Evaluation of The Efficiency of Glutaraldehyde Coagulation Test in Some Cattle Diseases: 2021-2022 Retrospective Study

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 239 - 247, 30.12.2022

Canberk Balıkçı , Erdem Gülersoy , Adem Şahan , İsmail Günal

https://doi.org/10.31196/huvfd.1192771

Abstract

Metabolic disorders occurring in negative energy balance (NEB) in cows cause diseases related to immunosuppression and economic losses. Although treatment, animal welfare, and herd immunity are possible with comprehensive clinical diagnostics combined with laboratory evaluation, the applicability and availability of these analytes in the farm setting are often limited. Therefore, the glutaraldehyde coagulation (GC) test, a fast, practical, and inexpensive test, help diagnose inflammatory diseases in cattle. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the GC test in certain bovine diseases whose etiology is classified as infectious or non-infectious due to clinical and laboratory examinations. The animal material was 40 Holstein cows with various clinical findings brought to Harran University, Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital for diagnosis and treatment. Following the anamnesis, physical examinations of all the cows were performed. As a result of the hemogram analysis of the venous blood samples (8-10 mL) along with the physical examination findings, the cows were divided into two subgroups, Infectious (n:14) and Non-Infectious (n:26); GC test was performed from the venous blood samples. In the physical examination, the respiratory rate, heart rate, and body temperature of the cows in the Infectious Group were higher than those of the Non-Infectious Group (p<0.008). WBC and granulocyte levels of the Infectious Group were higher than the Non-Infectious Group (p<0.000). The GC test result was 70 seconds in the Infectious Group and 165 seconds in the Non-Infectious Group (p<0.001). The optimal cut-off value was 100 seconds (sensitivity: 87%, specificity: 72.7%) for detecting the presence of an inflammatory process in the ROC analysis. As a result, it was concluded that the GC test might give results ranging from mild to severe even in some non-infectious diseases such as rumen alkalosis, left displacement of the abomasum and ulcer, and when evaluated along with clinical findings in a farm setting, it can provide helpful information for the diagnosis of the diseases.

Keywords

Cattle, diagnosis, glutaraldehyde coagulation test, infectious, inflammatory

Bazı Sığır Hastalıklarında Gluteraldehit Koagulasyon Testinin Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi: 2021-2022 Retrospektif Çalışma

Abstract

İneklerde negatif enerji dengesinde (NED) oluşan metabolik hastalıklar, immunsupresyona bağlı hastalıklara sebep olup ekonomik kayıplara yol açmaktadır. Hastalıkların tedavisi, hayvan refahı ve sürünün korunması, kapsamlı klinik diagnostikler ile birlikte laboratuvar değerlendirilmesi ile mümkün olsa da çiftlik ortamında bu analitlerin uygulanabilirliği ve bulunabilirliği genellikle kısıtlıdır. Bu sebeple hızlı, pratik ve ucuz bir test olan gluteraldehit koagulasyon (GK) testi, sığırların yangısal hastalıklarının tanısında faydalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, klinik ve laboratuvar muayeneleri sonucu hastalık etiyolojisi enfeksiyöz veya non-enfeksiyöz olarak sınıflandırılmış bazı sığır hastalıklarında GK testinin etkinliğini değerlendirmektir. Hayvan materyali Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Hayvan Hastanesine çeşitli klinik bulgularla, tanı ve tedavi amacı ile getirilmiş toplam 40 adet Holstein inekti. Anamnez bilgisini takiben tüm ineklerin fiziksel muayeneleri gerçekleştirildi. Fiziksel muayene bulguları ile birlikte alınan venöz kan örneklerinin (8-10 mL) hemogram analizi sonucu, çalışmaya dahil edilen inekler Enfeksiyöz (n:14) ve non-Enfeksiyöz (n:26) olarak iki alt gruba ayrıldı, tüm ineklerin venöz kan örneklerinden GK testi gerçekleştirildi. Fiziksel muayenede Enfeksiyöz Grubu ineklerinin solunum sayısı, kalp ritmi ve vücut sıcaklığı Non-Enfeksiyöz Gruba göre daha yüksekti (p<0.008). Enfeksiyöz Grubun WBC ve granülosit düzeyleri Non-Enfeksiyöz Gruba göre daha yüksekti (p<0.000). GK testi sonucu Enfeksiyöz Grubunda 70 saniye iken Non-Enfeksiyöz Grubunda 165 saniyeydi (p<0.001). ROC analizinde yangısal süreç varlığının tespiti için optimal cut-off değeri 100 saniyeydi (sensitivite: %87, spesifite: %72.7). Sonuç olarak, GK testinin enfeksiyöz etiyolojide olmayan rumen alkalozu, abomazumun sola deplasmanı ve ülseri gibi bazı hastalıklarda bile hafif şiddetliden şiddetliye değişen sonuç verebileceği ve çiftlik ortamında klinik bulgularla birlikte değerlendirildiğinde hastalık tanısına yardımcı bilgi sağlayabileceği kanısına varıldı.

Keywords

Enfeksiyöz, gluteraldehit koagulasyon testi, sığır, tanı, yangısal

References

• Abramowicz BŁ. Kurek K. Lutnicki, 2019: Haematology in the early diagnosis of cattle diseases-a review. Veterinarski arhiv, 89 (4), 579-590.
• Abutarbush SM, Naylor JM, 2006: Obstruction of the small intestine by a trichobezoar in cattle: 15 cases (1992-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 229 (10), 1627-30.
• Akyüz E, Aydın U, 2022: Prognostic Value of Haptoglobin and Ceruloplasmin Levels Determined in Cows with Adhesive and Nonadhesive Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 28 (3), 337-344.
• Akyüz E, Merhan O, Aydın U, Sezer M, Kuru M, Karakurt E, Yildiz U, Bozukluhan K, Batı YU, Yildiz A, Gökce G, 2022: Neopterin, procalcitonin, total sialic acid, paraoxonase-1 and selected haematological indices in calves with aspiration pneumonia. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 91 (2), 115-124.
• Ametaj BN, 2005: A new understanding of the causes of fatty liver in dairy cows. Adv Dairy Technol, 17, 97-112. Aslan V, M Ok, 1991: New and simple test glutaraldehyde in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases charecterized with inflamotory symptom. Türk Vet. Hek. Derg. 2, 24-47.
• Aygun O, Yildiz R, 2018: Evaluation of thrombomodulin and pentraxin-3 as diagnostic biomarkers in calves with sepsis. Veterinární medicína, 63(7), 313-320.
• Bilal T, 2004: Internal Medicine of Cattle. University of Istanbul reference number: 4467, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine reference number: 19, University of Istanbul Pres and Publishing House, Istanbul.
• Bobe G, Young JW, Beitz DC, 2004: Invited review: Pathology, etiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 87 (10), 3105 -24.
• Bonadiman HB, Schwertz CI, Sousa SHD, Bianchi RM, Caprioli RA, Dalto AGC, ... & Driemeier D, 2018: Acute rumenitis due to lipid overload in a bovine. Ciência Rural, 48 (9): 1231-1244.
• Braun U, Gerspach C, Hilbe M, Devaux DJ, & Reif C, 2019: Clinical and laboratory findings in 60 cows with type-3 abomasal ulcer. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 161 (9), 523-531.
• Braun U, Nuss K, Warislohner S, Reif C, Oschlies C, Gerspach C, 2020: Diagnostic reliability of clinical signs in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis and abomasal ulcers. BMC Veterinary Research, 16 (1), 1-14.
• Braun U, Reif C, Nuss K, Hilbe M, Gerspach C, 2019: Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings in 87 cows with type-4 abomasal ulcer. BMC Veterinary Research, 15 (1), 1-15.
• Coenen MC, Gille L, Eppe J, Casalta H, Bayrou C, Dubreucq P, Frisée V, Moula N, Evrard J, Martinelle L, Sartelet A, Bossaert P, Djebala S, 2022: Blood Inflammatory, Hydro-Electrolytes and Acid-Base Changes in Belgian Blue Cows Developing Parietal Fibrinous Peritonitis or Generalised Peritonitis after Caesarean Section. Veterinary sciences, 9 (3), 134.
• Collins RA, Reid IM, 1980: A correlated biochemical and stereological study of periparturient fatty liver in the dairy cow. Res. Vet. Sci, 28, 373-376.
• Constable PD, 2010: Simple indigestion. In: The Merck Veterinary Manual, Kahn CM, Line S, (Eds), 199-200, Merck&Co Inc, Indiana.
• Beltrán DC, Osorio CAP, Luna CVH, 2022: Esophageal obstruction and rupture by a foreign body in a miniature mixed-breed heifer. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 16(1).
• Dahlberg J. Flotation therapy for downer cows. Examensarbete, 28, 5–27.
• Demir P, Bozukluhan, K, 2012: Economic losses result-ing from respiratory disease in catlle. J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 11, 438-442. Doll K, Schillinger D, Klee W, 1985: The glutaraldehyde test in cattle--its usefulness in the diagnosis and prognosis of internal inflammations. Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A, 32(8), 581-593.
• Feng D, Cortese G, Baumgartner R, 2017: A comparison of confidence/credible interval methods for the area under the ROC curve for continuous diagnostic tests with small sample size. Stat Methods Med Res., 2, 2603-2621.
• Fouda TA, Zaghloul AI, Karrouf GIA, 2004: Differential diagnosis and correctionof left abdominal tympanitic resonance in cattle and buffalos. SCVMJ, VII (2), pp. 527-550.
• Gul Y, Issi M, 2009: Evaluation of glutaraldehyde test and amount of rumen content chlorine in cases of vagal indigestion (Hoflund syndrome) due to reticuloperitonitis traumatica. Veterinarski arhiv, 79 (4), 351-360.
• Güzelbekteş H, Şen İ, 2014: Sığırlarda Rumen Alkalozu. Turkiye Klinikleri J Vet Sci, 5 (3), 23-5.
• Ingvartsen KL, 2006: Feeding-and management-related diseases in the transition cow: Physiological adaptations around calving and strategies to reduce feeding-related diseases. Animal feed science and technology, 126 (3-4), 175-213.
• Kalaitzakis E, Roubies N, Panousis N, Pourliotis K, Kaldrymidou E, Karatzias H, 2007: Clinicopathologic evaluation of hepatic lipidosis in periparturient dairy cattle. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 21 (4), 835-845.
• Kumbhar N, Borikar S, Digraskar S, Shaikh S, & Ajabe J, 2018: Occurrence, etiological studies and clinical findings in ruminal alkalosis in cattle of Parbhani and adjoining areas. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 6, 680-683.
• LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE, Duffield TF, 2005: Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science, 88 (1), 159-170.
• Lei MAC, Simões J, 2021: Invited review: ketosis diagnosis and monitoring in high-producing dairy cows. Dairy, 2 (2), 303-325.
• Liang D, Arnold LM, Stowe CJ, Harmon RJ, Bewley JM, 2017: Estimating US dairy clinical disease costs with a stochastic simulation model. Journal of dairy science, 100 (2), 1472-1486.
• Metzner M, Horber J, Rademacher G, Klee W, 2007: Application of the glutaraldehyde test in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 54 (9), 449-454.
• Morris WE, Venzano AJ, Elizondo A, Vilte DA, Mercado EC, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME, 2011: Necrotic enteritis in young calves. Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation, 23 (2), 254-259.
• Mostert PF, Bokkers EAM, Van Middelaar CE, Hogeveen H, De Boer IJM, 2018: Estimating the economic impact of subclinical ketosis in dairy cattle using a dynamic stochastic simulation model. Animal, 12 (1), 145-154.
• Muhammad GM, Rashid I, Firyal S, Saqib M, 2017: Successful Treatment Of Idiopathic Generalized Subcutaneous Emphysema In Kajli A Ram By Large Bore Injection Needle. Mat. Sc. Med., 1 (1), 1-2.
• Ok M, Guzelbektes H, Sen I, Coskun A, Ozturk AS, 2009: Post-parturienthaemoglobinuria in three dairy cows. A case report. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy, 53, 421-423.
• Ok C, Sen I, Guzelbektes H, Boydak M, Er C, Aydogdu U, Yildiz R, 2013: The Importance of concentrations of sorbitol dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase and B-mode ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 19 (0), 117 - 123.
• Overton TR, McArt JAA, Nydam DV, 2017: A 100-Year Review: Metabolic health indicators and management of dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 100 (12), 10398-10417.
• Özba B, Gökçe G, Baran V, Irmak K, Güneş V, Sural E, 1996: Sığırlarda retikuloperitonitis travmatika (RPT) teşhisinde hematolojik, radyolojik, laparatomik bulgular ile glutaraldehit (GA) testinin önemi. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 2, 193-98. Peel DS, 2020: The effect of market forces on bovine respiratory disease. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 36 (2), 497-508.
• Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood D, Hinch KW, 2000: Abomasal diseases, In: Veterinary Medicine. A Text Book of The Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses, SM Abutarbush (Ed), 259-345, Saunders Ltd.; 9th edition, pp 259-345.
• Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD, 2007: Veterinary Medicine. 10th EBailliere, Tindall, London, U.K. Muhammad G, Rashid I, Firyal S, Saqib M, 2017: Successful treatment of idiopathic generalized subcutaneous emphysema in kajli a ram by large bore injection needle. Mat. Sci. Med, 1 (1), 01-02.
• Roche JR, Kay JK, Friggens NC, Loor JJ, Berry DP, 2013: Assessing and managing body condition score for the prevention of metabolic disease in dairy cows. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pract, 29, 323–336.
• Roth L, King JM, 1991: Traumatic reticulitis in cattle: A review of 60 fatal cases. J Vet Diagn Invest, 3, 52-54, 1991. Tschoner T, Zablotski Y, Feist M, 2022: Retrospective Evaluation of Method of Treatment, Laboratory Findings, and Concurrent Diseases in Dairy Cattle Diagnosed with Left Displacement of the Abomasum during Time of Hospitalization. Animals, 12 (13), 1649.
• Tschoner T, Zablotski Y, Feist M, 2021: Retrospective evaluation of claw lesions, inflammatory markers, and outcome after abomasal rolling in cattle with left displacement of the abomasum. Animals, 11 (6), 1648.
• Tschuor A C, Muggli E, Braun U, Gorber U, Schmid T, 2010: Right flank laparotomy and abomasotomy for removal of a phytobezoar in a standing cow. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51 (7), 761.
• Turgut K, 2000: Veterinary Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis. 2nd ed., Bahcivanlar Publishing House, Konya. Uhde FL, Kaufmann T, Sager H, Albini S, Zanoni R, Schelling E, Meylan M, 2008: Prevalence of four enteropathogens in the faeces of young diarrhoeic dairy calves in Switzerland. Vet Rec, 163, 362-366.
• USDA, 2017: Cattle and calves death loss in the United States due to predator and nonpredator causes, 2015. Fort Collins, CO: USDA– APHIS–VS–CEAH.
• Vijayakumar H, Gurav Amol, Ansari AA, 2010: Alkaline Indigestion in a buffalo – A case report. Intas Polivet, 2010; 11(II), pp. 175-176.
• Zhang G, Ametaj BN, 2020: Ketosis an old story under a new approach. Dairy, 1, 5.