Research Article
Year 2017,
Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 1 - 19, 30.04.2017
Abstract
Dünya üzerinde
devletler, devlet şekillerine göre temel devlet organizasyonlarını
oluştururlar. Günümüzde devletler üniter veya federal devlet şeklini
benimseyerek farklı devlet organizasyonlarına sahiptirler. Üniter bir devletin
teşkilatlanması ile federal bir devletin teşkilatlanması birbirinden farklıdır.
Bu durum özellikle yerel yönetimler konusunda daha da belirgindir. Dünyadaki ülkelerden yalnızca 25’inin
federalizmi kullandığı günümüzde başlı başına ABD federalizminden ve buna bağlı
olarak da ABD yerel yönetiminden ayrıca bahsetmek mümkündür.
Günümüze kadar Amerikan
yerel yönetimleri ile ilgili birçok akademik çalışma yapılmış olup ülkemiz
yerel yönetimleri ile karşılaştırma yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. Öncelikle şunu
belirtmek gerekir ki tek bir Amerikan tipi yerel yönetiminden bahsetmek mümkün
değildir. 50 Eyaleti olan ABD’de her eyalet kendi anayasasına ve hukukuna göre,
eyalet sınırları içinde kendi yerel yönetimlerini istediği gibi düzenleyebilir.
Günümüzde de eyaletler arası uygulama farklılığından bahsetmek mümkündür. Hem
federal sistemin üniter sitemden farklılığı, hem eyaletlerdeki uygulamaların
çeşitliliği, yerel yönetimler konusunda, ülkemizdeki sistemle ABD’deki sistemi
karşılaştırmayı hayli zorlaştırmaktadır.
Federal yönetiminin
merkezi yönetim olduğu ABD’de sırasıyla; eyaletler, “county”ler, “municipal”
yönetimler, “town ve township” yönetimleri ve özel bölge
yönetimleri yerel yönetimleri oluşturmaktadır.
References
- Alaska Eyalet Anayasası, Madde 10, http://ltgov.alaska.gov/Mallott/services/alaska-constitution/article-x-96-local-government.html Erişim Tarihi: [27.05.2016] Alexxander C.R., (2013) The Basics of American Goverment, Chapter Thirteen: State and Local Goverment, Georgia, UNG Press Books. Aurner C. Y. (1912) A history of Township Goverment Iowa, Iowa, Doktora Tezi, Ayhan U. (2008) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Yerel Yönetimler, Sayıştay Dergisi, Sayı: 70, 103-120 Barker A. L. (2004), Clayton P. Gillere, Local Goverment Law, Cases and Materials, New York, Foundation Press . Berry C, (2009) Imperfect Union: Representation and Taxation in Multilevel Goverments, Cambridge University Press, New York. NCC Staff, (2016) How Philedelphia lost the nations’s capital to Washington, 16.07.2016 http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2016/07/how-philadelphia-lost-the-nations-capital-to-washington/. [Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2016] Bureu of International Informational Programs U.S. Department of State, (2013) Outline of U.S. Government, Census of Goverment (2002) Goverment Organization, 2002 Cencus of Goverments, Volume 1, Number 1, Washington D.C. U.S Goverment Printing Office Census of Goverment (2007) The map of local goverments in the USA- http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/2007_cog_map.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2016] Congressional Record (2016), Congressional Record May 9 2016, s2621, Washington D.C. https://www.congress.gov/crec/2016/05/09/CREC-2016-05-09-pt1-PgS2621.pdf County List in the USA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents, [Erişim Tarihi: 25,12.2015] Desilver, D. (2016), U.S. Voters turnout trails most develop countries, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/02/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/ Directory of Representatives, http://www.house.gov/representatives/ [Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2016] Dulaney M.S. (2002) A History and Description of the Nebraska Legistative Process, Fairfax County: (2016) Explaining Federal, State and Local Government, Responsibilities in Virginia, http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/dmb/federal-state-local-government-responsibilities.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2016 Franchino V. (2012) Social Studies Explorer Northeast, Cherry Lake Publishing. Hamilton K. D. ,(2005) “Township Goverment In Cook County”, Executive Summary, s.II Hanley E. J. (2014) Federalism: An Overview. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license. Hazer M, Swester R.W. (2016), Public Administration An Introduction, New York, Tayla & Francis Press. Hull T. , Leask L. (2000), Dividing Alaska, 1867-2000: Changing Land Ownershiğ and Management, Alaska Review of Social and Economic Conditions, November 2000, Voluma: XXXII, No.1 :1-14 Kattz E., (2003) Responses the Change by State and Local Goverment: Contemporary Experiments Laboratories of Democracy, An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State, Issues of Democracy, Volume: 8 Number:2 , 4-12 Killian, L. , D. Faulk. (2012). Policy Brief: Special Districts and Local Government Reform. Center for Business and Economic Research, Miller College of Business, Ball State University Press. King J.D. (2008) Senate Confirmation of Cabinet Appointments, Government and Politics United States, Collage Board Press Louisana Eyalet Anayasası, Madde 6, http://senate.la.gov/Documents/Constitution/Article6.htm [27.05.2016] Marumoto C. (2013), Guide to Government in Hawai, Hawai, Legislative Reference Bureu Press, McCarty D. J., (1983) Local Goverment Law, Minesota, Wes Publishing Company Morehouse T.A and Fisher V. (1971), Brough Goverments In Alaska, Alaska, University of Alaska Collage Press Nadaroğlu H. (1998), Mahalli İdareler Teorisi Ekonomisi Uygulaması, Beta Yayınları NATaT, (2012) Town and Townships in the United States, National Association of Town and townships, http://www.troutlaketwp.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/NATAT_About_Towns_and_Townships-1.207171420.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2016 National Sheriff’s Assocation, Are there states that do not have Sheriff's Offices?, https://www.sheriffs.org/publications-resources/resources/faq, [Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2016] Scroggs W.O. (1913), Parish Goverments In Louisiana, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ,Vol. 47 : 39-47 Scmitdht W.S. , Schelley C.M. , Bardes B.A. (2013), American Government and Politics Today, Wadsworth Cengage Learning State Symbols USA, Flag of Florida State, http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/florida/state-flag/flag-florida [Erişim Tarihi: 29.05.2016] State Symbols USA, Flaf of Georgia State, http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/georgia/state-flag/flag-georgia, [Erişim Tarihi: 29.05.2016] Stern L. J, (2004) About America-How The united States Governed, Virgina, Braddock Comminacations, Şahin M, (1999) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Yerel Yönetimleri Ülke ülke yerel yönetimler, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, Cilt:8, Sayı:2 :121-136 Türker M,(1999) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Mahalli İdareler, Ankara, İçişleri Bakanlığı Mahalli İdareler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları Tymkovich T.M (2013), Are State Constitutions are Constitutional, Minosata Law Review: 1804-1817 Young G. (2009) The District of Colombia and Its lack of Representation in Congress: What Difference Does it Make, Centor for Washington Studies Whitepain Townshio Local Government, Whitepain Township Organization Chart, http://www.whitpaintownship.net/pages/gov_deptorgchart.php [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2016] Wolf P., (2012) Do We Realy Need County Goverment ? https://www.govloop.com/community/blog/do-we-really-need-county-government/ [Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2016]
Year 2017,
Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 1 - 19, 30.04.2017
Abstract
References
- Alaska Eyalet Anayasası, Madde 10, http://ltgov.alaska.gov/Mallott/services/alaska-constitution/article-x-96-local-government.html Erişim Tarihi: [27.05.2016] Alexxander C.R., (2013) The Basics of American Goverment, Chapter Thirteen: State and Local Goverment, Georgia, UNG Press Books. Aurner C. Y. (1912) A history of Township Goverment Iowa, Iowa, Doktora Tezi, Ayhan U. (2008) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Yerel Yönetimler, Sayıştay Dergisi, Sayı: 70, 103-120 Barker A. L. (2004), Clayton P. Gillere, Local Goverment Law, Cases and Materials, New York, Foundation Press . Berry C, (2009) Imperfect Union: Representation and Taxation in Multilevel Goverments, Cambridge University Press, New York. NCC Staff, (2016) How Philedelphia lost the nations’s capital to Washington, 16.07.2016 http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2016/07/how-philadelphia-lost-the-nations-capital-to-washington/. [Erişim tarihi: 24.05.2016] Bureu of International Informational Programs U.S. Department of State, (2013) Outline of U.S. Government, Census of Goverment (2002) Goverment Organization, 2002 Cencus of Goverments, Volume 1, Number 1, Washington D.C. U.S Goverment Printing Office Census of Goverment (2007) The map of local goverments in the USA- http://www2.census.gov/govs/cog/2007/2007_cog_map.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2016] Congressional Record (2016), Congressional Record May 9 2016, s2621, Washington D.C. https://www.congress.gov/crec/2016/05/09/CREC-2016-05-09-pt1-PgS2621.pdf County List in the USA, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents, [Erişim Tarihi: 25,12.2015] Desilver, D. (2016), U.S. Voters turnout trails most develop countries, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/02/u-s-voter-turnout-trails-most-developed-countries/ Directory of Representatives, http://www.house.gov/representatives/ [Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2016] Dulaney M.S. (2002) A History and Description of the Nebraska Legistative Process, Fairfax County: (2016) Explaining Federal, State and Local Government, Responsibilities in Virginia, http://www.fairfaxcounty.gov/dmb/federal-state-local-government-responsibilities.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2016 Franchino V. (2012) Social Studies Explorer Northeast, Cherry Lake Publishing. Hamilton K. D. ,(2005) “Township Goverment In Cook County”, Executive Summary, s.II Hanley E. J. (2014) Federalism: An Overview. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license. Hazer M, Swester R.W. (2016), Public Administration An Introduction, New York, Tayla & Francis Press. Hull T. , Leask L. (2000), Dividing Alaska, 1867-2000: Changing Land Ownershiğ and Management, Alaska Review of Social and Economic Conditions, November 2000, Voluma: XXXII, No.1 :1-14 Kattz E., (2003) Responses the Change by State and Local Goverment: Contemporary Experiments Laboratories of Democracy, An Electronic Journal of the U.S. Department of State, Issues of Democracy, Volume: 8 Number:2 , 4-12 Killian, L. , D. Faulk. (2012). Policy Brief: Special Districts and Local Government Reform. Center for Business and Economic Research, Miller College of Business, Ball State University Press. King J.D. (2008) Senate Confirmation of Cabinet Appointments, Government and Politics United States, Collage Board Press Louisana Eyalet Anayasası, Madde 6, http://senate.la.gov/Documents/Constitution/Article6.htm [27.05.2016] Marumoto C. (2013), Guide to Government in Hawai, Hawai, Legislative Reference Bureu Press, McCarty D. J., (1983) Local Goverment Law, Minesota, Wes Publishing Company Morehouse T.A and Fisher V. (1971), Brough Goverments In Alaska, Alaska, University of Alaska Collage Press Nadaroğlu H. (1998), Mahalli İdareler Teorisi Ekonomisi Uygulaması, Beta Yayınları NATaT, (2012) Town and Townships in the United States, National Association of Town and townships, http://www.troutlaketwp.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/docs/NATAT_About_Towns_and_Townships-1.207171420.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 28.05.2016 National Sheriff’s Assocation, Are there states that do not have Sheriff's Offices?, https://www.sheriffs.org/publications-resources/resources/faq, [Erişim Tarihi: 30.05.2016] Scroggs W.O. (1913), Parish Goverments In Louisiana, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ,Vol. 47 : 39-47 Scmitdht W.S. , Schelley C.M. , Bardes B.A. (2013), American Government and Politics Today, Wadsworth Cengage Learning State Symbols USA, Flag of Florida State, http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/florida/state-flag/flag-florida [Erişim Tarihi: 29.05.2016] State Symbols USA, Flaf of Georgia State, http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/georgia/state-flag/flag-georgia, [Erişim Tarihi: 29.05.2016] Stern L. J, (2004) About America-How The united States Governed, Virgina, Braddock Comminacations, Şahin M, (1999) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Yerel Yönetimleri Ülke ülke yerel yönetimler, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, Cilt:8, Sayı:2 :121-136 Türker M,(1999) Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde Mahalli İdareler, Ankara, İçişleri Bakanlığı Mahalli İdareler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları Tymkovich T.M (2013), Are State Constitutions are Constitutional, Minosata Law Review: 1804-1817 Young G. (2009) The District of Colombia and Its lack of Representation in Congress: What Difference Does it Make, Centor for Washington Studies Whitepain Townshio Local Government, Whitepain Township Organization Chart, http://www.whitpaintownship.net/pages/gov_deptorgchart.php [Erişim Tarihi: 07.06.2016] Wolf P., (2012) Do We Realy Need County Goverment ? https://www.govloop.com/community/blog/do-we-really-need-county-government/ [Erişim Tarihi: 14.05.2016]
There are 1 citations in total.
Details
| Subjects | Studies on Education |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 2 Issue: 2 |
