Analysis of Toxic Metal-Induced Ecological Risk in Kepez Stream, Çanakkale, Türkiye

Year 2023, , 24 - 32, 15.06.2023

Havva Çavuş , Serkan Kükrer , Müberra Sağlam , Ahmet Evren Erginal

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1240397

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Ecological risk in the mouth of Kepez Stream has recently increased notably due to waste from the Kepez settlement, agricultural activity in the Kepez delta, maritime traffic in the Çanakkale Strait, and summer houses in the coastal area. This study analyzed the ecological risk of 10 sediment samples along the bed in the mouth of Kepez Stream to shed light on anthropogenically induced pollution. The pollution proxies such as chlorophyll degradation products, heavy metal concentrations and organic carbon of the sediment samples were determined. Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PER) were calculated from the results obtained. Spearman's correlation analysis and factor analysis were also performed. The obtained data show that there is moderate enrichment of Zn, As and Co, a significant level of Pb, and very high level of Cr in the sediments of Kepez Stream. Ni enrichment was determined to be excessive and poses a high potential ecological risk. Cleaning and rehabilitation need to be carried out urgently in the mouth of Kepez Stream. It should be determined whether metals are being transmitted to aquatic organisms, and measures should be taken to reduce the sources of pollution.

Keywords

Sediment, Ecological risk, Kepez Stream, Çanakkale

Supporting Institution

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBITAK)

Project Number

2209A

Thanks

This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBITAK) within the scope of the Support Programme for Undergraduate Students, 2209A. The authors thank TÜBİTAK for the research support.

References

• Abrahim, G., Parker, R. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136, 227-238, doi.10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2
• Akarsu, T., Kükrer, S., Erginal, A. E. (2022). Trace metal-induced ecological risk analysis of Sarıçay River sediments, Çanakkale, NW Turkey. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 9 (2): 45-53. doi.10. 30897/ ijegeo.989882
• Aksu, A. E. (1998). Assessment of Marine Pollution in İzmir Bay: Heavy Metal and Organic Compound Concentrations in Surficial Sediments. Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 22 (5), 387-416.
• Bai, J., Cui, B., Chen, B., Zhang, K., Deng, W., Gao, H., Xiao, R. (2011). Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland, China. Ecological Modelling, 222(2), 301–306. doi.10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009. 12.002
• Bakan, G., Özkoç, H. B. (2007). An ecological risk assessment of the impact of heavy metals in surface sediments on biota from the mid‐Black Sea coast of Turkey. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 64 (1), 45-57, doi.10.1080/ 00207230601125069
• Bazrafshan, E., Mostafapour, F. K., Esmaelnejad, M., Ebrahimzadeh, G. R., Mahvi, A. H. (2016). Concentration of heavy metals in surface water and sediments of Chah Nimeh water reservoir in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(20), Article 20, doi.10.1080/19443994.2015.1027958
• Cempel, M., Nikel, G. (2006). Nickel: A Review of Its Sources and Environmental Toxicology. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(3), 375–382.
• Chen, Y., Liu, Q., Xu, M., Wang, Z. (2020). Inter-annual variability of heavy metals pollution in surface sediments of Jiangsu coastal region, China: Case study of the Dafeng Port. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 150, 110720, doi.10.1016/j. marpolbul.2019.110720
• Cürebal, İ., Efe, R., Soykan A., Sönmez S. (2015). Impacts of anthropogenic factors on land degradation during the anthropocene in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 36, 51-58.
• Dang, P., Gu, X., Lin, C., Xin, M., Zhang, H., Ouyang, W., Liu, X., He, M., Wang, B. (2021). Distribution, sources, and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements in the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea: Under the long-term impact of the Yellow River input. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 413, 125429, doi.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125429
• Denkhaus, E., Salnikow, K. (2002). Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 42(1), 35–56, doi.10.1016/S1040-8428(01)00214-1
• Di Beneditto, A.P.M., Semensato, X. E. G., Carvalho, C. E. V. de, Rezende, C. E. de. (2019). Trace metals in two commercial shrimps from southeast Brazil: Baseline records before large port activities in coastal waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146, 667–670, doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019. 07.028
• Doğan-Sağlamtimur, N., Subaşı, E., (2018). Dünya ve Türkiye’de gemilerden kaynaklanan deniz kirliliği ve atık kabul tesisleri: Genel perspektif, yönetim ve öneriler. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 24(3), 481-493, doi.10. 5505/pajes.2017.20270
• Dousova, B., Lhotka, M., Buzek, F., Cejkova, B., Jackova, I., Bednar, V., Hajek, P. (2020). Environmental interaction of antimony and arsenic near busy traffic nodes. Science of The Total Environment, 702, 134642, doi.10.1016/ j.scitotenv.2019.134642
• Eker, Ç. S. (2020). Distinct contamination indices for evaluating potentially toxic element levels in stream sediments: a case study of the Harşit Stream (NE Turkey). Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13, 1175, doi.10.1007/s12517-020-06178-w
• Engin, M. S., Uyanık, A., Cay, S. (2017). Investigation of trace metals distribution in water sediments and wetland plants of Kızılırmak Delta, Turkey. International Journal of Sediment Research, 32 (1), 90-97, doi.10.1016/j.ijsrc.2016.03.004
• Erginal, A. E., Öztürk, B., Cürebal, İ. (2002). Kepez Deresi havzasının jeomorfolojik özelliklerinin morfometrik açıdan incelenmesi. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 39, 23-43.
• Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S. (2021). Sulak alanlarda potansiyel toksik element (PTE) kaynaklı bölgesel ekolojik risk araştırmalarında kullanılan analitik metotlar. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 77, 211-222, doi.10.17211/tcd.930273
• Gaudette, H. E., Flight,W. R., Toner, L., Folger, D. W. (1974). An inexpensive titration method for the determination of organic carbon in recent sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 44(1), 249–253, doi.10.1306/74D729D7-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
• Gönenç, E., Wolflin, J. P. (2004). Coastal Lagoons: Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development. CRC Press.
• Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001, doi.10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
• Jeong, H., Choi, J. Y., Lim, J., Shim, W. J., Kim, Y. O., Ra, K. (2020). Characterization of the contribution of road deposited sediments to the contamination of the close marine environment with trace metals: Case of the port city of Busan (South Korea). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111717, doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020. 111717
• Karadede-Akin, H., Ünlü, E. (2007). Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, fish and some benthic organisms from Tigris River, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 131, 323–337, doi.0.1007/s10661-006-9478-0
• Khan, Z. I., Ahmad, K., Rehman, S., Ashfaq, A., Mehmood, N., Ugulu, I., Dogan, Y. (2019). Effect of Sewage Water on Accumulation of Metals in Soil and Wheat in Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 20(1), 60–66, doi.10.21743/pjaec/2019 .06.08
• Kükrer, S., Erginal, A.E., Kılıç, S., Bay, O., Akarsu, T., Öztura, E. (2020). Ecological risk assessment of surface sediments of Çardak Lagoon along a human disturbance gradient. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192 (359), doi.10.1007/ s10661-020-08336-9
• Kükrer, S., Tunc, I. O., Erginal, A. E., Bay, Ö., Kılıç, Ş. (2022). Distribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of metals in Kura River sediments along a human disturbance gradient. Environmental Forensics, 23 (5-6), 491-501, doi.10.1080/ 15275922.2021.1940378
• Kumaş, K., Akyüz, A. Ö. (2023). Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emission and Global Warming Potential of Livestock Sector; Lake District, Türkiye, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(1), 132-138, doi. 10.30897/ ijegeo.1194702
• Macdonald, D. D., Carr, R. S., Calder, F. D. (1997). Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Oceanographic Literature Review, 6(44), 638.
• Merhaby, D., Ouddane, B., Net, S., Halwani, J. (2018). Assessment of trace metals contamination in surficial sediments along Lebanese Coastal Zone. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 881–890, doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.031
• Müller, G. (1969). Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geochem, J., 2,108 -118.
• Özkan, E. Y., Fural, Ş., Kükrer, S., Büyükışık, H. B. (2022). Seasonal and spatial variations of ecological risk from potential toxic elements in the southern littoral zone of İzmir Inner Gulf, Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29: 62669–62689, doi.10.1007/s11356-022-19987-1
• Öztura, E. (2023). Anthropogenically-Induced Ecological Risks in Lake Gala, Thrace, NW Turkey, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(1), 16-27, doi. 10.30897/ ijegeo.1181757
• Paerl, H. W. (2006). Assessing and managing nutrient-enhanced eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters: Interactive effects of human and climatic perturbations. Ecological Engineering, 26(1), 40–54, doi.10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.09.006
• Palas, S. (2020). Aliağa Körfezi Geç Kuvaterner-Güncel yüzey sedimanlarında ağır metal birikiminin incelenmesi. MTA Doğal Kaynaklar ve Ekonomi Bülteni, 29, 29-48.
• Quinton, J. N., Catt, J. A. (2007). Enrichment of Heavy Metals in Sediment Resulting from Soil Erosion on Agricultural Fields. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(10), 3495–3500, doi.10.1021/ es062147h
• Rodrigues-Filho, J.L., Macêdo, R.L., Sarmento, H. et al. (2023). From ecological functions to ecosystem services: linking coastal lagoons biodiversity with human well-being. Hydrobiologia, doi.10. 1007/s10750-023-05171-0
• Saha, N., Rahman, M. S., Ahmed, M. B., Zhou, J. L., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W. (2017). Industrial metal pollution in water and probabilistic assessment of human health risk. Journal of Environmental Management, 185, 70–78, doi.10.1016/ j.jenvman. 2016.10.023
• Shahabi-Ghahfarokhi, S., Josefsson, S., Apler, A., Kalbitz, K., Åström, M., Ketzer, M. (2021). Baltic Sea sediments record anthropogenic loads of Cd, Pb, and Zn. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(5), 6162–6175., doi.10.1007/s11356-020-10735-x
• Sutherland, R. A. (2000). Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environmental Geology, 39(6), 611–627, doi.10.1007/s002540050473
• Tepe, Y., Aydın, H. (2017). Water Quality Assessment Of An Urban Water, Batlama Creek (Giresun), Turkey By Applying Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(3), 6413 – 6420.
• URL1. https://www.mgm.gov.tr
• Ustaoğlu, F. (2021). Ecotoxicological risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Çömlekci stream, Giresun, Turkey. Envıronmental Forensics, 22 (1–2), 130–142, doi.10.1080/15275922.2020.18061 48
• Ustaoğlu, F., Islam, S. (2020). Potential toxic elements in sediment of some rivers at Giresun, Northeast Turkey: a preliminary assessment for ecotoxicological status and health risk. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106237, doi.10.1016/j.ecolind. 2020.106237
• Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y. (2018). Determination of the sediment quality of Pazarsuyu Stream (Giresun, Turkey) by multivariate statistical methods. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 6(3), 304–312, doi.10. 24925/ turjaf.v6i3.304-312.1696
• Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y. (2019). Water quality and sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu Stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 7(1), 47–56, doi.10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.09.001
• Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., Aydin, H. (2020a). Heavy metals in sediments of two nearby streams from Southeastern Black Sea coast: Contamination and ecological risk assessment. Environmental Forensics, 21 (2), 145–156, doi.10.1080/ 15275922.2020.1728433
• Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., Aydın, H., Akbaş, A. (2017). Investigation of Water Quality and Pollution Level of Lower Melet River, Ordu, Turkey. Alınteri Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2017, 32(1), 69-79, doi.10.28955/alinterizbd.319403
• Ustaoğlu, F., Tepe, Y., Tas, B. (2020b). Assessment of stream quality and health risk in a subtropical Turkey river system: A combined approach using statistical analysis and water quality index. Ecological Indicators, 113,105815, doi.10.1016/ j.ecolind.2020.106237
• Varol, M. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 355–364, doi.10.1016/j. jhazmat.2011.08.051
• Wang, Z., Lin, K., Liu, X. (2022). Distribution and pollution risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment of the intertidal zones of the Yellow River Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 174, 113286, doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2021.113286
• Yang, W., Cao, Z., Zhang, H., Lang, Y. (2021). A national wide evaluation of heavy metals pollution in surface sediments from different marginal seas along China Mainland. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 42, 101637.
• Yuan, Q., Wang, P., Wang, C., Chen, J., Wang, X., Liu, S., Feng, T. (2019). Metals and metalloids distribution, source identification, and ecological risks in riverbed sediments of the Jinsha River, China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 205, 106334, doi.10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.1063 34
• Zhai, B., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Zhang, Z., Zou, L., Sun, Z., Jiang, Y. (2021). Concentration distribution and assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments in the Zhoushan Islands coastal sea, East China Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164, 112096, doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112096
• Zhang, G., Bai, J., Zhao, Q., Lu, Q., Jia, J., Wen, X. (2016). Heavy metals in wetland soils along a wetland-forming chronosequence in the Yellow River Delta of China: Levels, sources and toxic risks. Ecological Indicators, 69, 331–339, doi.10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.04.042
• Zhang, L., Ye, X., Feng, H., Jing, Y., Ouyang, T., Yu, X., Liang, R., Gao, C., Chen, W. (2007). Heavy metal contamination in western Xiamen Bay sediments and its vicinity, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 974–982, doi.10.1016/j.marpolbul. 2007.02.010.