Evaluation of carbon dioxide partial pressure and air-sea fluxes in the Sea of Marmara

Year 2024, , 147 - 155, 28.09.2024

Seben Yücel , Nagihan Ersoy Korkmaz , Abdullah Aksu , Nuray Çağlar

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.1523105

Abstract

The increasing impact of global warming has made it crucial to monitor greenhouse gases (GHG). Carbon dioxide (CO2) is especially important due to its significant increase. Oceans and seas play a vital role in absorbing excess CO2 from the atmosphere, but they are facing challenges such as ocean acidification and damage to coral reefs. Therefore, it's essential to thoroughly understand climate change and its human-caused effects and to take necessary precautions or improve existing measures. In this direction, in seawater, determining alkalinity is crucial for monitoring CO2, along with other physical and chemical parameters, in order to help set carbon budgets and reduce environmental pressures. For this purpose, in this study in the Sea of Marmara, alkalinity and CO2 measurements were conducted for the first time at stations CG2, CG3, MD26, and MD24. The CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) values ranged from 95 to 165 µatm at the surface of all stations, and total alkalinity values ranged from 1.075 to 1.46 mmol kg-1 at specified depths. Based on these measurements, flux values were calculated between −1.10 and −5.39 mmol m2 day-1, indicating that the Sea of Marmara acted as a net CO2 sink.

Keywords

Air–sea flux, carbon dioxide, partial pressure, seawater, Sea of Marmara

Thanks

The scientific research expedition of this work was supported by the Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University (Project number: 39478 and Project number: 39143). Also, we appreciate project coordinators Prof. Dr. Cem GAZİOĞLU and Prof. Dr. Nazlı DEMİREL EROL for their valuable contributions. Additionally, we thank to R/V ALEMDAR II captains and technicians for their help.

References

• Algan, O., Balkis, N., Çağatay, M. N., Sari, E. (2004). The sources of metal contents in the shelf sediments from the Marmara Sea, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 46, 932-950. doi:10.1007/s00254-004-1104-2
• APHA-AWWA-WPCF. (1985). Standard methods for the analysis of water and waste water. In: American Public Health Association Washington.
• Besiktepe, S., Sur, H., Özsoy, E., Latif, M., Oguz, T., Ünlüata, Ü. (1994). The circulation and hydrography of the Marmara Sea. Progress In Oceanography, 34, 285-334. doi:10.1016/0079-6611(94)90018-3
• Beşiktepe, Ş., Özsoy, E., Ünlüata, Ü. (1993). Filling of the Marmara Sea by the Dardanelles lower layer inflow. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 40(9), 1815-1838.
• Cao, X., Wu, Q., Wang, W., Wu, P. (2023). Carbon dioxide partial pressure and its diffusion flux in karst surface aquatic ecosystems: a review. Acta Geochimica, 42(5), 943-960. doi:10.1007/s11631-023-00625-7
• Capelle, D. W., Kuzyk, Z. Z. A., Papakyriakou, T., Guéguen, C., Miller, L. A., Macdonald, R. W. (2020). Effect of terrestrial organic matter on ocean acidification and CO2 flux in an Arctic shelf sea. Progress In Oceanography, 185, 102319. doi.10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102319
• Dhoke, S. (2023). Determination of alkalinity in the water sample: a theoretical approach. Chemistry Teacher International, 5, 283-290. doi:10.1515/cti-2022-0052
• Dickson, A., Chris, S., Christian, J. R. (2007). Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements. Guide to Best Practices for Ocean CO2 Measurements, 3.
• Dioxide, A. C. (1985). the Global Carbon Cycle. Department of Energy ER-0239, Washing.
• Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A., Kleypas, J. A. (2009). Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1(Volume 1, 2009), 169-192. doi.10.1146/annurev.marine.010908. 163834 Earth Nullschool. (2024). A Global Map Of Wind, Weather, And Ocean Conditions.
• Fabry, V. J., Seibel, B. A., Feely, R. A., Orr, J. C. (2008). Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65(3), 414-432. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsn048
• Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Takahashi, T., & Wanninkhof, R. (2001). Uptake and Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Ocean: The Global CO2 Survey. Oceanography, 14, 18-32.
• Gazioğlu, C., Müftüoğlu, A. E., Demir, V., Aksu, A., et al. (2015). Connection between Ocean Acidification and Sound Propagation. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 2(2), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.303538
• Gazioğlu, C., Okutan, V. (2016). Underwater Noise Pollution at the Strait of Istanbul (Bosphorus). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 3(3), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.30897/ ijegeo.306478
• Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., Ehrhardt, M. (2009). Methods of seawater analysis: John Wiley & Sons.
• Hammer Sr, M. J., Hammer Jr, M. J. (2013). Water and Wastewater Technology: Pearson New International Edition: Pearson Education.
• Henson, S., Baker, C. A., Halloran, P., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Painter, S., Planchat, A., Tagliabue, A. (2024). Knowledge Gaps in Quantifying the Climate Change Response of Biological Storage of Carbon in the Ocean. Earth's Future, 12(6), e2023EF004375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EF004375
• Houghton, J. (2005). Global warming. Reports on Progress in Physics, 68(6), 1343-1403. doi:DOI:101088/0034-4885/68/6/R02
• Kao, K.-J., Huang, W.-J., Chou, W.-C., Gong, G.-C., Weerathunga, V. (2023). Factors Controlling the Sea Surface Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Upwelling Regions: A Case Study of the Southern East China Sea Before and After Typhoon Maria. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 128(2), e2022JC019195. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JC019195
• Keeling, C. D. (1997). Climate change and carbon dioxide: An introduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(16), 8273-8274. doi:doi:10.1073/pnas.94.16.8273
• Kleypas, J. A., Feely, R. A., Fabry, V. J., Langdon, C., Sabine, C. L., Robbins, L. L. (2005). Impacts of ocean acidification on coral reefs and other marine calcifiers: a guide for future research. In Report of a workshop held (Vol. 18, No. 2005, p. 20).
• Körtzinger, A. (1999). Determination of carbon dioxide partial pressure (p(CO2)). In Methods of Seawater Analysis (pp. 149-158).
• Lal, R. (2009). Sequestering Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 28(3), 90-96. doi:10.1080/07352680902782711
• Lindzen, R. S. (1994). Climate Dynamics and Global Change. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 26(Volume 26, 1994), 353-378. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fl.26.010194.002033
• Mann, P. J., Davydova, A., Zimov, N., Spencer, R. G. M., Davydov, S., Bulygina, E., Holmes, R. M. (2012). Controls on the composition and lability of dissolved organic matter in Siberia's Kolyma River basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 117(G1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001798
• Mathis, J. T., Pickart, R. S., Byrne, R. H., McNeil, C. L., Moore, G. W. K., Juranek, L. W., Feely, R. A. (2012). Storm-induced upwelling of high pCO2 waters onto the continental shelf of the western Arctic Ocean and implications for carbonate mineral saturation states. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(7). doi. 10.1029/2012GL051574
• Millero, F. J. (1996). Chemical oceanography: CRC press.
• Millero, F. J., Pierrot, D., Lee, K., Wanninkhof, R., Feely, R., Sabine, C. L., Takahashi, T. (2002). Dissociation constants for carbonic acid determined from field measurements. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 49(10), 1705-1723. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00093-6
• Millero, F. J., Zhang, J.-Z., Lee, K., Campbell, D. M. (1993). Titration alkalinity of seawater. Marine Chemistry, 44(2), 153-165. doi.10.1016/0304-4203(93)90200-8
• Müftüoğlu, E. (2008). Hydrodynamic structure of the bays and the estuary of the Sea of Marmara. Ph. D. Dissertation. Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, Istanbul
• Orr, J. (2011). Recent and future changes in ocean carbonate chemistry. Ocean Acidification, 41-66.
• Ozturk, B. (2002). The Marmara Sea, a Link between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. In E. Leppäkoski, S. Gollasch, S. Olenin (Eds.), Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management (pp. 337-340). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
• Padhy, P. C., Nayak, R. K., Dadhwal, V. K., Salim, M., Mitra, D., Chaudhury, S. B., Dutt, C. B. S. (2016). Estimation of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide and Air-Sea Fluxes in Hooghly Estuary Based on In Situ and Satellite Observations. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 44(1), 135-143. doi:10.1007/s12524-015-0459-z
• Polat, S. C., Tuğrul, S., Çoban, Y., Basturk, O., Salihoglu, I. (1997). Elemental composition of seston and nutrient dynamics in the Sea of Marmara. Hydrobiologia, 363(1), 157-167. doi:10.1023/A:1003117504005
• Suess, M. J. (1985). Examination of water for pollution control: A reference handbook. Physical, chemical and radiological examination. United States: Pergamon Books Inc.,Elmsford, NY.
• Sun, H., Gao, Z., Qi, D., Chen, B. s., Chen, L., Cai, W.-J. (2020). Surface seawater partial pressure of CO2 variability and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the Bering Sea in July 2010. Continental Shelf Research, 193, 104031. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2019.104031
• Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Sweeney, C., Poisson, A., Metzl, N., Tilbrook, B., Nojiri, Y. (2002). Global sea–air CO2 flux based on climatological surface ocean pCO2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 49(9), 1601-1622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00003-6
• Takahashi, T., Sutherland, S. C., Wanninkhof, R., et al., 2009). Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56(8), 554-577. doi. 0.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009
• Takeshita, Y., Johnson, K. S., Martz, T. R., Plant, J. N., Sarmiento, J. L. (2018). Assessment of Autonomous pH Measurements for Determining Surface Seawater Partial Pressure of CO2. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 123(6), 4003-4013. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013387
• Ünlülata, Ü., Oğuz, T., Latif, M. A., Ersoy, E. (1990). On the Physical Oceanography of the Turkish Straits. In L. J. Pratt (Ed.), The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits (pp. 25-60). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
• Wang, X. F., Yuan, X. Z., Chen, H., He, Y. X., Luo, Z., Liu, L., He, Z. Y. (2017). [Review of CO(2) and CH(4) Emissions from Rivers]. Huan Jing Ke Xue, 38(12), 5352-5366. doi:10.13227/j.hjkx.201701049
• Wanninkhof, R. (2014). Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 12, 351-362. doi:10.4319/lom.2014.12.351
• Wanninkhof, R., Triñanes, J. (2017). The impact of changing wind speeds on gas transfer and its effect on global air-sea CO2 fluxes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31(6), 961-974. doi. 10.1002/2016GB005592
• Wanninkhof, R., Asher, W. E., Ho, D. T., Sweeney, C., & McGillis, W. R. (2009). Advances in Quantifying Air-Sea Gas Exchange and Environmental Forcing*. Annual Review of Marine Science, 1(Volume 1, 2009), 213-244. doi. 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908. 163742
• Weiss, R. F., Price, B. A. (1980). Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater. Marine Chemistry, 8, 347-359. doi:10.1016/0304-4203(80)90024-9
• Zhai, W., Dai, M., Cai, W.-J., Wang, Y., Hong, H. (2005). The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and air–sea fluxes in the northern South China Sea in spring, summer and autumn. Marine Chemistry, 96(1), 87-97.