Different Test Forms and Numerous Apertures of Cibicidella variabilis (d’Orbigny) from The Turkish Coast of Eastern Aegean Sea

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 139 - 156, 15.05.2017

Engin Meriç Niyazi Avşar M. Baki Yokeş , Fuat Şaroğlu Erdoğan Ölmez İpek F. Barut

https://doi.org/10.30897/ijegeo.312734

Abstract

In the
last ten years, morphological abnormalities and colored tests have been
observed in benthic foraminifera specimens collected from Aegean and
Southwestern coasts of Turkey. Specific morphological abnormalities show
distinct distribution patterns, suggesting the need for special environmental
conditions facilitating the development of such abnormalities. Physical and
chemical parameters have been proposed to be responsible for these
morphological changes. 

The
benthic foraminifera, Cibicidella
variabilis (d’Orbigny)
specimens have been collected from different locations on the East Aegean coast
of Turkey. Some of them, especially those from Dikili Bay, were found to have
variable number of apertures, ranging from one to five. These apertures not
structurally, but positionally differ. The abundance of certain test forms in
specific locations draws attention. The aim of this study is to determine the
possible causes of this aberrant morphology observed in tests of Cibicidella variabilis (d’Orbigny).

Cibicidella variabilis (d’Orbigny)
shows a wide distribution range on the Aegean coast of Turkey, and has been
found in Saros Bay, Gökçeada,
Bozcaada, Çanakkale,
Edremit Bay, Dikili Bay, Çandarlı Bay,
Karaburun Peninsula, Kuşadası, Güllük Bay,
Gulf of Gökova,
Gulf of Datça, and
Marmaris Bay. But, the individuals collected from Gulf of Edremit, Dikili Bay, Çandarlı Bay,
Gulf of Gökova, and
Gulf of Datça were
morphologically different than those collected from the rest of the regions.
The variation in the number of apertures, as well as their positions were
typical in these samples. Besides, the variations in the shape of the tests
observed in adult individuals, but not in juveniles indicates that some
environmental factors, which were specific to these regions, might have been
involved in this unusual test development. The submarine springs caused by the
tectonic activities are typical of the Aegean Sea. It is well documented that
these kinds of springs change the characteristics of the surrounding habitat and
its fauna. Therefore, it is possible that some of the trace elements, which are
abundant in hot spring waters, may be related with the abnormal test morphology
observed in our samples. On the other hand, it is also possible that, not only
the chemical and physical conditions of the surrounding water, but also its
biological properties may affect the test development.

Keywords

Cibicidella variabilis, Foraminifera, Eastern Aegean Sea

References

• Akyürek, B. (1989): M. T. A. Genel Müdürlüğü 1:100.000 ölçekli Açınsama Nitelikli Türkiye Jeoloji Haritaları Serisi Ayvalık-G3 Paf, 8 p.
• Almogi-Labin, A., Perelis-Grossowicz, L. And Raab, M. (1992): Living Ammonia from a hypersaline inland pool. Dead Sea Area, Israel. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 22 (3): 257-266.
• Alve, E. (1991): Benthic foraminifera in sediment cores reflecting heavy metal pollution in Sorfjord, western Norway. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 21 (1): 1-19.
• Arpat, E. and Şaroğlu, F. (1975): Türkiye’deki bazı önemli genç tektonik olaylar. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 18: 91-101.
• Artüz, M. I. (1970): Some observations on the hydrography of the Turkish Aegean waters during 4-25 September 1963. Publications of the Hydrobiological Research Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Istanbul, Serie B, 1-9.
• Avşar, N. and Meriç, E. (2001): Çeşme-Ilıca Koyu (Izmir) termal bölgesi güncel bentik foraminiferlerinin sistematik dağılımı. H. Ü. Yerbilimleri, 24: 13-22, Ankara.
• Barut, I.F. (2001): Milas-Ekinambarı ve Savran Tuzlu Kaynaklarının Hidrokimyasal Araştırması, İ.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ph.D. Thesis, (unpublished), 189p.
• Başkan, E. and Canik, B. (1983): Türkiye sıcak ve mineralli sular haritası, Ege Bölgesi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Yayınları, 189: 80 p., Ankara.
• Benli, H. and Küçüksezgin, F. (1988): Ulusal Deniz Ölçme ve İzleme Programı, Ege Denizi Ölçme ve İzleme Alt Projesi 1988 Dönemi Kesin Raporu. Reports of the Institute of Marine Sciences and Tecnology, Dokuz Eylül University, 281 p., İzmir.
• Blanc-Vernel, L., Clainefond, P. And Orsoloni, P. (1979): Etude des organismes: Les foraminiferes. In: La Mer Pélagienne. Annales de l'Université de Provence-Géolgie Méditerranéenne, 6 (1) : 171-209, Marseille.
• Boltovskoy, E., Scott, D. B., and Medioli, F. S. (1991): Morphological variations of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to changes in ecological parameters: A review. Journal of Paleontology, 65 (2): 175-185.
• Cimerman, F. and Langer, M.R. (1991): Mediterranean foraminifera. Slovenska Akademija Znanosti in Umetnosti. Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenca. Ljubljana. 118 p., 93 plts.
• Colom, G. (1974): Foraminiferos Ibéricos. Introduction al estudio de las especies benthonicas recientes. Investigacion pesquera. 38 (1): 1-245, plts. 1-69, Barcelona.
• Cushman, J. A. (1931): The foraminifera of the Atlantic Ocean, Pt. 8. Rotaliidae, Amphisteginidae, Calcarinidae, Cymbaloporettidae, Globorotaliidae, Anomalinidae Planorbulinidae, Rupertiidae and Homotremidae. Bulletin of United States Natural Museum, Washington. 104 (8): 1-179, plts. 1-26.
• Çağlar, K. Ö. (1946) Türkiye maden suları ve kaplıcaları. Maden Tetkik ve AramaEnstitüsü Yayınları, Seri B, no. 11, 791 p., Ankara.
• Çağlar, K. Ö. (1947) Türkiye Maden Suları ve Kaplıcaları. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Enstitüsü Yayınları, Seri B, 11: 94 p., Ankara.
• Debenay, J.-P., Geslin, E., Eicher, B. B., Duleba, V., Sylvestre, F. and Eicher, P. (2001): Foraminiferal assemblages in a hypersaline lagoon, Araruama (R.J.) Brazil. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 31 (2): 133-151.
• Dezelic, V. (1896): Foraminifera Jadranskog mora. Glasnik Hrvatskog naravoslog drustva, 9 : 1-97, Zagreb. Dora, Ö. O. and Savaşçin. Y. M. (1980): Alibey-Maden adaları (Ayvalik) bölgesi magmatizmasi. TÜBİTAK Bilim Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 11-33.
• Ekmekçi, M. (2005): Pesticide and nutrient contamination in the Kestel polje-Kirkgoz karst springs, Southern Turkey. Environmental Geology, 49: 19-29.
• Elberling, B., Knudsen, K. L., Kristansen, P. H. and Asmund, G. (2003): Applying foraminiferal stratigraphy as a biomarker for heavy metal contamination and mining impact in a fiord in West Greenland. Marine Environmental Research, 55: 235-256.
• Ergin, M., Bodur, M.N., Ediger, V., Yemenicioğlu, S., Okyar, M. and Kubilay, N. (1993): Sources and dispersal of heavy metals in surface sediments along the Eastern Aegean Shelf. Bolletino Di Oceanologia: Teorica Ed Applicata, 11 (1): 27-44.
• Ergin, M. and Yemenicioğlu, S. (1997): Geologic Assessment of Environmental Impact in Bottom Sediments of the Eastern Aegean Sea. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 51: 323-334.
• Evans, G. (1971): The Recent sedimentation of Turkey and the adjacent Mediterranean and Black seas: a review. In: Geology and history of Turkey, Campbell A.S. (Ed.), Pet. Explor. Soc. Libya, 385-406.
• Geslin, E., Debenay, J. P. and Lesourd, M. (1998): Abnormal wall textures and test deformation in Ammonia (Hyaline foraminifer). Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 28 (2): 148-156.
• Geslin, E., Stouff, V., Debenay, J. P. and Lesourd, M. (2000): Environmental variation and foraminiferal test abnormalities. Environmental Micropaleontology, volume 15 of Topics in Geobiology, edited by R., E. Martin, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 191-215.
• Geslin, E., Debenay, J.-P., Duleba, W., and Bonetti, C. (2002). Morphological abnormalities of foraminiferal tests in Brizalian environments; comparison between polluted and non-polluted areas. Marine Micropaleontology, 45: 151-168.
• Hallock, P. (1984) Distribution of selected species of living algal symbiont-bearing foraminifera on two Pacific Coral Reefs. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 14 (4): 250-261.
• Krauskopf, K.B. (1985): Introduction to Geochemistry, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Int. Series in the Earth and Planetary Sciences, 550 p.
• Langer, M. (1988): Recent epiphytic foraminifera from Vulcano (Mediterranean Sea). Revue de Paléobiologie, Benthos’86, Geneve, 827-832.
• Le Calvez, Y. (1974): Révision des Foraminiferes de la collection d’Orbigny I. Foraminiferes des iles Canaries. Cahiers de Micropaléontologie, Paris, 1974 (2): 1-108, plts. 1-28.
• Loeblich, A. R. and Tappan, H. (1964): Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part C, Protista 2, Sarcodina. Vol.1 and 2, 890 p. (Edited by R.C.Moore).
• Loeblich, A. R. and Tappan, H. (1988): Foraminiferal genera and their classification. 2 vols., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, 1-970, plts. 1-847.
• Mascle, J. and Martin, L. (1990): Shallow structure and recent evolution of the Aegean Sea: A synthesis based on continuous reflection profiles. Marine Geology, 97: 271-299.
• Mckenzie, D.P. (1977): Can plate tectonic describe continental deformation?, In: Structural history of the Mediterranean Basins. (Biju-Dual, B., Montadert, L., Ed.), Editions Technip, Paris, 189 p.
• Meriç, E. (1986): Deniz dibi termal kaynakların canlı yaşamına etkisi hakkında güncel bir örnek (Ilıca-Çeşme-Izmir). Türkiye Jeoloji Kurumu Bülteni, 29 (2): 17-21.
• Meriç, E. and Avşar, N. (2001): Benthic foraminiferal fauna of Gökçeada Island (Northern Aegean Sea) and its local variations. Acta Adriatica, 42 (1): 125-150.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N. and Bergin, F. (2002a): Midilli Adası (Yunanistan-Kuzeydoğu Ege Denizi) bentik foraminifer faunası ve bu toplulukta gözlenen yerel değişimler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri, 40-41: 177-193.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N. and Nazik, A. (2002b): Bozcaada (Kuzey Ege Dnizi) bentik foraminifer ve ostrakod faunası ile toplulukta gözlenen yerel değişimler. Çukurova Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri, 40-41: 97-119.
• Meriç, E., Görmüş, M., Avşar, N. and Ünsal, I. (2002c): Güncel nodosariid bentonik foraminiferlerde üreme sırasındaki anormal oluşumların önemi ve rastlantı faktörü. Türkiye Petrol Jeologları Derneği Bülteni, 14 (1): 67-82, Ankara.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Görmüş. M. and Orak, H., (2002d): Saros Körfezi (Kuzey Ege Denizi) Harmantaşı mevkii sualtı yükseltisi çevresinin foraminifer faunası ile bu alandaki kaynakların canlı yaşamına etkisi hakkında ön bulgular. Sualtı Bilim ve Teknoloji Toplantısı (SBT) Bildiriler Kitabı, 182-193.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Bergin, F. and Barut, I. F. (2003a): A note three abnormal samples of benthic foraminifers from the Dikili Bay (Turkey) in northeastern Aegean Sea: Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel and Moll), Rosalina sp. and Elphidium crispum (Linné). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 127: 1-14.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Bergin, F. and Barut, I.F. (2003b): Edremit Körfezi (Kuzey Ege Denizi, Türkiye) çökellerindeki bentik foraminifer topluluğu ile ekolojik koşulların incelenmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi. Yerbilimleri, 43: 169-182.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N. and Bergin, F. (2004a): Benthic foraminifera of Eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey), systematics and autoecology. Chamber of Geological Engineers of Turkey and Turkish Marine Research Foundation Publication 18: , 310 p., 33 pls., İstanbul.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Nazik, A., Eryilmaz, M. and Yücesoy-Eryilmaz, F. (2004b) Saros Körfezi’nin (Kuzey Ege Denizi) güncel bentik ve planktik foraminifer toplulukları ile çökel dağılımı. Çukurova Üniversitesi Yerbilimleri (Geosound), 44-45: 1-44.
• Meriç E., Avşar N., Nazik, A., Alpar, B., Yokeş, B., Barut İ.F. and Ünlü, S. (2005a): Gemlik Körfezi yüzey çökellerinin Foraminifer, Ostrakod ve Mollusk faunası, foraminifer kavkılarında gözlenen morfolojik anomaliler ile bölgenin sedimantolojik, hidrokimyasal ve biokimyasal özellikleri. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 131: 21-48, Ankara.
• Meriç, E., Görmüş, M., Nielsen, J.K., Avşar, N. and Ünsal, İ. (2005b): Significance of rare reproduction occurence among recent Nodosariids and other benthic foraminifera. Anales De Biologia, 27: 85-100.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Yokeş, B., Tuğrul, A. B., Bayari, S., Özyurt, N., Barut, İ. F., Balkis, N., Uysal, K., Kam, E. (2008a): Morphological abnormalities in benthic foraminifers of the Antalya coast. Micropaleontology, 54 (3-4): 241-276.
• Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Nazik, A., Tunoğlu, C., Yokeş, B., Barut, İ. F., Yücesoy-Eryilmaz, F., Tuğrul, B., Görmüş, M., Öncel, M. S., Orak, H., Kam, E. and Dinçer, F. (2008b): Harmantaşı Mevkii (Saros Körfezi-Kuzey Ege Denizi) deniz içi kaynakları çevresindeki foraminifer ve ostrkaod topluluğuna bu alandaki çevresel koşulların etkisi. Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi (in Turkish), 136: 63-84, Ankara.
• Meriç, E., Avşar ,N., Mekik, F., Yokeş, B., Barut, İ.F., Dora, Ö., Suner, F., Yucesoy, Eryilmaz, F., Eryilmaz, M., Dincer, F. and Kam, E. (2009): Abnormal tes formations observed in the benthic foraminifers from recent sediments of Alibey and Maden ıslands (Ayvalık, Balıkesir). Geological Bulletin of Turkey. 52 (1): 31-84 (in Turkish with extended English summary).
• Meriç. E., Yokeş, M.B., Avşar, N., Dinçer, F. (2015): New Observations of Alien Foraminifera on the Turkish Coasts of the Aegean Sea (2008-2011). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics. 2 (2): 77-87
• Meriç. E., Yokeş, M.B., Avşar, N., Dinçer, F. (2016): New Observations of Alien Foraminifera on the Turkish Coasts of the Aegean Sea (2012-2015). International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics. 3 (1): 44-47
• MTA. (1989): Known ore and mineral deposits of Turkey. Publications of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Institute, 185: 108 p., Ankara
• Nigam, R., Saraswat, R. and Kurtarkar, S. R. (2006): Laboratory experiment to study the effect of salinity variations on benthic foraminiferal species - Pararotalia nipponica (Asano). Journal Geological Society of India, 67: 41-46.
• Orbigny, A. D. L’. (1839): Foraminiferes. In: P. Barler-Webb and S. Berthelot: Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries. 11 (2) : Zoologie, 119-146, plts. 1-3, Paris: Bethune.
• Sellier De Civrieux, J.M. (1970): Mutaciones recientes del género Peneroplis y relaciones filogénicas con otros Soritidae, Revista Espanola de Micropaleontologia, 11(1) : 5-12.
• Sgarrella, F. and Moncharmont-Zei, M. (1993): Benthic Foraminifera of the Gulf of Naples (Italy): systematics and autoecology, Modena. Bolletino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 32 (2): 145-264.
• Sharifi, A. R. L., Croudace, W. and Austin, R. L. (1991): Benthic foraminiferids as pollution indicators in Southampton Water, southern England. United Kingdom. Journal Micropaleontology, 10 (1): 109-113.
• Sözeri, B. (1966): İzmir, Çeşme Ilıcası plaj kumundaki aktüel foraminiferler ve variasyonları, Türkiye Jeoloji Kurmu Bülteni, 10 (1-2): 143-154, Levha1-6.
• Stouff, V., Geslin, E., Debenay, J. P. and Lesourd, M. (1999): Origine of morphological abnormalities in Ammonia (Foraminifera): Studies in laboratory and natural environments. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 29 (2): 152-170.
• Şengör, A.M.C. and Yilmaz, Y. (1981): Thethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75: 181-241.
• Thiermann, F., Akoumianaki, I., Hughes, J. A. and Giere, O. (1997): Benthic fauna of shallow-water gaseohydrothermal vent area in the Aegean Sea (Milos, Greece). Marine Biology, 128 (1): 149-159.
• Turgut, S. (1987): Report on the Paleogeographic Development of Aegena Sea. TPAO, Ankara.
• Türkiye Maden Sulari (3), Ege Bölgesi. (1974): Istanbul Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi Hidro-Klimatoloji Kürsüsü, 335 p., Istanbul.
• Türkiye Mineralli Su Kaynaklari I (Ege Bölgesi). (1999): Istanbul Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi Tıbbi Ekoloji ve Hidro-Klimatoloji Anabilim Dalı, I.Ü. Araştırma Fonu Projesi (unpublished report), 119 p., Istanbul.
• Varnavas, S. P., Halbach, P., Halbach, M., Panagiotaras, D., Rahders, E. and Hubner, A. (1999): Characterization of hydrothermal fields and hydrothermal evolution in the Hellenic Volcanic Arc. International Conference of the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. Athens, Greece, Abstracts, 343.
• Yalçin, H., Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Bozkaya, Ö. and Barut, İ. F. (2004): Geochemical anomalies in the recent foraminifers of İskenderun Bay. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 47 (2): 25-39 (in Turkish, English abstract and extended summary), Ankara.
• Yalçin, H., Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Tetiker, S., Barut, İ. F., Yilmaz, Ş. and Dinçer, F. (2008): Mineralogical and geochemical features of colored benthic foraminifers from Aegean and southwestern coasts of Turkey. Micropaleontology, 54 (3-4): 351-370.
• Yanko, V., Kromfield, J. and Flexer, A. (1994): Response of benthonic foraminifera to various pollution sources: Implication for pollution monitoring. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 24: 1-17.
• Yanko, V., Ahmad, M. and Kaminsky, M. (1998): Morphological deformities of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to pollution monitoring. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 28 (3): 177-200.
• Yanko, V., Arnold, A. and Parker, W. (1999): The effect of marine pollution on benthic foraminifera: in: Modern Foraminifera, Sen Gupta, B., Ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 384 p.
• Yilmaz, Y. (1990): An approach to the origin of young volcanic rocks of Western Turkey. Tectonic evolution of the Thethyan region, (Ed. Şengör, A.M.C.), Kluwer Academic Publication, 159-189.
• Yokeş, M.B., Meriç, E., Avşar, N., Barut, İ., Tas, S., Eryilmaz, M., Dinçer, F. and Bircan, C. (2014): Opinions and comments on the benthic foraminiferal assemblage observed around the mineral submarine spring in Kuşadası (Aydın, Turkey). Marine Biodiversity Records, 7: e103, doi:10.1017/S1755267214000840.