Among 0–5 Years-Old Turkish Children. Kafkas J Med Sci. 2016;6(2):94–97.
  • 12. Kırca F, Demirel F. Frequency and Seasonal Distribution of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in Patients with Acute Gastroen-teritis. J Contemp Med. 2023;13(4):697-701
  • 13. Topçu KF, Hasbek M, Büyüktuna SA, Tek B. Bir Üniversite Hastanesinde Dışkı Örneklerinde Çalışılan Multipleks PCR Bakteri Paneli Değerlendirilmesi. Hitit Med J. 2023;5(1):7-11
  • 14. Ünlü Ö, Çiçek C, Filcan A, Şakru N, Tuğrul HM. Bir Üniversite Hastanesine Başvuran Hastalarda Gastroenterit Etkenleri-nin Dağılımı: On Üç Aylık Veriler. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2013;43(4):149-154.
  • 15. Yılmaz H, Abdullah AM. Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites (Entamoeba species and Giardia lamblia) in Duhok and Erbil cities, Northern Iraq. J Microbiol Exp. 2017;4(6):119‒122.
  • 16. Costa JO, Resende JA, Gil FF, Santos JFG, Gomes MA. Pre-valence of Entamoeba histolytica and other enteral parasi-tic diseases in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2018;136(4):319–23.
  • 17. World Health Organization 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water quality. Erişim tarihi: 5 Temmuz 2024. Erişim linki: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44584/9789241548151_eng.pdf
  • 18. Al Saqur IM, Al-Warid HS, Albahadely HS. The prevalence of Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar among Iraqi provinces. Karbala Int J Mod Sci. 2017;3(2):93–6.
  • 19. Zaki ZDM. Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia Lamblia Associated with Diarrhea in Children referring to lbn Al-Atheer Hospital in Mosul, Iraq. Arch Razi Inst. 2022;77(1):73-79.
  • 20. Bacalan F, Çakır F, Demirkaya S, Özcan N. Diyarbakır Çocuk Hastalıkları Hastanesinde saptanan viral ve paraziter gast-roenterit etkenleri ve metronidazol tedavisi. FLORA. 2019;24(3):227-35.
  • 21. Arıca V, Arıca S, Tutanç M, Edirne T, Motor V, Gücük S. Çocuklarda akut enfeksiyöz kış ishallerinin van ilindeki pre-valansı. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisİ. 2010; 1(1):27-30.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Medical Bacteriology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Salim Yakut 0000-0003-2675-6677

Fadile Yıldız Zeyrek 0000-0001-7386-9944

Selda Doğan 0009-0004-1930-5362

Hatice Albayrak 0000-0002-0753-7818

Early Pub Date October 9, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date June 30, 2024
Acceptance Date September 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Yakut S, Yıldız Zeyrek F, Doğan S, Albayrak H. Pediatrik Dışkı Örneklerinde Saptanan Etkenler ve Bu Hastalarda Metronidazol Kullanımının İncelenmesi. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;21(3):336-40.

Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi  / Journal of Harran University Medical Faculty