Effect of Integrated Ocular Exercise Program on Selected Visual Impairments Among Chronic Smartphone Users

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 418 - 426, 25.10.2023

Tanisha Mali Sandeep Shinde , Prajakta Patil Vrushali Kumbhar

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1298185

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of an integrated ocular exercise program on the three selected visual impairments. The study was conducted among 100 individuals, 67 of them were females and 33 were males between the age group 18-35 years with visual impairments who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Two groups were formed both following the conventional treatment of an ophthalmologist, with the experimental group added with an integrated ocular exercise program for four weeks. The Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) score for the dry eye level of group A was 14.6 + 3.785, and the values for group B were 16.58 + 3.351 (P <0.0001). The visual acuity post-intervention in the treatment group was 29.1+ 15.57 and the control group was 32.5 + 15.625, which shows much difference (P=<0.001). According to Snallen’s chart, there was a much significant difference between the pre-post visual eye fatigue questionnaire (P=0.001). The results showed that at the end of the 4 weeks, the designed exercise program along with the conventional method proved beneficial for the patients with selected visual impairments. An unpaired t-test was used for comparing two separate groups. The chi-square test was used for calculating binary variables and effect size. According to the results of our study, the Integrated ocular exercise program was useful among chronic smartphone users for reducing their eye discomforts like eye fatigue, dry eyes, and visual acuity. In conclusion, the Experimental group shows more improvement in the post-intervention than the control group.

Keywords

Smartphones, ocular exercises, visual impairment, eye fatigue, visual acuity

Supporting Institution

Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences deemed to be University, Karad.

Thanks

If you have any queries about this paper, please feel free to contact us. Once again, thank you very much for your cooperation .Hope that we will receive feedback from your side soon.

References

• Avaghade, R. R., Shinde, S. B., & Dhane, S. B. (2023). Effectiveness of McKenzie approach and segmental spinal stabilization exercises on neck pain in individuals with cervical postural syndrome: An experimental study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 12(1), 225.
• Bastawrous, A. (2016). Increasing access to eye care there's an app for that. Peek: smartphone technology for eye health. International journal of epidemiology, 45(4), 1040-1043.
• Fjærvoll, H., Fjærvoll, K., Magno, M., Moschowits, E., Vehof, J., Dartt, D. A., & Utheim, T. P. (2022). The association between visual display terminal use and dry eye: a review. Acta ophthalmologica, 100(4), 357-375.
• Flaxman, S. R., Bourne, R. R., Resnikoff, S., Ackland, P., Braithwaite, T., Cicinelli, M. V., ... & Zheng, Y. (2017). Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 5(12), e1221-e1234.
• Galinsky, T., Swanson, N., Sauter, S., Dunkin, R., Hurrell, J., & Schleifer, L. (2007). Supplementary breaks and stretching exercises for data entry operators: A follow‐up field study. American journal of industrial medicine, 50(7), 519-527.
• Gosewade, N., Drugkar, A., & Shende, V. (2016). Effect of pranayama and eye exercises on visual acuity of medical students: a case-control study. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 3(4), 1133-1136.
• Goto, E., Yagi, Y., Matsumoto, Y., & Tsubota, K. (2002). Impaired functional visual acuity of dry eye patients. American journal of ophthalmology, 133(2), 181-186.
• Gulati, A., Sullivan, R., Buring, J. E., Sullivan, D. A., Dana, R., & Schaumberg, D. A. (2006). Validation and repeatability of a short questionnaire for dry eye syndrome. American journal of ophthalmology, 142(1), 125-131.
• Gupta, S. K., & Aparna, S. (2020). Effect of yoga ocular exercises on eye fatigue. International Journal of Yoga, 13(1), 76.
• Habıbı, E., Pourabdıan, S., Rajabı, H., Dehghan, H., & Maracy, M. R. (2011). Development and validation of a visual fatigue questionnaire for video display terminal users.
• Jeong, H. (2015). Critical thinking disposition, problem solving process, and empathy among Nursing Students. Advanced Science and Technology Letters, 103, 44-48.
• Kim, A. D., Muntz, A., Lee, J., Wang, M. T. M., & Craig, J. P. (2021). Therapeutic benefits of blinking exercises in dry eye disease. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye, 44(3), 101329.
• Kim, S. D. (2016). Effects of yogic eye exercises on eye fatigue in undergraduate nursing students. Journal of physical therapy science, 28(6), 1813-1815.
• Kirkpatrick, L. A. (2015). A simple guide to IBM SPSS Statistics-Version 23.0. Cengage Learning. Lemp, M. A. (1998). Epidemiology and classification of dry eye. Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes 2: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance, 791-803.
• Lovie‐Kitchin, J. E. (1988). Validity and reliability of visual acuity measurements. Ophthalmic and physiological optics, 8(4), 363-370.
• Machado, J., Pai, R. R., & Kotian, R. R. (2023). The pattern of smartphone usage, smartphone addiction, and associated subjective health problems associated with smartphone use among undergraduate nursing students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 12.
• Maddii, C. O. (2018). Decompensated esophoria and asthenopia correlated with electronic screens overuse in childhood: a case report. New Frontiers in Ophthalmology, 4(1), 1-3.
• Minoonejad, H., Barati, A. H., Naderifar, H., Heidari, B., Kazemi, A. S., & Lashay, A. (2019). Effect of four weeks of ocular-motor exercises on dynamic visual acuity and stability limit of female basketball players. Gait & posture, 73, 286-290.
• Mohamed, S. A. A. R. (2013). Vision Therapy-Based Program for Myopia Control in Adolescents. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 13(3), 390-396.
• Morimoto, H., Asai, Y., Johnson, E. G., Lohman, E. B., Khoo, K., Mizutani, Y., & Mizutani, T. (2011). Effect of oculo-motor and gaze stability exercises on postural stability and dynamic visual acuity in healthy young adults. Gait & posture, 33(4), 600-603.
• Ngo, W., Situ, P., Keir, N., Korb, D., Blackie, C., & Simpson, T. (2013). Psychometric properties and validation of the Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness questionnaire. Cornea, 32(9), 1204-1210.
• Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(2), 252-259. Park YH, An CM, Moon SJ. Effects of visual fatigue caused by smartphones on balance function in healthy adults. Journal of physical therapy science. 2017;29(2):221-3.
• Rajabi-Vardanjani, H., Habibi, E., Pourabdian, S., Dehghan, H., & Maracy, M. R. (2014). Designing and validation a visual fatigue questionnaire for video display terminals operators. International journal of preventive medicine, 5(7), 841–848 Rono, H., Bastawrous, A., Macleod, D., Bunywera, C., Mamboleo, R., Wanjala, E., & Burton, M. (2020). Smartphone-guided algorithms for use by community volunteers to screen and refer people with eye problems in Trans Nzoia county, Kenya: development and validation study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(6), e16345.
• Rouse, M. W. (1987). Management of binocular anomalies: efficacy of vision therapy in the treatment of accommodative deficiencies. Optometry and Vision Science, 64(6), 415-420.
• Salehan, M., & Negahban, A. (2013). Social networking on smartphones: When mobile phones become addictive. Computers in human behavior, 29(6), 2632-2639.
• Sheikh, M. K., Malavde, R., & Daigavane, S. (2020). Yogic eye exercises followed by the ergonomic advice on eye fatigue in children attending online classes in COVID-19. International Journal of Current Research and Review, 12(17), 132-136.
• Shinde, S., & Bhende, R. (2023). Evidence Based Treatment Strategies For “Text Neck Syndrome”: A Review. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 13(2), 245-257.
• Shinde, S., Vaidya, A., & Bhore, P. R. (2022). Correlation between the Guyon Canal Syndrome and the Forward Head Posture in Prolonged Smartphone Users. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 12(4), 276-283.
• Sivakumar, G. K., Patel, J., Malvankar-Mehta, M. S., & Mather, R. (2021). Work productivity among Sjögren’s Syndrome and non-Sjögren’s dry eye patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye, 35(12), 3243-3257.
• Stapleton, F., Alves, M., Bunya, V. Y., Jalbert, I., Lekhanont, K., Malet, F., & Jones, L. (2017). Tfos dews ii epidemiology report. The ocular surface, 15(3), 334-365.
• Swathi, P. S., Saoji, A. A., & Bhat, R. (2022). The role of trataka in ameliorating visual strain and promoting psychological well-being during prolonged use of digital displays: A randomized controlled trial. Work, 71(2), 327-333.
• Telles, S., Naveen, K. V., Dash, M., Deginal, R., & Manjunath, N. K. (2006). Effect of yoga on self-rated visual discomfort in computer users. Head & Face Medicine, 2(1), 1-6.
• Torpil, B., Bahadır, Z., Yılmaz, G. G., & Pekçetin, S. (2022). Comparison of sleep quality and sleepiness in university students with different levels of nomophobia. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 5(1), 9-15.