YAPIŞTIRMA BAĞLANTILARINDA DOLGU MALZEMELERİNİN BAĞLANTI MUKAVEMETİNE ETKİSİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 220 - 232, 31.08.2023

Oğuz Koçar , Nergizhan Anaç , Baki Hazer

https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1275235

Cited By: 1

Öz

Yapıştırma; iki veya daha fazla parçanın birleştirilmesinde vida, perçin gibi mekanik eleman ihtiyacı olmadan, yapıştırıcı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen bir işlemdir. Yapıştırma bağlantılarında çoğunlukla mukavemetin yüksek olması istenir ve bu beklenti yapıştırıcı malzeme seçimini etkileyen en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Bağlantıların mekanik dayanımlarının artması için yapıştırıcıya dolgu maddeleri eklenebilmektedir. Bazı üreticiler ticari yapıştırıcılarının formüllerine gümüş, bakır, çelik, titanyum, alüminyum, bronz gibi metal veya alümina oksit gibi seramik esaslı partiküller eklemişlerdir. Bununla birlikte; dolgu maddeleri eklenerek yapıştırıcıların güçlendirilmesi konusu, gelişen yeni teknolojik malzemeler sayesinde araştırmacıların çalışmalarına devam ettiği bir alandır. Bu çalışmada 3B yazıcı ile PLA Plus filamentten üretilen farklı doluluk oranlarındaki parçalar (%20 ve %100) 2 farklı ticari (Araldite 2015, Loctite 9466) ve 2 farklı ticari olmayan yapıştırıcı (PVC esaslı ve PS-Th esaslı yapıştırıcı) kullanılarak birleştirilmiştir. Bu yapıştırıcılar içerisine ağırlıkça %5 oranında iki farklı dolgu malzemesi (44∼100 μm yumuşak lehim tozu, 45 μm fındık kabuğu tozu) ilave edilmiştir. Yapıştırma işlemi sonrasında bağlantıların mekanik özellikleri incelenmiştir. %100 dolu bağlantılarda Loctite 9466 yapıştırıcı içine %5 lehim ve fındık kabuğu tozu katkısı, bağlantı mukavemet değerini arttırmıştır. %20 dolu bağlantılarda ise yapıştırıcıya dolgu malzemesi eklenmesinin mukavemeti olumsuz etkilediği görülmüştür. Yapıştırılan parçaların doluluk oranları, yapıştırıcı malzemenin sade veya katkı eklenerek kullanılması gibi değişkenlerin bağlantı mukavemetini oldukça etkilediği anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eklemeli imalat, 3B baskı, Yapıştırma işlemi, Katkılı yapıştırıcı, Tekli bindirme bağlantısı.

EFFECT OF FILLING MATERIALS ON JOINT STRENGTH IN BONDED JOINTS

Öz

Adhesive bonding is a process of using adhesive to join two or more parts without needing mechanical fasteners, such as screws and rivets. Adhesive joints are desired for high strength, and this expectation is one of the most critical factors affecting the choice of adhesive. Fillers can be added to the adhesive to increase the mechanical strength of the joints. Some manufacturers have added metal-based particles such as silver, copper, steel, titanium, titanium, aluminum, and bronze or ceramic-based particles such as alumina oxide to the formulas of their commercial adhesives. However, strengthening adhesives by adding fillers is an area where researchers continue to work thanks to new technological materials.
In this study, parts with different filling ratios (20% and 100%) produced from PLA Plus filament with a 3D printer were joined using two different commercial adhesives (Araldite 2015, Loctite 9466) and two different non-commercial adhesives (PVC-based and PS-Th-based adhesive). Two different fillers (44∼100 μm soft solder powder and 45 μm hazelnut shell powder) were added to these adhesives at a rate of 5 wt%. The mechanical properties of the joints were examined after the adhesive bonding process. Solder and hazelnut shell powder (5%) additive in Loctite 9466 adhesive increased the joint strength value in infill ratio 100% joints. In the case of 20% infill ratio joints, it was observed that the addition of filler material to the adhesive negatively affected the strength. It is understood that variables such as the filling ratios of the bonded parts, and the use of the adhesive material plain or with additives affect the joint strength considerably.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Additive Manufacturing, 3D Printing, Adhesive Bonding, Filled Adhesive, Single Lap Joint

Kaynakça

• 1.Ghosh, P. and Nukala, S., "Properties of adhesive joint of inorganic nano-filler composite adhesive", Indian Journal of Engineering and Materials Sciences, Vol. 15, Pages 68-74, 2008.
• 2.Barbosa, A., Silva, L.F.M., Abenojar, J. Figueiredo, M. and Öchsner, A., "Toughness of a brittle epoxy resin reinforced with micro cork particles: Effect of size, amount and surface treatment", Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 114, Pages 299-310, 2017.
• 3.Martuscelli, E., Musto, P. and Ragosta, G., "Advanced routes for polymer toughening", Pages 43-46, Arco Felice, Italy, 1996.
• 4.Mahrdt, E., Pinki, S., Schmidberger, C., Herwijnwn H.W.G. Veigel S. and Altmutter W.G., "Effect of addition of microfibrillated cellulose to urea-formaldehyde on selected adhesive characteristics and distribution in particle board", Cellulose, Vol. 23, Pages 571-580, 2016.
• 5.Mirski, R., Kawalerczyk, J., Dziurka, D., Wieruszewski, M. and Trocinski, A., "Effects of using bark particles with various dimensions as a filler for urea-formaldehyde resin in plywood", BioResources, Vol. 15, Issue 1, Pages 1692-1701, 2020.
• 6.Liu, J., Mo, J., Xie, E., Fang, J., Hou, Z. and Gan, W., "Utilization of carbon black from Mao bamboo as reinforcing agent for melamine urea formaldehyde resin wood adhesive", Industrial Crops and Products,. Vol. 187, Pages 115373, 2022.
• 7.Xanthos, M., "Functional Fillers for Plastics: Second, Updated and Enlarged", Pages 19-42, Elsevier Inc, Waltham, 2005.
• 8.Njoku, R., Okon, A. and Ikpaki, T., "Effects of variation of particle size and weight fraction on the tensile strength and modulus of periwinkle shell reinforced polyester composite", Nigerian journal of technology, Vol. 30, Issue 2, Pages 87-93, 2011.
• 9.Vishwas, M., Vinyas, M. and Puneeth, K., "Influence of areca nut nanofiller on mechanical and tribological properties of coir fibre reinforced epoxy based polymer composite", Scientia Iranica, Vol. 27, Issue 4, Pages 1972-1981, 2020.
• 10.Alves, C., Ferrao, P.M.C., Silva, A.J., Reis, L.G., Freitas, M., Rodrigues, L.B. and Alves, D.E., "Ecodesign of automotive components making use of natural jute fiber composites", Journal of cleaner production, Vol. 18, Issue 4, Pages 313-327, 2010.
• 11.Kumar, P., Singh, R.K. and Kumar, R., Joining similar and dissimilar materials with GFRP. International journal of adhesion and adhesives, Vol. 27, Issue 1, Pages 68-76, 2007.
• 12.Yoon, S.H., Kim B.C., Lee, K.H. and Lee, D.G., "Improvement of the adhesive fracture toughness of bonded aluminum joints using e-glass fibers at cryogenic temperature", Journal of adhesion science and technology, Vol. 24, Issue 2, Pages 429-444, 2010.
• 13.Zhang, H., Zhang, Z. and Friedrich, K., "Effect of fiber length on the wear resistance of short carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites", Composites science and technology, Vol. 67, Issue 2, Pages 222-230, 2007.
• 14.Park, S.W., Kim, B.C. and Lee, D.G., "Tensile strength of joints bonded with a nano-particle-reinforced adhesive", Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol. 23, Issue 1, Pages 95-113, 2009.
• 15.Zakiah, A., Ansell, M.P., Smedley, D. and Tahir P.M., "The Effect of Long Term Loading on Epoxy-Based Adhesive Reinforced with Nano-Particles for In Situ Timber Bonding", Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 545, Pages 111-118, 2012.
• 16.Bagheri, R., Marouf, B. and Pearson, R., "Rubber-toughened epoxies: a critical review. Journal of Macromolecular Science®", Part C: Polymer Reviews, Vol. 49, Issue 3, Pages 201-225, 2009.
• 17.Kilik, R. and Davies, R., "Mechanical properties of adhesive filled with metal powders. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives", Vol. 9, Issue 4, Pages 224-228.
• 18.Zhai, L., Ling, G. and Wang, Y., "Effect of nano-Al2O3 on adhesion strength of epoxy adhesive and steel", International journal of adhesion and adhesives, Vol. 28, Issue 1, Pages 23-28, 2008.
• 19.Ozcifci, A., Kara, M.E. and Kaymakci, A., "Impact of PF and MUF adhesives modified with TiO2 and SiO2 on the adhesion strength", Wood Research, Vol. 63, Issue 1, Pages 75-84, 2018.
• 20.Diharjo, K., Afandi, R., Purwanto, A., Suharty, N.S., Jihad, B.H., Nasiri, S.J.A., Firdaus, Y. and Tjahjana, A.D.D.P., "Adhesive nanosilica/aluminium powder—Epoxy for joint application on composite car body of electrical vehicle", Joint International Conference on Rural Information & Communication Technology and Electric-Vehicle Technology (rICT & ICeV-T), Pages 1-5, Bandung, Indonesia, 2013.
• 21.Sanghvi, M.R., Tambare, O.H. and More, A.P., "Performance of various fillers in adhesives applications: a review", Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 79, Issue 12, Pages 10491-10553, 2022.
• 22.Hýsek, Š., Sedivka, P., Böhm, M., Schönfelder, O. and Beran, R., "Influence of using recycled polyurethane particles as a filler on properties of polyurethane adhesives for gluing of wood", BioResources, Vol. 13, Issue 2, Pages 2592-2601, 2018.
• 23.Amdouni, N., Sautereau, H. and Gerard, J., "Epoxy composites based on glass beads. II. Mechanical properties", Journal of applied polymer science, Vol. 46, Pages 10, Pages 1723-1735, 1992.
• 24.Radford, K., "The mechanical properties of an epoxy resin with a second phase dispersion", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 6, Pages 1286-1291, 1971.
• 25.Spanoudakis, J. and Young, R., "Crack propagation in a glass particle-filled epoxy resin: Part 1 Effect of particle volume fraction and size", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 19, Pages 473-486, 1984.
• 26.Harper, C.A., Modern plastics handbook, Chapter 1 Termoplastics (Fillers) ,McGraw-Hill Education, 2000.
• 27.Shunmugasundaram, M., Kumar, A.P., Baig, M.A.A., and Kasu, Y., "Investigation on the effect of nano fillers on tensile property of neem fiber composite fabricated by vacuum infused molding technique", IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, IOP Publishing, Pages 1057, 2021.
• 28.Johnsen, B., Kinloch, A.J., Mohammed, R.D., Taylor, A.C. and Sprenger, S., "Toughening mechanisms of nanoparticle-modified epoxy polymers", Polymer, Vol. 48, Issue 2, Pages 530-541, 2007.
• 29.Oksman, K., Skrifvars, M. and Selin, J.-F., "Natural fibres as reinforcement in polylactic acid (PLA) composites", Composites science and technology, Vol. 63, Issue , Pages 1317-1324, 2003.
• 30.Barbosa, A., Silva, L.F.M., Banea, M.D. and Öchsner, A., "Methods to increase the toughness of structural adhesives with micro particles: An overview with focus on cork particles", Materials Science & Engineering Technology, Vol. 47, Pages 4, Pages 307-325, 2016.
• 31.Hamza, T.A., Rosenstiel, S.F., Elhosary, M.M. and Ibraheem, R.M., "The effect of fiber reinforcement on the fracture toughness and flexural strength of provisional restorative resins", The Journal of prosthetic dentistry, Vol. 91, Issue 3, Pages 258-264, 2004.
• 32.Greiner, A. and Wendorff, J.H., "Electrospinning: a fascinating method for the preparation of ultrathin fibers", Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 46, Issue 30, Pages 5670-5703, 2007.
• 33.Fu, S.-Y., Feng, X-Q., Lauke, B. and Mai, Y.W., "Effects of particle size, particle/matrix interface adhesion and particle loading on mechanical properties of particulate–polymer composites", Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 39, Issue 6, Pages 933-961, 2008.
• 34.Cho, J., Joshi, M. and Sun, C., "Effect of inclusion size on mechanical properties of polymeric composites with micro and nano particles", Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 66, Issue 13, Pages 1941-1952, 2006.
• 35.Sumita, M., Shizuma, T., Miyasaka, K. and Ishikawa, K., "Effect of reducible properties of temperature, rate of strain, and filler content on the tensile yield stress of nylon 6 composites filled with ultrafine particles", Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B: Physics, Vol. 22, Issue 4, Pages 601-618, 1983.
• 36.Kim, B.C. and Park, S.W., "Fracture toughness of the nano-particle reinforced epoxy composite", Composite structures, Vol. 86, Issue 3, Pages 69-77, 2008.
• 37.Jojibabu, P., Zhang, Y. and Prusty, B.G., "A review of research advances in epoxy-based nanocomposites as adhesive materials", International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 96, Pages 102454, 2020.
• 38.Rudawska, A. and Frigione, M., "Cold-cured bisphenolic epoxy adhesive filled with low amounts of CaCO3: Effect of the filler on the durability to aqueous environments", Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 6, Pages 1324, 2021.
• 39.Zare, Y., "Study of nanoparticles aggregation/agglomeration in polymer particulate nanocomposites by mechanical properties", Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 84, Pages 158-164, 2016.
• 40.Zare, Y., Garmabi, H. and Sharif, F., "Optimization of mechanical properties of PP/Nanoclay/CaCO3 ternary nanocomposite using response surface methodology", Journal of applied polymer science, Vol. 122, Issue 5, Pages 3188-3200, 2011.
• 41.Kahraman, R., Sunar, M. and Yilbas, B., "Influence of adhesive thickness and filler content on the mechanical performance of aluminum single-lap joints bonded with aluminum powder filled epoxy adhesive", Journal of materials processing technology, Vol. 205, Issue 1-3, Pages 183-189, 2008.
• 42.Anaç, N. and Doğan, Z., "The Effect of Organic Fillers on the Mechanical Strength of the Joint in the Adhesive Bonding,. Processes, Vol. 11, Issue 2, Pages 406, 2023.
• 43.Kavak, N. and Altan, E., "A new hybrid bonding technique: Adhesive-soft soldered joints", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, Vol. 228, Issue 2, Pages 137-143, 2014.
• 44.Sztorch, B., Brząkalski, D., Pakuła, D., Frydrych, M., Špitalský, Z. and Przekop, R.E., "Natural and Synthetic Polymer Fillers for Applications in 3D Printing—FDM Technology Area", Solids, Vol. 3, Issue 3, Pages 508-548, 2022.
• 45.Singh, G., Dondapati, R.S. and Singh, L.P., "Biomaterials Printing for Sustainability, in Sustainability for 3D Printing", Springer, Pages 15-28, 2021.
• 46.Malik, A., Haq, M.I.U., Raina, A. and Gupta, K., "3D printing towards implementing Industry 4.0: sustainability aspects, barriers and challenges. Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application", Vol. 49, Issue 3, Pages 491-511, 2022.
• 47.Ekrem, M., "Hekzagonal Bor Nitrür Nanoplate-Nano Ag/Epoksi Kompozitler: Üretimi, Mekanik ve Termal Özellikleri", El-Cezeri, Cilt, 6, Sayı 3, Pages 585-593, 2019.
• 48.Esun, "Esun PLA+ Properties", https://www.esun3d.com/pla-pro-product/, 2 Ocak 2020.
• 49.Bordes, M., Davies, P., Cognard, J-Y., Sohier, L., Moynot, V.S., and Galy, J., "Prediction of long term strength of adhesively bonded steel/epoxy joints in sea water", International journal of adhesion and adhesives, Vol. 29, Issue 6, Pages 595-608, 2009.
• 50.Souza, J.P. and Reis, J.M., "Thermal behavior of DGEBA (Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A) adhesives and its influence on the strength of joints", Applied Adhesion Science, Vol. 1, Issue 1, Pages 1-10, 2013.
• 51.Frascio, M., Mandolfino, C., Moroni, F., Jilich, M., Lagazzo, A., Pizzorni, M., Bergonzi, L., Morano, C., Alfano, M., Avalle, M., "Appraisal of surface preparation in adhesive bonding of additive manufactured substrates", International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 106, Pages 102802, 2021.
• 52.Khosravani, M.R., Soltani, P., Weinberg, K. and Reinicke, T., "Structural integrity of adhesively bonded 3D-printed joints", Polymer Testing, Vol. 100, Pages 107262, 2021.
• 53.Soykök, İ.F., " İç Basınca Maruz Olarak Çalışan Darbe Hasarlı Cam Elyaf / Epoksi Kompozit Tüplerin Yama Onarım Analizi" [Patch Repair Analysis of Impact Damaged Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composite Tubes Operating Under Internal Pressure] [article in Turkish], Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi. Cilt 25, Sayı 73, Pages 107-120, 2023.
• 54.Huntsman, "Araldite 2015 Adhesive", https://docs.rs-online.com/47fc/A700000006492752.pdf, 06 Ekim 2015.
• 55.Henkel, "Loctite EA 9466", https://www.henkel-adhesives.com /tr/en/product/ structural-adhesives/loctite_ea_9466.html, 20 August 2019.
• 56.Akovali, G., "Plastic materials: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), in Toxicity of building materials", Elsevier, Pages 23-53, 2012.
• 57.Ahmad, T. and Guria, C., "Progress in the modification of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes: A performance review for wastewater treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering", Vol. 45, Pages 102466, 2022.
• 58.Maul, J., Frushour, B.G., Kontoff, J.R., Eichenauer, H., Ott, K.H. and Schade, C., "Polystyrene and styrene copolymers. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, Vol. 29, Pages 475-522, 2007.
• 59.Günaydın, O., Demir, A., Atahan, A., Yardım, T. and Yücedağ, İ., "Evaluation of novel thiophene branched polystyrene as insulator layer in organic electronic device", Journal of Molecular Structure, Vol. 1185, Pages 121-127, 2019.
• 60.Raheem, D., "Application of plastics and paper as food packaging materials-An overview", Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture,: Vol. 15, Issue 3, Pages, 177-188, 2013.
• 61.Fontes, S.T., Fabrício A.O., Lima G.S., Bueno, M., Schneider, L.F.J., Piva, E., "Tetrahydrofuran as alternative solvent in dental adhesive systems", Dental Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 12, Pages 1503-1508, 2009.
• 62.Ikeda, T., Munck, J.D., Shirai, K., Hikita, K., Inoue, S., Sano, H., Lambrechts, P. and Meerbeek, B.V., "Effect of evaporation of primer components on ultimate tensile strengths of primer–adhesive mixture", Dental Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 11, Pages 1051-1058, 2005.
• 63.Liu, F., Yu, W., Wang, Y., Shang, R., Zheng, Q., "Curing kinetics and thixotropic properties of epoxy resin composites with different kinds of fillers", Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 18, Pages 2125-2139, 2022.
• 64.Dusek, M., Zou, L., and Hunt, C., "Rheology testing of solder pastes and conductive adhesives used in stencil printing", Matc(A)102, 2002.