Analysis of Settlements Patterns in Hatay Province

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 34, 1390 - 1412, 31.12.2021

Zehra Tugba Guzel

https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.963090

Abstract

The settlement patterns that occur by the spatial distribution of the population vary according to the morphological characteristics and economic resources of the region at which they are located. While Hatay is located in Turkey’s south between the Mediterranean Sea, the Amanos Mountains, and the Syrian border, it forms from settlements areas in which are diverse sizes and different shapes. The study aims to examine the impact of geomorphology on settlements and to reveal the relationship between the settlement typologies, economy, and demography. 2018 Corine Land Cover data, 2019 TUIK data, and Hatay Metropolitan Municipality data were investigated within this scope. According to the results, settlement areas of Hatay were classified into four groups with four patterns, while the patterns varied by the existence of economic structure. The pattern distribution was determined as dispersed-clustered in the industrial region, as linear in the tourism zone, and as dispersed in the agricultural production zone. Settlements were also densely affected and transformed by the 2011 Syrian refugee crisis due to the Syrian civil war. In conclusion, while geomorphology, advanced production systems, developed transportation axes, and international relations are effective in Hatay's settlement alterations, so these dynamics should strictly consider in city planning.

Keywords

Settlement patterns, Geomorphological characteristics, Economic structure, Syrian war, Population change

Thanks

The author acknowledges Prof. Dr.Tuzin Baycan who is a faculty member of City, and Regional Planning at Istanbul Technical University for pioneering the development of this study.

Hatay İlindeki Yerleşim Desenlerinin Analizi

Abstract

Nüfusun arazi üzerindeki mekânsal dağılımına bağlı olarak meydana gelen yerleşim desenleri, bulundukları bölgenin morfolojik özelliklerine ve ekonomik kaynaklarına göre değişiklik göstermektedir. Hatay, Türkiye'nin en güneyinde Akdeniz, Amanos Dağları ve Suriye sınırı arasında yer alırken, farklı büyüklük ve şekillerdeki yerleşim alanlarından oluşmaktadır. Çalışma, jeomorfolojinin yerleşimler üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi ve yerleşim tipolojileri, ekonomi, demografi arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. 2018 Corine Arazi Örtüsü verileri, 2019 TUİK verileri ve Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesine ait verileri çalışma kapsamında incelemiştir. Gözlemlenen sonuçlara göre, Hatay'ın kentin ekonomik çeşitliliğine göre yerleşim alanları doğrusal, kümelenmiş, dağınık ve dağınık kümelenmiş desenlerin oluşmasını sağlamıştır. Sanayi bölgesinde dağınık-kümelenmiş, turizm bölgesinde doğrusal, tarımsal üretim bölgesinde dağınık olarak ayrılan yerleşim alanları, 2011 yılında başlayan Suriye savaşı nedeniyle Suriye göçünden de yoğun olarak etkilenmiş ve dönüşmüştür. Sonuç olarak, Hatay'ın yerleşim değişimlerinde jeomorfoloji, gelişmiş üretim sistemleri, gelişmiş ulaşım aksları ve uluslararası ilişkiler etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen bu dinamiklerin şehir planlamasının gelecek previzyonunda kesinlikle dikkate alınması gereken başlıklardır.

Keywords

Yerleşim şekilleri, Jeomorfolojik özellikler, Ekonomik yapı, Suriye savaşı, Nüfus değişimi

References

• Adiguzel, S. (2014). Hatay büyükşehir belediyesi. [Hatay metropolitan municipality]. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(5), 54-76. 10.30803/adusobed.188829.
• Adiguzel, S. & Tek, M. (2011). Büyükşehir belediyesi olma sürecinde Antakya metropoliten alanında yerel siyaset. [Local politics in the metropolitan area of Antakya in the process of becoming metropolitan municipality]. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 20(4), 73-95.
• Alp, H., Albora, A. M. & Tur, H. (2011). A view of tectonic structure and gravity anomalies of Hatay Region Southern Turkey using wavelet analysis. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 75(3), 498-505. 10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.07.004.
• Antrop, M. (1997). The concept of traditional landscapes as a base for landscape evaluation and planning. The example of Flanders Region. Landscape and Urban Planning, 38(1-2), 105-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00027-3.
• Arapoglou, V. P. (2012). Diversity, inequality and urban change. European Urban and Regional Studies, 19(3), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0969776412451800.
• Atasoy. A., Gecen. R. & Korkmaz. H. (2012). Siyasi coğrafya açısından Türkiye(Hatay)-Suriye sınırı [Turkey (Hatay)-Syrian border in terms of political geograhy]. TUCAUM VII. Coğrafya Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı, Cilt 1 (s. 107-119), Ankara. Türkiye. http://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/tucaum-viii-cografya-sempozyumu/
• Benassi, F., Iglesias-Pascual, R. & Salvati, L. (2020). Residential segregation and social diversification: Exploring spatial settlement patterns of foreign population in Southern European cities. Habitat International, 101, 102200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2020.102200.
• Candeger. U. (2019). Hatay’ın anavatana katılma sürecinde Reyhanlı kazası’nın sosyo-ekonomik yapısı (1939-1940). [The socio-economic structure of the Reyhanlı district in Hatay's joining process to the homeland (1939-1940)]. S. Cereci ve N. Akhmetov (Eds.) 5. Uluslararası Kültür ve Medeniyet Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı Cilt 1, s.145-157, IKSAD Yayınları. https://www.academia.edu/40783193
• Canpolat, E., Dinc. Y., Usun, C. F. & Gecen, R. (2020). 25.09.2014 tarihinde Erzin Ilıcalarda (Hatay) meydana gelen sel ve taşkının oluşumunda coğrafi faktörlerin değerlendirilmesi. [Evaluation of the geographical factors in the formation of flashflood and flood in Erzin-Ilicalar (Hatay) on September 25, 2014]. Coğrafya Dergisi, (41), http://dx.doi.org/10.26650/JGEOG2020-0048.
• Capello, R. & Camagni, R. (2000). Beyond optimal city size: an evaluation of alternative urban growth patterns. Urban Studies, 37, 1479–1496 https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00420980020080221.
• Carr, M. (1997). New patterns: Process and change in human geography. Chapter 12, (s. 120-137). UN. Thomas Nelson and Sons Publishing. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=7lKIMAS_7hoC
• Cetin, B. (2010). Antakya (Hatay) nüfusunun 1940-2008 yılları arasındaki gelişimi ve temel özellikleri. [The development and basic characteristics of the population of Antakya (Hatay) between 1940-2008]. A. Gunduz & S. Kaya (Eds), Hatay Araştırmaları I, Cilt 1 (s. 179-225), Pegem Yayınları. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335754062
• Cetin, B. (2013). Hatay’da kentleşmenin seyri (1940-2009) ve mekânsal dağılışı. [The course of urbanization (1940-2009) and its spatial dispersion in Hatay]. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 17(28), 231-258. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunidcd/issue/2456/31293.
• Chinea, J. D. (2002). Tropical forest succession on abandoned farms in the Humacao municipality of eastern Puerto Rico. Forest Ecology and Management, 167(1-3), 195-207, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00693-4.
• Danso Wiredu, E.Y., Mensah, B., Darkwa, I. O., Bonful., E. Tuu., M.B. & Mohammed, S. (2020). Patterns of land use activities in Ghana’s secondary cities, Ghana Journal of Geography, 12(2), 84-107. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v12i2.4.
• Ducruet, C. (2020). Revisiting urban hierarchy and specialization from a maritime perspective. Maritime Policy & Management, 47(3), 371-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2019.1693065.
• Doygun, H. & Alphan, H. (2006). Monitoring urbanization of Iskenderun, Turkey, and its negative implications. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 114(1), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-2524-0.
• European Environment Agency. (2021, 11 January). CORINE 2018 Metadata, https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc2018
• Ewing, R. & Cervero, R. (2010), Travel and the built environment. Journal of the American Planning Association. 76, 265–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003766766.
• Farrington, I. S. (1992). Ritual geography, settlement patterns and the characterization of the provinces of the Inka heartland. World Archaeology-Archaeology of Empires, 23(3), 368-385. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1992.9980186.
• Florentine, S. K. & Westbrooke, M. E. (2004). Evaluation of alternative approaches to rainforest restoration on abandoned pasturelands in tropical north Queensland, Australia. Land Degradation & Development, 15(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.586.
• Godfrey, B. J. & Zhou, Y. (1999). Ranking world cities: multinational corporations and the global urban hierarchy. Urban geography, 20(3), 268-281. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.20.3.268.
• Gundogan, U. (2020). The “Aegean settlement pattern” in coastal Western Anatolia from the Neolithic age to the end of the 3rd Millennium BC. TÜBA-AR-Turkish Academy of Sciences Journal of Archaeology, (27), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaar2020.27.002.
• Guzel, Z. T. & Bozdogan Sert, E. (2020). Analysing the land use alteration’s impact in the district of Belen (Hatay) on the natural and built environment by using Corine data. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences, 6(2), 73-83 https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kastamonujes/issue/58573/822727.
• Hamerow, H. (2012). Rural settlements and society in Anglo-Saxon, London. Oxford University Press. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203253.001.0001
• Hatay Governorship (2019). Activity report of Province Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. https://hatay.tarimorman.gov.tr/Menu/55/Tarimsal-Veriler
• Hatay Governorship. (2020, 21 September). Population and its distribution, http://www.hatay.gov.tr/nufus-ve-dagilimi
• Hatay Metropolitan Municipality. (2018). Suriye’deki iklim değişikliğinin ve susuzluğun Türkiye’ye olan Suriyeli göçüne etkisinin Hatay özelinde araştırılması. [Investigation of climate change and thirst effects in Syria on Syrian immigrants in the case of Hatay]. AB Proje Raporu. https://www.iklimin.org/tr/
• Hatay Provincial Directorate of Industry and Technology. (2018). Hatay Provincial Industry Status Report, https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/
• Hatay Province Yearbook. (1973). Cumhuriyetin 50.yılında Hatay. [Hatay on the 50th anniversary of the Republic]. Milli Eğitim Basımevi.
• Huang, D., Tan, X., Liu, T., Chu, E. & Kong, F. (2020). Effects of hierarchical city centers on the ıntensity and direction of urban land expansion: A case study of Beijing. Land, 9(9), 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090312.
• Hudson, J. C. (1969). A location theory for rural settlement. Annals of The Association of American Geographers, 59(2), 365-381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00676.x.
• Janečková Molnárová, K., Skřivanová, Z., Kalivoda, O. and Sklenıčka, P. (2017). Rural identity and landscape aesthetics in exurbia: Some issues to resolve from a Central European perspective. Moravian Geographical Reports, 25(1): 2–12. https://doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2017-0001.
• Kamada, M. & Nakagoshi, N. (1997). Influence of cultural factors on landscapes of mountainous farm villages in Western Japan. Landscape and Urban Planning, 37(1-2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(96)00372-6.
• Kaypak, S. (2016), Demokrasi kültürü ve hoşgörü: Hatay örneğinde. [Culture of democracy and tolerance; in Hatay example]. R. Pehlivanlı & S. Demirkılınç (Eds). 2. Uluslararası Çin’den Adriyatik’e Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi Kongre Kitabı, Uluslararası İlişkiler- Kamu Yönetimi-Hukuk Özel Sayısı, (s. 147-160), İKSAD Yayınları. https://www.academia.edu/32188150
• Kurnia devi, M., Mari Fitria, L., Roychansyah, M. S. & Herwangi, Y. (2020). Measuring urban form units: Alternative for characterizing urban growth pattern in Yogyakarta urbanized areas, Indonesian Journal of Geography, 52(2), 219-226. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.40599.
• Kuscu, V. & Yigit, A. (2002). İskenderun Körfezi ve Şanlıurfa Platosu arasında iklimde görülen değişmeler. [The climatic changes between Iskenderun Gulf and Sanlıurfa Plateu]. S. Onder (Ed). Su Havzalarında Toprak ve Su Kaynaklarının Korunması, Geliştirilmesi ve Yönetimi Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı. Cilt 1 (s. 302-309). https://www.academia.edu/22473229
• Ławniczak, R. & Kubiak, J. (2021). Changes in the settlement network in the Noteć Forest (Poland) in a historical perspective. Journal of Maps, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1866701.
• Long, H., Liu, Y., Wu, X. & Dong, G. (2009). Spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements in Su–Xi–Chang region: Implications for building a new countryside in coastal China. Land Use Policy, 26(2), 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.04.001.
• Longley, P., Batty, M., Shepherd, J. & Sadler, G. (1992). Do green belts change the shape of urban areas? A preliminary analysis of the settlement geography of South East England. Regional Studies, 26(5), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409212331347101.
• McDonald, D., Crabtree, J. R., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., ... & Gibon, A. (2000). Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: Environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management, 59(1), 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1999.0335.
• Mazzoleni, S., Di Martino, P., Strumia, S., Buonanno, M. & Bellelli, M. (2004). Recent changes of coastal and submountain vegetation landscape in Campania and Molise Regions in Southern Italy. In: S. Mazzolenı, G. Dı Pasquale, P. Dı Martıno, F. Rego, M. Mullıgan (Eds). Recent dynamics of Mediterranean Vegetation Landscape. 143-155, John Wiley & Sons. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=s88vzd9PwkkC&pg
• Moreno Escobar, M. D. C., Ojeda‐Rivera, J. F. & García Sanjuán, L. (2020). Effects of Roman rule on the settlement geography of South Iberıa: a GIS-based approach. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 39(2), 189-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12187.
• Neogi, S., French, C. A., Durcan, J. A., Singh, R. N. & Petrie, C. A. (2020). Geoarchaeological insights into the location of Indus settlements on the plains of Northwest India. Quaternary Research, 94, 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.70.
• Olsson, E. G. A., Austrheim, G. & Grenne, S. N. (2000). Landscape change patterns in mountains, land use and environmental diversity, Mid-Norway 1960–1993. Landscape Ecology, 15(2), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008173628016.
• Onder, N. (2019). Türkiye’de geçici koruma altındaki Suriyelilere yönelik sağlık politikalarının analizi. [The analysis of health policies to temporarily protected Syrians in Turkey]. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 110-165. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gad/issue/48924/624009
• Osodoev, P. V. & Zhamyanova, Y. B. (2021). Features of the population settlement system in the regions of the China–Mongolia–Russia economic corridor. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 629(1). 012021. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/629/1/012021.
• Ozsahin, E. & Ozder, A. (2011). Antakya şehri ve jeomorfolojik birimler arasındaki ilişkinin zamansal değişimi (Hatay). [The temporal alteration of the interrelation between morphological units and Antakya district (Hatay)]. Fiziki Coğrafya Araştırmaları, 657-680. https://www.academia.edu/3073829
• Peng, Y. (2015). A comparison of two approaches to develop concentrated rural settlements after the 5.12 Sichuan Earthquake in China. Habitat International, 49, 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.05.027.
• Poom, A., Ahas, R. & Orru, K. (2014). The impact of residential location and settlement hierarchy on ecological footprint. Environment and Planning A, 46(10), 2369-2384. https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fa140059p.
• Roalkvam, I. (2020). Algorithmic classification and statistical modeling of coastal settlement patterns in mesolithic south-eastern Norway. Journal of Computer Applications in Archaeology, 3(1). http://doi.org/10.5334/jcaa.60.
• Romero-Calcerrada, R. & Perry, G. L. (2004). The role of land abandonment in landscape dynamics in the SPA ‘Encinares del rı́o Alberche y Cofio, Central Spain, 1984–1999. Landscape and Urban Planning, 66(4), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00112-9.
• Sharma, R. C. (1969). An appraisal of settlement geography with reference to India, The Professional Geographer, 21(3): 158-162, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1969.00158.x.
• Sikk, K., Kriiska, A., Johanson, K., Sander, K. & Vindi, A. (2020). Environment and settlement location choice in stone age estonia. Estonian Journal of Archaeology, 2, 89-140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/arch.2020.2.01.
• Stzia, T., Semenzato, P. & Trentanovi, G. (2010). Natural reforestation is changing spatial patterns of rural mountain and hill landscapes: A global overview. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(8), 1354-1362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.048.
• Stone, K. H. (1965). The development of a focus for the geography of settlement. Economic Geography, 41(4), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.2307/141945.
• Tatoni, T., Médail, F., Roche, P. & Barbero, M. (2004). The impact of changes in land use on ecological patterns in Provence (Mediterranean France). S. Mazzoleni, G. D. Pasquale, M. Mulligan, P. D. Martino, F. Regp (Eds), Recent dynamics of the Mediterranean vegetation and landscape, Chapter 10. (s. 105-120). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470093714.ch10.
• The Geographer Online. (2021, 20 January). Settlement patterns and settlement hierarchy, https://www.thegeographeronline.net/settlements.html.
• Turkish Statistical Institute. (2019). Migration by provinces, net migration and net migration rate, general population censuses, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=1
• Wood, D. (2017). The new wider world coursemate for standard grade geography. Second Edition. Thomas Nelson and Sons Publishing, UN. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=vnZNZUb_5e0C
• Xi, J., Wang, X., Kong, Q. & Zhang, N. (2015). Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 25(4), 497–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1182-y.
• Yang, R., Liu, Y., Long, H. & Qiao, L. (2015). Spatio-temporal characteristics of rural settlements and land use in the Bohai Rim of China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 25(5), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1187-6.
• Yang, R., Xu, Q., Xu, X., & Chen, Y. (2019). Rural settlement spatial patterns and effects: Road traffic accessibility and geographic factors in Guangdong province, China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 29(2), 213-230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-019-1593-2.
• Zambon, I., Serra, P., Sauri, D., Carlucci, M. & Salvati, L. (2017). Beyond the ‘Mediterranean city’: Socioeconomic disparities and urban sprawl in three Southern European cities. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 99(3), 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353684.2017.1294857.
• Zheng, S. & Kahn, M.E. (2008). Land and residential property markets in a booming economy: New evidence from Beijing. Journal of Urban Economics 63(2), 743–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2007.04.010.
• Zhou, G., He, Y., Tang, C., Yu, T., Xiao, G. & Zhong, T. (2013). Dynamic mechanism and present situation of rural settlement evolution in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 23(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-013-1025-7.