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SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 31 - 43, 18.06.2019

Abstract

Hittites
is a society, Indo Europan origin and lived in Anatolia since B. C. second
millenium. Hittites had polytheistic religion. They set rituals for a deities
in their religious life. They used numereous objects in their religious
rituals.



Like as
many societies of ancient times, Hittites used various animals in religious
rituals. Votive/offering was most commonly using style of Animals in the
Hittites rituals.  



Sheeps, Bull, Goat –
Goatling/kid, Dog – Puppy, Pig – Piglet and Bird species were most commonly
animals used in the Hittite religious rituals as an offering. In this paper, we
will examine which animals were used and it’s using aims in the religious
ritual of Hittites in the light of cuneiform texts and archaeological relief
and remains.

References

  • Arıkan Yasemin, (2003). “Hitit Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde šuhha- “(Düz) Dam, Çatı” Ve Onun Dinsel ve Sosyal Hayattaki Yeri”, Anadolu Arşivleri, VI. I: 11 – 57.
  • Beckman Gary, (1983). Hittite Birth Rituals. STBOT 29. Otto Harrosowitz-Wiesbaden.
  • Beckman Gary, (2011). “Blood in Hittite Ritual”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 63: 95-102.
  • Beckman Gary, (2014). The babilili- Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 718). Eisenbrauns Winona Lake Indiana.
  • Beckman Gary, (2015). “The Sea! The Sea! A Rite from the South Anatolia (CTH 719)”. Gedenkschrift für Heinrich Otten Anlässlich Seines 100. Geburtstags. ed. A. Müller-Karpe, E. Rieken, and W. Sommerfeld. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 15-29.
  • Bloch Maurice, (2013). Ritüel, Tarih, İktidar. Translater: Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal. Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Carruba Onofrio, (1966). Das Beschwörungsritual für die Göttin Wišurijanza. Studien zu den Boğazköy – Texten Heft 2. Otto Harrasowitz – Wiesbaden.
  • Collins Billie Jean, (1990). “The Puppy in Hittite Ritual”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 42. 2: 211-226.
  • Collins Billie Jean, (2004). “A Channel to Underworld in Syria”. Near Eastern Archaeology, LXVII. 1: 54 – 56.
  • Collins Billie Jean, (2010). “Hero, Field Master, King: Animal Mastery in Hittite Texts and Iconography”. The Master of Animals in Old World Iconography Edited by Derek B. Counts and Bettina Arnold, Budapest: 59-74.
  • Day Leslie Preston, (1984). “Dog Burials in the Greek World”. Journal of Archaeology, LXXXVIII. 1: 21 – 32.
  • Darga Muhibbe, (1973). Karahna Şehri Kült Envanteri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Dinçol Ali M., (1985). “Ašḫella Ritueli (CTH 394) ve Hititlerde Salgın Hastalıklara Karşı Yapılan Majik İşlemlere Toplu Bir Bakış”. Belleten, XLIX. 193: 1-40.
  • Durkheim Emile, (2010). Dinsel Yaşamın İlk Biçimleri. Translate: Prof. Dr. Özer Ozankaya, Cem Yayınevi.
  • Feder Yitzhaq, (2011). Blood Expiation in Hittite and Biblicl Ritual Origins. Context and Meaning, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • Frazer James George, (2004). Altın Dal Dinin ve Folklorun Kökleri I. Translate: Mehmet H. Doğan, Payel Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Gurney Oliver Robert, (1977). Some Aspects of Hittite Religion. Oxford University Press.
  • Herakleitos, Fragmanlar. Translate: Prof. Dr. Cengiz Çakmak. Alfa Yayınları.
  • Hesiodos, Theogania. Translater from Ancient Greek: Furkan Akderin. Say Yayınları.
  • Hoffner Jr., H. A., (1987). “Paskuwatti's Ritual Against Sexual Impotence (CTH 406)”. Aula Orientalis, V, 2: 271-287.
  • Kassien Alexei S., (2000). Two Middle Hittite Rituals Mentioning fZiplantawija, Sister of the Hittite King mTuthalija II/I. Paleograph.
  • Kümmel Hans Martin, (1967). Ersatzrituale für den Hethitisichen König. Studien zu den Boğazköy Texten Heft 3, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
  • Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (2006). İlkel İnsanda Ruh Anlayışı. Translate: Oğuz Adanır, Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • McMahon Gregory, (1991). The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. The Oriental Instute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies: 25.
  • Mouton Alice, (2005). “Walkui’s Ritual (KBo 32.176)”. V. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri: 541-554.
  • Nakamura Mitsuo, (2002). Das Hethitische Nuntarriyašḫa- Fest. Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten.
  • Neu Erich, (1970). Ein Althethitische Gewitterritual. STBOT 12. Harrassowitz.
  • Otten Heinrich, (1971). Ein Hethitisches Festritual (KBo XIX 128). STBOT 13 Otto Harrassowitz – Wiesbaden.
  • Ökse Ayşe Tuba, (2015). “Building Rituals Attested at the Bronze Age Settlement of Salat Tepe, Demonstrating Luvian, Hurrian and Hittite Rituals in the Upper Tigris Region”. Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians Proceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Franca Pecchioli Daddi, Eds. Anacleto D’Agostino, Valentina Orsi, Giulia Torri, Frenze University Press: 123 – 136.
  • Pisaniello Valerio, (2015). “Parallel Passages Among Hittite-Luwian Rituals: fort he Restoration of KUB 35.146”. Vicino Oriente, XIX: 25-38.
  • Popkin Peter R. W., (2013). “Hittite Animal Sacrifice Integrating Zooarchaeology and Textual Analysis”. Bones, Behaviour and Belief The Zooarchaeological Evidence as a Source for Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece and Beyond, Edited by Gunnel Ekroth & Jenny Wallensten, Acta İnstituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4.55: 101-114.
  • Reyhan Esma, (2002). Hitit Kaynaklarında Kizzuwatna’lı Kadın Maštigga’ya Ait Ritüel Metinler, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Hititoloji Anabilim Dalı Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Reyhan Esma, (2010). “Ortaköy/Šapinuva’dan Kizzuwatna Kökenli Ritüellerde Geçen Yeni Bazı “Kurban Terimleri”. VII. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri. II: 637-650.
  • Reyhan Esma, (2016). “Hitit Kültür Dünyasında Bayram Ritüelleri”. Turkish Studies, 11/16: 89-114.
  • Schwartz Benjamin, (1938). “Ritual of Zarpiya of Kezzuwatna”. Journal of American Oriental Society. LVIII, 2: 334-353.
  • Sevinç Erbaşı Fatma, (2013). Hititlerde Öteki Kurban ve Büyü Cenaze / Diğer Ritüeller, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Sir Gavaz Özlem, (2016) “Hitit Dini İnançlarında Éhešta- İle İlgili Yeni Düşünceler,”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2: 837-860.
  • Sturtevant Edgar Howard, (1927). “A Hittite Tablet in the Yale Babylonian Collection”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Assocation, LVIII: 5 – 31.
  • Süel Aygül, (1985). Hitit Kaynaklarında Tapınak Görevlileri ile İlgili Bir Direktif Metni, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Süel Aygül – Mustafa Süel, (2008). “2006 Yılı Ortaköy Kazı Çalışmaları”. XXIX. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı”, II: 99 – 106.
  • Süel Aygül, (2015). “The Religious Significance and Sacredness of the Hittite Capital City Sapinuwa”. Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians Proceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Franca Pecchioli Daddi, Eds. Anacleto D’Agostino, Valentina Orsi, Giulia Torri, Frenze University Press: 101 – 111.
  • Torri Giulia, (2004). “A Hittite Magical Ritual to be Performed in an Emergency”. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religion. 4: 129-141.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (1996). The Hittite Ritual of Ḫantitaššu from the City of Ḫurma Against Troublesome Years. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (2007a). Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü. I, Verlag Dr. Kovaĉ, Hamburg.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (2007b). Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü. II, Verlag Dr. Kovaĉ, Hamburg.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (2007c). Anadolu’nun En Eski Yemekleri Hititler ve Çağdaşı Toplumlarda Mutfak Kültürü. Homer Kitabevi.
Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 31 - 43, 18.06.2019

Abstract

References

  • Arıkan Yasemin, (2003). “Hitit Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde šuhha- “(Düz) Dam, Çatı” Ve Onun Dinsel ve Sosyal Hayattaki Yeri”, Anadolu Arşivleri, VI. I: 11 – 57.
  • Beckman Gary, (1983). Hittite Birth Rituals. STBOT 29. Otto Harrosowitz-Wiesbaden.
  • Beckman Gary, (2011). “Blood in Hittite Ritual”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 63: 95-102.
  • Beckman Gary, (2014). The babilili- Ritual from Hattusa (CTH 718). Eisenbrauns Winona Lake Indiana.
  • Beckman Gary, (2015). “The Sea! The Sea! A Rite from the South Anatolia (CTH 719)”. Gedenkschrift für Heinrich Otten Anlässlich Seines 100. Geburtstags. ed. A. Müller-Karpe, E. Rieken, and W. Sommerfeld. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 15-29.
  • Bloch Maurice, (2013). Ritüel, Tarih, İktidar. Translater: Ümit Hüsrev Yolsal. Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Carruba Onofrio, (1966). Das Beschwörungsritual für die Göttin Wišurijanza. Studien zu den Boğazköy – Texten Heft 2. Otto Harrasowitz – Wiesbaden.
  • Collins Billie Jean, (1990). “The Puppy in Hittite Ritual”. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 42. 2: 211-226.
  • Collins Billie Jean, (2004). “A Channel to Underworld in Syria”. Near Eastern Archaeology, LXVII. 1: 54 – 56.
  • Collins Billie Jean, (2010). “Hero, Field Master, King: Animal Mastery in Hittite Texts and Iconography”. The Master of Animals in Old World Iconography Edited by Derek B. Counts and Bettina Arnold, Budapest: 59-74.
  • Day Leslie Preston, (1984). “Dog Burials in the Greek World”. Journal of Archaeology, LXXXVIII. 1: 21 – 32.
  • Darga Muhibbe, (1973). Karahna Şehri Kült Envanteri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları. İstanbul.
  • Dinçol Ali M., (1985). “Ašḫella Ritueli (CTH 394) ve Hititlerde Salgın Hastalıklara Karşı Yapılan Majik İşlemlere Toplu Bir Bakış”. Belleten, XLIX. 193: 1-40.
  • Durkheim Emile, (2010). Dinsel Yaşamın İlk Biçimleri. Translate: Prof. Dr. Özer Ozankaya, Cem Yayınevi.
  • Feder Yitzhaq, (2011). Blood Expiation in Hittite and Biblicl Ritual Origins. Context and Meaning, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta.
  • Frazer James George, (2004). Altın Dal Dinin ve Folklorun Kökleri I. Translate: Mehmet H. Doğan, Payel Yayınevi, 2004.
  • Gurney Oliver Robert, (1977). Some Aspects of Hittite Religion. Oxford University Press.
  • Herakleitos, Fragmanlar. Translate: Prof. Dr. Cengiz Çakmak. Alfa Yayınları.
  • Hesiodos, Theogania. Translater from Ancient Greek: Furkan Akderin. Say Yayınları.
  • Hoffner Jr., H. A., (1987). “Paskuwatti's Ritual Against Sexual Impotence (CTH 406)”. Aula Orientalis, V, 2: 271-287.
  • Kassien Alexei S., (2000). Two Middle Hittite Rituals Mentioning fZiplantawija, Sister of the Hittite King mTuthalija II/I. Paleograph.
  • Kümmel Hans Martin, (1967). Ersatzrituale für den Hethitisichen König. Studien zu den Boğazköy Texten Heft 3, Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
  • Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (2006). İlkel İnsanda Ruh Anlayışı. Translate: Oğuz Adanır, Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • McMahon Gregory, (1991). The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities. The Oriental Instute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies: 25.
  • Mouton Alice, (2005). “Walkui’s Ritual (KBo 32.176)”. V. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri: 541-554.
  • Nakamura Mitsuo, (2002). Das Hethitische Nuntarriyašḫa- Fest. Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten.
  • Neu Erich, (1970). Ein Althethitische Gewitterritual. STBOT 12. Harrassowitz.
  • Otten Heinrich, (1971). Ein Hethitisches Festritual (KBo XIX 128). STBOT 13 Otto Harrassowitz – Wiesbaden.
  • Ökse Ayşe Tuba, (2015). “Building Rituals Attested at the Bronze Age Settlement of Salat Tepe, Demonstrating Luvian, Hurrian and Hittite Rituals in the Upper Tigris Region”. Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians Proceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Franca Pecchioli Daddi, Eds. Anacleto D’Agostino, Valentina Orsi, Giulia Torri, Frenze University Press: 123 – 136.
  • Pisaniello Valerio, (2015). “Parallel Passages Among Hittite-Luwian Rituals: fort he Restoration of KUB 35.146”. Vicino Oriente, XIX: 25-38.
  • Popkin Peter R. W., (2013). “Hittite Animal Sacrifice Integrating Zooarchaeology and Textual Analysis”. Bones, Behaviour and Belief The Zooarchaeological Evidence as a Source for Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece and Beyond, Edited by Gunnel Ekroth & Jenny Wallensten, Acta İnstituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4.55: 101-114.
  • Reyhan Esma, (2002). Hitit Kaynaklarında Kizzuwatna’lı Kadın Maštigga’ya Ait Ritüel Metinler, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eskiçağ Dilleri ve Kültürleri Hititoloji Anabilim Dalı Basılmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • Reyhan Esma, (2010). “Ortaköy/Šapinuva’dan Kizzuwatna Kökenli Ritüellerde Geçen Yeni Bazı “Kurban Terimleri”. VII. Uluslararası Hititoloji Kongresi Bildirileri. II: 637-650.
  • Reyhan Esma, (2016). “Hitit Kültür Dünyasında Bayram Ritüelleri”. Turkish Studies, 11/16: 89-114.
  • Schwartz Benjamin, (1938). “Ritual of Zarpiya of Kezzuwatna”. Journal of American Oriental Society. LVIII, 2: 334-353.
  • Sevinç Erbaşı Fatma, (2013). Hititlerde Öteki Kurban ve Büyü Cenaze / Diğer Ritüeller, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Sir Gavaz Özlem, (2016) “Hitit Dini İnançlarında Éhešta- İle İlgili Yeni Düşünceler,”. Hitit Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2: 837-860.
  • Sturtevant Edgar Howard, (1927). “A Hittite Tablet in the Yale Babylonian Collection”. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Assocation, LVIII: 5 – 31.
  • Süel Aygül, (1985). Hitit Kaynaklarında Tapınak Görevlileri ile İlgili Bir Direktif Metni, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Süel Aygül – Mustafa Süel, (2008). “2006 Yılı Ortaköy Kazı Çalışmaları”. XXIX. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı”, II: 99 – 106.
  • Süel Aygül, (2015). “The Religious Significance and Sacredness of the Hittite Capital City Sapinuwa”. Sacred Landscapes of Hittites and Luwians Proceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Franca Pecchioli Daddi, Eds. Anacleto D’Agostino, Valentina Orsi, Giulia Torri, Frenze University Press: 101 – 111.
  • Torri Giulia, (2004). “A Hittite Magical Ritual to be Performed in an Emergency”. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religion. 4: 129-141.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (1996). The Hittite Ritual of Ḫantitaššu from the City of Ḫurma Against Troublesome Years. Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (2007a). Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü. I, Verlag Dr. Kovaĉ, Hamburg.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (2007b). Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü. II, Verlag Dr. Kovaĉ, Hamburg.
  • Ünal Ahmet, (2007c). Anadolu’nun En Eski Yemekleri Hititler ve Çağdaşı Toplumlarda Mutfak Kültürü. Homer Kitabevi.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review Papers
Authors

Murat Turgut 0000-0003-1056-5737

Publication Date June 18, 2019
Submission Date October 22, 2018
Acceptance Date December 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Turgut, M. (2019). SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences, 3(1), 31-43.
AMA Turgut M. SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS. Int J Agric For Life Sci. June 2019;3(1):31-43.
Chicago Turgut, Murat. “SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS”. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 2019): 31-43.
EndNote Turgut M (June 1, 2019) SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences 3 1 31–43.
IEEE M. Turgut, “SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS”, Int J Agric For Life Sci, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 31–43, 2019.
ISNAD Turgut, Murat. “SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS”. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences 3/1 (June 2019), 31-43.
JAMA Turgut M. SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS. Int J Agric For Life Sci. 2019;3:31–43.
MLA Turgut, Murat. “SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS”. International Journal of Agriculture Forestry and Life Sciences, vol. 3, no. 1, 2019, pp. 31-43.
Vancouver Turgut M. SOME ANIMAL OFFERINGS IN THE HITTITE RELIGIOUS RITUALS. Int J Agric For Life Sci. 2019;3(1):31-43.

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