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DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA: THE 2020 CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM AND THE US CRITICISM OF PUTIN

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 18, 48 - 69, 21.08.2024

Abstract

Today, the Russian Federation is the second great power in the international system after the United States. Moreover, Russia has continued its aggressive foreign policy approach, which started with the annexation of Crimea, with the invasion of Ukraine. Therefore, domestic and foreign developments in this country attract the attention of the international community. Since 1991, the country has had a federative structure based on a semi-presidential system. After the Soviet Union, the country tried to transition to a Western-type liberal democracy. In 2000, Vladimir Putin, who became the President of Russia, started the process of change in the country by reorganizing the administrative structure of the country in order to strengthen the central authority. In the following period, President Putin started to adopt an authoritarian attitude towards the Russian bourgeoisie called oligarchs, opposition journalists who criticized him, civil society organizations and opposition parties. The legitimacy of the elections held under President Putin, who has dominated Russian politics for twenty-four years, including his term as Prime Minister, has been frequently questioned, especially by the American media and civil society organizations. On top of all these debates, the amendment of some articles of the constitution in 2020, opening the path to power for President Putin until 2036, and the transformations that will also affect non-Russian minorities after the Ukrainian War have caused President Putin to be seen as the "new tsar". The hypothesis of this study is that Western-type liberal democracy has not been developed in Russia. The study first analyzed the structure on which the Russian political system is based and then analyzed the content of the articles amended in 2020. The study also investigated how the leading US media outlets Associated Press and The New York Times, as well as the Human Rights Foundation, Atlantic Council and Wilson Center, analyzed both the amendments to the Russian Constitution and the constitutional referendum process. The study concludes that US-based organizations view President Putin as a dictator and consider not only the 2020 constitutional referendum but also some other elections in the country as illegitimate due to voter fraud and the fact that independent monitors were not allowed to observe them. The experiences of some dissident Russian journalists and politicians have also strengthened the argument that Russia is an anti-democratic country.

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RUSYA’DA DEMOKRASİ: 2020 ANAYASA REFERANDUMU VE ABD’NİN PUTİN ELEŞTİRİLERİ

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 18, 48 - 69, 21.08.2024

Abstract

Rusya Federasyonu günümüzde ABD’den sonra uluslararası sistemde yer alan ikincil büyük güçtür. Üstelik Rusya Kırım’ın ilhakı ile başlattığı agresif dış politika yaklaşımını Ukrayna’yı işgal ile devam ettirmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu ülkede yaşanan iç ve dış gelişmeler uluslararası kamuoyunun ilgisini çekmektedir. 1991’den beri ülkede yarı-başkanlık sistemine dayalı federatif bir yapılanma vardır. Ülke Sovyetler Birliği sonrasında Batı tipi liberal demokrasiye geçiş yapmaya çalışmıştır. 2000 yılında Rusya Devlet Başkanı olan Vladimir Putin ise merkezi otoriteyi güçlendirmek için ülkenin idari yapılanmasını yeniden oluşturarak ülkede değişim sürecini başlatmıştır. Başkan Putin ilerleyen süreçte oligark olarak adlandırılan Rus burjuvazisine, kendisini eleştiren muhalif gazetecilere, sivil toplum kuruluşlarına ve muhalefet partilerine yönelik otoriter bir tavır takınmaya başlamıştır. Başbakanlık yaptığı süreç de dahil edildiğinde yirmi dört yıldır Rus siyasetine hâkim olan Putin döneminde yapılan seçimlerin de meşruluğu özellikle Amerikan medyası ve sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından sıklıkla sorgulanmıştır. Tüm bu tartışmaların üzerine bir de 2020 yılında anayasanın bazı maddeleri değiştirilerek Başkan Putin’e 2036 yılına kadar iktidar yolunun açılması ve Ukrayna Savaşı’ndan sonra Rus olmayan azınlıkları da etkileyecek dönüşümler yapılması Başkan Putin’in “yeni çar” olarak görülmesine sebebiyet vermiştir. Bu çalışmanın hipotezi Rusya’da Batı tipi liberal demokrasinin geliştirilemediğidir. Çalışmada önce Rus siyasal sisteminin üzerine oturduğu yapı analiz edilmiş ardından ise 2020 yılında değiştirilen maddelerin içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ABD’nin önde gelen yayın kuruluşlarından Associated Press ve The New York Times ile Human Rights Foundation, Atlantic Council ve Wilson Center’da hem Rus Anayasasında yapılan değişikliklerin hem de anayasa referandum sürecinin nasıl analiz edildiği de araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada ABD merkezli kuruluşların Başkan Putin’i bir diktatör olarak gördükleri ve sadece 2020 anayasa referandumunu değil ülkede yapılan diğer bazı seçimleri de seçmen sahtekarlığı olduğu ve bağımsız denetçilerin gözlem yapmalarına müsaade edilmemesi nedeniyle meşru görmedikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bazı muhalif Rus gazetecilerin ve siyasilerin yaşadıkları da Rusya’nın anti-demokratik bir ülke olduğuna ilişkin savların güç kazanmasına yol açmaktadır.

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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Studies
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Pınar Özden Cankara 0000-0003-3739-4771

Naciye Karigin 0009-0007-9094-8696

Early Pub Date August 19, 2024
Publication Date August 21, 2024
Submission Date February 5, 2024
Acceptance Date April 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 18

Cite

APA Özden Cankara, P., & Karigin, N. (2024). DEMOCRACY IN RUSSIA: THE 2020 CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM AND THE US CRITICISM OF PUTIN. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(18), 48-69.

Journal of Afro-Eurasian Research (IJAR) is an International refereed journal and published biannually.Authors are responsible for the content and linguistic of their articles. Articles published here could not be used without referring to the Journal. The opinions in the articles published belong to the authors only and do not reflect those of International Journal of Afro-Eurasian ResearchAll rights reserved.