Nilüfer Çayı Sedimentinde Polisiklik Aromatik Hidrokarbon (PAH) Seviyelerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 29 - 38, 15.10.2018

Gizem Eker , Yücel Taşdemir

Abstract

Deniz, göl, nehir gibi
su sistemlerindeki sedimentler polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar (PAH’lar)
için alıcı ortam vazifesi görürler. Alıcı su ortamlarında sudaki kirlilik
kadar  nihai alıcı ortam olan
sedimentteki kirliliğin de ortaya konması mevcut durumun tespiti ve ıslah
çalışmalarının planlanması açısından büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada,
Bursa’nın en önemli su kaynaklarından olan Nilüfer Çayı’nda sedimentteki PAH
konsantrasyonlarının bölgesel ve mevsimsel değişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Bu kapsamda, Nilüfer Çayı’nın sekiz farklı noktasından dört mevsim boyunca 32
adet sediment örneği alınmıştır. Sedimentteki ∑12 PAH konsantrasyonlarının
mevsimsel ve bölgesel olarak değişim gösterdiği tespit edilmiş olup
konsantrasyonlar 15-9600 ng/g katı madde (KM) aralığında çıkmıştır. En yüksek
∑12 PAH konsantrasyonları kış mevsiminde ölçülürken konsantrasyonlar yazın
diğer mevsimlere nazaran düşük seviyelerde çıkmıştır. Kış mevsiminde PAH
kirliliğinin en fazla olduğu Panayır deresinde ∑12 PAH konsantrasyonu 9600 ng/g
KM olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yaz mevsiminde ise yoğun endüstriyel atıksu
deşarjının olduğu bölgelerde dahi konsantrasyonlar 1000 ng/g KM’yi aşmamıştır. 

Keywords

Nilüfer çayı, sediment, PAH

References

• Arzayus, K.M., Dickhut R.M., Canuel E.A. (2001), Fate of atmospherically deposited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chesapake bay, Environmental Science and Technology, 35, 2178-2183.
• Bae S.Y., Yi S.M., Kim Y.P. (2002), Temporal and spatial variations of the particle size distribution of PAHs and their dry deposition fluxes in Korean, Atmospheric Environment, 36, 5491-5500.
• Baumard, P., Budzinski, H., Garrigues, P., Sorbe, J.C., Burgeot, T., Bellocq, J. (1998), Concentrations of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Various Mrine Organisms in relation to those in sediments and to trophic level, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 951-960.
• Bixian, M., Jiano, F., Gan, Z., Zheng, L., Yushun, M., Guoying S., Xingmin, W. (2001), PAHs in sediments from the Pearl River and Estuary, China: spatial and temporal distribution and sources, Applied Geochemistry, 16, 1429-1445.
• Budzinski, I., Bellocq, J., Pierard, C., Garrigues, P. (1997), Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde Estuary, Marine Chemistry, 58, 85-97.
• Chen, B., Xuan, X., Zhu, L., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Yang, K., Shen, X., Lou, B. (2004), Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface waters, sediments and soils of Hangzhou City, China, Water Reearch, 38, 3558-3568.
• Dere, Ş., Dalkıran, N., Karacaoğlu, D., Elmacı, A., Dülger, B., Şentürk, E. (2006), Relationships among epipelic diatom taxa, bacterial abundances and water quality in a highly polluted stream catchment, Bursa-Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment ,112, 1-22.
• Doong, R., Lin, Y. (2004), characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surface sediment and water from Gao-Ping River, Traiwan, Water Research, 38, 1733-1744.
• Esen, F.,, Taşdemir, Y., Vardar, N. (2008), atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, their possible sources and gas-to-particle partitioning at a residential site of Bursa, Turkey, Atmospheric Research, 88, 243–255
• Golomb, D., Barry, E., Fisher, G., Varanusupakul, P., Koleda, M., Rooney, T. (2001), Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons near New England coastal waters, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 6245-6258.
• Guo, W., He, M., Yang, Z., , C., Quan, X., Wang, H. (2007), Distribution of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment from Daliao river watershed, China, Chemosphere, 68, 93-104.
• Gustafson, K. E. and Dickhut, R. M. (1997), Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in southern chesapeake bay surface water: evaluation of three methods for determining freely dissolved water concentrations, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 452–461.
• Güleryüz, G., Arslan, H., Çelik, C., Güçer, Ş., Kendall, M. (2008), heavy metal content of plant species along nilüfer stream in industrialized Bursa city, Turkey, Water Air Soil Pollution, 195, 275–284.
• Haynes, D., Johnson, J.E. (2000), Organochlorine, heavy metal and polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollutant concentrations in the great barrier reef (Australia) environment: a review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41, 267-278.
• IARC, PAH As Occupational Carcinogens, In: A. Bjørseth, G. Becker, Editors, 1986. PAH Work Atmosphere Occurrence And Determination, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp.1–13.
• Juhasz, A.L., Naidu, R. (2000), Bioremediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review of the microbial degradation of benzo(a)Pyrene, International Biodeterioration δ Biodegradation, 45, 57-88 .
• Karaca, G. (2013), Arıtma çamurları ve nilüfer çayı sedimentindeki yarı uçucu organik bileşik seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ve giderimlerinin araştırılması, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Çevre Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Bursa.
• Karaca, G., Taşdemir, Y. (2014), temporal and spatial variations in PAH concentrations in the sediment from the Nilufer Creek in Bursa, Turkey, Journal of Environmental Science and Health: Part A, 49, 900-912.
• Karaer, F., Küçükballı, A. (2006), Monitoring of water quality and assessment of organic pollution load in the Nilürfer Stream, Turkey, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 114, 391–417.
• Karakaş, D., Pekey,B., Karakoç, F.T., Tolun, L., Morkoç, E., Tüfekçi H., Yakupoğlu, G., Yakan H. (2004), İzmit körfezine giren kansorejenik, polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH): kaynak ve seviye tespiti, TÜBİTAK Proje No: YDABAG-101Y111.
• Karakoç F.T., Tolun L., Tüfekçi V., Karakaş D., Morkoç E., Tüfekçi H., Karakoç F., Okay O., Olgun A. (2004) Deprem sonrası izmit körfezinde kirlilik boyutunun tespiti, Yer Deniz ve Atmosfer Bilimleri Araştırma Grubu, Tübitak Projesi, Proje No: 101Y083.
• Kennicutt, M.C., Wade, T.L., Presley, B.J., Requejo, A.G., Brooks, J.M., Denoux, G.J. (1994), Sediment contaminants in Casco bay, maine: inventories, sources, and potential for biological impact, Environmental Science and Technology, 28, 1–15.
• Latimer, L. S., Zheng, J. (2003), The Sources, Transport and Fate of PAHs in Marine Environment, In: Douben PET (ed.) PAHs: An Exotoxicological Perspective Wiley, Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. New York, USA.
• Maskaoui K., Zhou J.L., Hong H.S., Zhang Z.L. (2002), Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Jiulong river estuary and Western Xiamen sea, China, Environmental Pollution,118, 109–122.
• Mc Veety, B.D., Hites R.A. (1988), Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to water surfaces:a mass balance approach, Atmospheric Environment, 22, 511-536.
• Nakata, H., Kannan, K., Nasu, T., Cho, H.S., Sinclair, E., Takemura, A. (2006), Perfluorinated contaminants in sediments and aquatic organisms collected from shallow water and tidal flat areas of the Ariake sea, Japan: environmental fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic ecosystems, Environmental Science and Technology, 40, 4916–4921.
• Papageorgopoulou, A., Manoli, E., Touloumi, E., Samara, C. (1999), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of greek towns in relation to other atmospheric pollutants, Chemosphere, 39, 2183-2199.
• Qiao, M., Huang, S. Wang, Z. (2008), Partitioning characteristics of PAHs between sediment and water in Shallow lake, Journal of Soils and Sediments, 8, 69-73.
• Salihoğlu, N.K., Salihoglu, G., Tasdemir, Y., Cindoruk, S.S., Yolsal, D., Oğulmus, R., Karaca, G. (2010), Comparison of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons levels in sludges from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment Plants, Archieves of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 58, 523-534.
• Schwarzenbach, R., Gschwend, P., Imboden, D. (1993), Environmental Organic Chemistry. Wiley, New York.
• Shi, Z.,Tao, S., Pan, B., Fan, W., He, X.C., Zuo, Q., Wu, S. P., Li, B.G., Cao, J., Liu, W.X., Xu, F.L., Wang, X.J., Shen, W.R., Wong, P.K. (2005), Contamination of rivers in Tianjin, China by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Environmental Pollution, 134, 97-110.
• Simpson, C.D., Mosi, A.A., Cullen, W.R., Reimer, K.J. (1996), composition and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in surficial marine sediments from Kitimat Harbor,Canada, The Science of the Total Environment, 181, 265–278.
• Trably, E., Patureau, D. (2006), Successful Treatment of Low PAH- contaminated sewage sludge in aerobic bioreactors, Environmental Science and Pollutant Research, 13, 170-176.
• Ünlü, S., Alpar, B., Öztürk, K., Vardar, D. (2010), PAHs in the surficial sediments from lake İznik, spatial distributions and sources, Bulletin of Environment Contamination and Toxicology, 85, 573-580.
• Vardar, N., Esen, F., Taşdemir,Y. (2008), Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey, Environmental Pollution, 155, 298-307.
• Wang, X.C., Zhang ,Y.X., Chen, R.F. (2001), Distribution and partitioning of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different size fractions in sediment from Boston Harbor, United States, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42, 1139-1149.
• Witt, G. (1995), Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediment of the Baltic Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31, .237-248.
• Yılmaz, A., Özer, U., Aksoy, S., Torunoğlu, T. (1998), Evaluation of heavy metal contents, polyaromatic petroleum hydrocarbons and some inorganic pollutants in the south Marmara rivers, Turkey, Fresenius Environment Bulletin, 7, 269-276.
• Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchell, R.H., Goyette, D., Sylvestre, S. (2002), PAHs in the Fraser River Basin: A critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition, Organic Geochemistry, 33, 489-515.
• Zakaria, M.P., Takada, H., Tsutsumi, S., Ohno, K., Yamada, J., Kouno, E., Kumata, H. (2002), Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia: a widespread input of petrogenic PAHs, Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1907-1918.
• Zhou, J.L., Maskaoui, K. (2003), Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and surface sediments from Day bay, China, Environmental Pollution, 121, 269–281.