Comparison of Grain Size Trend Analysis and Multi-Index Pollution Assessment of Marine Sediments of the Gülbahçe Bay, Aegean Sea

Year 2023, , 159 - 179, 15.06.2023

Ezgi Talas , Muhammet Duman

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1292129

Cited By: 1

Abstract

In this study, 46 elements plus total carbonate and total organic carbon contents were measured in 48 sea bottom sediments to determine the pollution levels in the study area and their source to understand better the natural and anthropogenic processes in the study area. Also current flows and sediment transport pathways inferred using multidisciplinary methods by interrelation between grain size trend analysis, shallow seismic and acoustic doppler current profiler analysis to unravel the hydro-sedimentary processes in a micro-tidal environment. Four main factors that were affecting the study area were identified as lithogenic factor (50.6%) anthropogenic factor caused by untreated domestic waste (13.2%), anthropogenic factor caused by marine traffic/port activities (9.3%) and anthropogenic factor caused by small-scale industrial activities (with 6.9% of the total variance). The main source of metals in the study area were determined as untreated domestic waste discharges (total organic carbon and sulfur), maritime traffic/harbor activities (copper and zinc), and discharges of other wastes caused by urbanization. The main metal element that poses the most significant risk for benthic organisms was determined as nickel in the study area. All environmental indices showed non to moderate pollution existing in Gülbahçe Bay. It has been observed that most prominent feature of the distribution of elemental concentrations and assessment of pollution indices were that the pollutants carried inwards to Gülbahçe Bay from Izmir Central Bay with inflows, following the sediment transport directions.

Keywords

Pollution indices, principal component analysis, sediment trend analysis, Posidonia oceanica habitat map, Gülbahçe Bay (Aegean Sea)

Supporting Institution

Funding: This work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Türkiye (TÜBİTAK) 1001 and 1002-Funding Programs

Project Number

TÜBİTAK Project No: 115Y180 and TÜBİTAK Project No: 118Y538

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Prof.Dr. Filiz KÜÇÜKSEZGİN for their assistance during the laboratory analysis, and Sue ERONAT for their help and assistance in the grammar correction. We also would like to thank the officers and crews of the Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology's marine research vessels for their assistance for data accusation and sampling in the field.

References

• Abrahim, G. M., Parker, R. A. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary, Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136(1–3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2
• Akbaş, B., Akdeniz, N., Aksay, A., Altun, İ.E., Balcı, V., Bilginer, E., Bilgiç, T., Duru, M., Ercan, T., Gedik, İ., Günay, Y., Güven, İ.H., Hakyemez, H.Y., Konak, N., Papak, İ., Pehlivan, Ş., Sevin, M., Şenel, M., Tarhan, N., Turhan, N., Türkecan,
• A., Ulu, Ü., Uğuz, M.F., Yurtsever, A., et al. (2011). 1:1.250.000 scaled Geological Map of Turkey. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Publication, Ankara-Turkey.
• Albanese, S., De Vivo, B., Lima, A. M. N., Cicchella, D. (2007). Geochemical background and baseline values of toxic elements in stream sediments of Campania region (Italy). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 93(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2006.07.006
• Bowles, J. E. (1992). Engineering Properties of Soils and Their Measurement. New Jersey: McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN-10: 0070067783, ISBN-13: 9780070067783
• Brady, J. E., Goonetilleke, A., Martens, W. N. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4563-x
• Carroll, M. C., Cochrane, S., Fieler, R., Velvin, R., White, P. (2003). Organic enrichment of sediments from salmon farming in Norway: environmental factors, management practices, and monitoring techniques. Aquaculture, 226(1–4), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00475-7
• Carver, R. E. (1971). Procedures in Sedimentary Petrology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN-10: 047113855X, ISBN-13: 978-0471138556
• Demir, V., Okudan-Aslan, E.Ş., Zeki, S., Yılmaz, İ.N., Gazioğlu, C. (2016). Mapping of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile Meadows Using Geographic Information Systems: A case study in Ufakdere-Kaş (Mediterranean Sea). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 3 (3), 92-97. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.306485
• Duman, M., Kucuksezgin, F., Atalar, M., Akcali, B. (2012). Geochemistry of the Northern Cyprus (NE Mediterranean) shelf sediments: Implications for anthropogenic and lithogenic impact. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(10), 2245–2250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.025
• Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Elmacı, H., Olgun, Ş. and Şaroğlu, F. (2013). Active Fault Map of Turkey with an Explanatory Text. 1:1,250,000 Scale, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Special Publication Series-30, Ankara-Turkey. ISBN: 978-605-5310-56-1
• Emre, Ö., Özalp, S., Doğan, A., Özaksoy, V., Yıldırım, C., Göktaş, F. (2005). Active Faults and Earthquake Potential of Izmir Region (İzmir Yakın Çevresinin Diri Fayları ve Deprem Potansiyelleri). Ankara: Mineral Research and Exploration General Directorate (MTA) Report No: 10754 (in Turkish, unpublished).
• Evans, E. H. (2005). ATOMIC MASS SPECTROMETRY | Inductively Coupled Plasma. In: Worsfold, P., Townshend, A., Poole, C. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), (pp. 229-237), Elsevier, United States: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-369397-7/00036-4
• Folk, R. L. (1980). Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Austin: Hemphill Publishing Company. ISBN-10:0914696149, ISBN-13:978-0914696148
• Folk, R. L., Ward, W. G. (1957). Brazos River bar [Texas]; a study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 27(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1306/74d70646-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d
• Gao, S., Collins, M. J. (1992). Net sediment transport patterns inferred from grain-size trends, based upon definition of “transport vectors.” Sedimentary Geology, 81(1–2), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90055-v
• Gao, S., Collins, M. J., McLaren, P. J., Bowles, D. (1991). A critique of the “McLaren Method” for defining sediment transport paths; discussion and reply. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 61(1), 143–147. https://doi.org/10.1306/d42676a9-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d
• Garcia, C. A. B., Monteiro, A. S. C., da Costa, S. S. L., de Macedo, M. D. L. P., Araújo, R. G. O., Carneiro, M. E. R., Alves, J. D. P. H. (2023). Geochemistry of trace metals in surface sediments from the continental slope of the states of Sergipe and Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 186, 114472.
• Grimaldi, F.S., Shapiro, L., Schnepfe, M. (1966). Determination of carbon dioxide in limestone and dolomite by acid-base titration. U.S. Geological Survey Prof. Pap.
• Hach (1988). Procedure Water and Waste Water Analysis. Publication: 3061.
• Håkanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
• Herut, B., Sandler, A. (2006). Normalization methods for pollutants in marine sediments: review and recommendations for the Mediterranean. Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, IOLR Report H18.
• Idris, A. M. (2008). Combining multivariate analysis and geochemical approaches for assessing heavy metal level in sediments from Sudanese harbors along the Red Sea coast. Microchemical Journal, 90(2), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.05.004
• IHO (2009). IHO-S57_TR300221 image courtesy of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). https://iho.int/
• Ji, Y., Feng, Y., Wu, J., Zhu, T., Bai, Z., Duan, C. (2008). Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China. Journal of Environmental Sciences-china, 20(5), 571–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62096-3
• Jie-Liang, C., Zhou, S., You-Wei, Z. (2007). Assessment and mapping of environmental quality in agricultural soils of Zhejiang Province, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences-china, 19(1), 50–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(07)60008-4
• Jolliffe, I. T., Cadima, J. (2016b). Principal component analysis: a review and recent developments. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 374(2065), 20150202. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0202
• Kaya, O. (2005). Sedimentology. (Sedimantoloji). Ankara: TMMOB The Chamber of Geology Engineers Publication: 87. ISBN: 975-395-845-5
• Kowalska, J., Mazurek, R., Gąsiorek, M., Zaleski, T. (2018). Pollution indices as useful tools for the comprehensive evaluation of the degree of soil contamination–A review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 40(6), 2395–2420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-018-0106-z
• Krumbein, W. C. (1934). Size Frequency Distributions of Sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Research, Vol. 4. https://doi.org/10.1306/d4268eb9-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d
• Le Pichon, X., Angelier, J. (1979). The Hellenic arc and trench system: A key to the neotectonic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics, 60, 1-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(79)90131-8
• Li, G., Cao, Z., Lan, D., Xu, J., Wang, S., Yin, W. (2007). Spatial variations in grain size distribution and selected metal contents in the Xiamen Bay, China. Environmental Geology, 52(8), 1559–1567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-006-0600-y
• Li, T., Sun, G., Yang, C., Liang, K., Ma, S., Huang, L., Luo, W. (2019). Source apportionment and source-to-sink transport of major and trace elements in coastal sediments: Combining positive matrix factorization and sediment trend analysis. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 344–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.198
• Lionello, P.; Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.; Boscolo, R. (2006) Mediterranean. In Developments in Earth and Environmental Sciences; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 4: 27–148.
• Long, E. R., Macdonald, D., Smith, S. L., Calder, F. D. (1995). Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentrations in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Management, 19(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02472006
• Loska, K., Wiechuła, D., Barska, B., Cebula, E., Chojnecka, A. (2003). Assessment of arsenic enrichment of cultivated soils in Southern Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(2), 187–192.
• Macdonald, D., Carr, R. E., Calder, F. D., Long, E. R., Ingersoll, C. D. (1996). Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecotoxicology, 5(4), 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00118995
• McKenzie, D. (1972). Active Tectonics of the Mediterranean Region. Geophysical Journal International, 30(2), 109–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1972.tb02351.x
• McLaren, P., Hill, S. H., Bowles, D. (2007). Deriving transport pathways in a sediment trend analysis (STA). Sedimentary Geology, 202 (3), 489-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.03.011
• Mieruch-Schnülle, S., Schlitzer, R. (2023). Ocean Data View Software, https://odv.awi.de/ Molvær, J., Knutzen, J., Magnusson, J., Rygg, B., Skei, J., Sørensen, J. (1997). Classification of environmental quality in fjords and coastal waters: a guide. Oslo: Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority (SFT) Publication 97: 03.
• Muller, G. (1967). Methods in Sedimentary Petrology. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart Science Publishers. ISBN: 978-3-510-65006-4
• Muller, G. (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal, 2(3), 108–118. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10030367619
• Nemerow, N. L. (1991). Stream, Lake, Estuary, and Ocean Pollution (Second Edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons Incorporated. ISBN-10: 0442007671, ISBN-13: 978-0442007676
• Okay, A.I., Satır, M., 2000. Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey. Geological Magazine, 137, 495-516. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800004532
• Okuş, E., Sur, HI, Yüksek, A., Yılmaz, IN, AslanYımaz, A., Karhan, SÜ, Öz, Mİ, Demirel, N, Taş, S, Altıok, H., Gazioğlu, C. (2004). Datça-Bozburun özel çevre koruma bölgesinin denizsel ve kıyısal alanlarının biyolojik çeşitliliğinin tespiti projesi, Ankara: TC Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı ÖÇKK Başkanlığı.
• Okuş, E., Yüksek, A., Yokeş, B., Yılmaz, İ.N., Aslan, A., Karhan, S.Ü., Demirel, N., Demir, V., Zeki, S., Taş, S., Sur, H.İ., Altıok, H., Müftüoğlu, A.E. Balkıs, N., Aksu, A. Doğani E. and C Gazioğlu. (2006): Marine Biological Diversity Assessment of Gokova Special Environmental Protection Area, Türkiye'nin Kıyı ve Deniz Alanları VI. Ulusal Konferansı: 7-11 Kasım 2006, Muğla Üniversitesi, Muğla (Ed: Özhan,E.).
• Okuş, E., Yüksek, A., Yokeş, B., Yılmaz, I.N., AslanYılmaz, A., Karhan, S.U., Demirel, N., Demir, V., Zeki, S., Tas, S., Sur, H.İ., Altıok, H., Müftüoğlu, A.E., Balkıs, N., Aksu, A., Doğan, E., Gazioğlu C. (2006). Gökova Özel Çevre Koruma Bölgesinin Kıyı ve Deniz Alanlarının Biyolojik Çeşitliliğinin Tespiti Projesi Final Raporu, T.C. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Özel Çevre Koruma Kurumu Başkanlığı) ISBN:975- 8273-91-4.
• Okus, E., Zeki, S., Demir, V., Demirel, N., Yüksek, A., Yilmaz, I. N., Yilmaz, A. A., Karhan, S. Ü. A., Müftüoglu, E., Tural, U., Murat, E., Gazioglu, C. (2010). Anchor Damage on Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile Beds in The Gokova Bay. Rapp. Comm. int. Mer Médit., 39,:606.
• Pasqualini, V., Pergent-Martini, C., Clabaut, P., Pergent, G. (1998). Mapping of Posidonia oceanicausing Aerial Photographs and Side Scan Sonar: Application off the Island of Corsica (France). Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 47(3), 359–367. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1998.0361
• Piper, D.J.W. (1977). Manual of sedimentological techniques (Revised at 1976). Dalhousie University: Departments of Geology and Oceanography.
• Poizot, E., Méar, Y. (2010). Using a GIS to enhance grain size trend analysis. Environmental Modelling and Software, 25(4), 513–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.10.002
• Qingjie, G., Jun, D., Yunchuan, X., Qingfei, W., Liqiang, Y. (2008). Calculating Pollution Indices by Heavy Metals in Ecological Geochemistry Assessment and a Case Study in Parks of Beijing. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 19(3), 230–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1002-0705(08)60042-4
• Thurstone, L. L. (1931). Multiple factor analysis. Psychological Review, 38(5), 406–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0069792
• Tomlinson, D. L., Wilson, J. R., Harris, C., Jeffrey, D. W. (1980). Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 33(1–4), 566–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02414780
• Turekian, K.K., Wedepohl, K.H. (1961). Distribution of the elements in some major units of the Earth’s Crust. Bulletin of Geological Society of America, 72, 175–192.
• USGS/EROS Archive (2010). GMTED2010N30E000 and GMTED2010N30E030 images acquired on 26.08.2019 from the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) System (ERS) Center courtesy of the U.S.
• Geological Survey (USGS). https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
• USGS/EROS Archive (2019). LC08_L1TP_181033_20190823_20200826_02_T1 images acquired on 04.09.2019 from the Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) System (ERS) Center courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
• Walkley, A., Black I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff Method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1): 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
• Zhang, W., Feng, H., Chang, J., Qu, J., Xie, H., Yu, L. (2009). Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157(5), 1533–1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.007
• Zhang, Y., Han, Y., Yang, J., Zhu, L., Zhong, W. (2017b). Toxicities and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake, China, based on sediment quality guidelines. Journal of Environmental Sciences-china, 62, 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.002
• Zhao, G., Ye, S., Yuan, H., Ding, X., Wang, J. (2016). Distribution and contamination of heavy metals in surface sediments of the Daya Bay and adjacent shelf, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 112(1–2), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.043
• Zoller, W. H., Gladney, E. S., Duce, R. A. (1974). Atmospheric Concentrations and Sources of Trace Metals at the South Pole. Science, 183(4121), 198–200. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.183.4121.198